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Lecture 4-Chapter - 5 - Water Quality-1

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Lecture 4-Chapter - 5 - Water Quality-1

Uploaded by

essam9910
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2/7/2021

CHAPTER 5
WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS
DR. MUSTAFA BOB

5 TH EDITION

MACKENZIE L. DAVIS
AND
DAVID A. CORNWELL

This shows that fresh water is very scarce


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The Quality of this Fresh Water is


Vitally Important, Why?
• We depend on surface and groundwater sources
for our drinking water.

• We also need water to generate energy, to grow


our crops, to harvest fish, to run machinery, to carry
wastes, to enhance the landscape.

• We use water for washing and cleaning, industrial


abstraction, recreation, cooking, gardening, etc..

• Water is also vital as a habitat for both freshwater


and marine plants and animals.

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WATER POLLUTION:
Defined as the presence of impurities in water in such
quantities as to impair the use of the water for a stated
purpose

Waste Sources
Point Sources (well defined origin, easily measured): such
as municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater
Non-Point Sources: not well defined such as agricultural
waste, urban runoff, atmospheric

Water Pollution
IMPURITIES ACCUMULATED BY WATER MAY BE IN BOTH
SUSPENDED OR DISSOLVED FORM:

SUSPENDED MATERIALS: CONSIST OF PARTICLES larger than


molecular size AND THAT ARE SUPPORTED BY buoyant AND viscous
FORCES WITHIN THE WATER

DISSOLVED MATERIALS: CONSIST OF MOLECULES OR IONS THAT


ARE HELD BY THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF WATER.

COLLOID PARTICLES ARE VERY SMALL PARTICLES THAT ARE


TECHNICALLY SUSPENDED BUT OFTEN EXHIBIT CHARACTERISTICS
OF DISSOLVED PARTICLES.

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Size Classification of Particles in Water

What is the quality of water?

 Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, and


biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the
condition of water relative to the requirements of the
intended use (e.g. drinking, industrial, irrigation).

 Water used for certain purpose is compared


with standards for that type of water

 Standards put into account not to affect negatively


public health, plant growth, or industrial processes

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Need for testing water quality

• For drinking water:


– To assess safety and palatability of water for
consumption
• For raw water sources:
– To select treatment systems; to establish pollution
control monitoring systems
• For wastewaters:
– To select type and degree of treatment; to control
treatment plant operation
• For receiving waters:
– To evaluate their ability to accept pollution loads; to
monitor self-purification
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Physical Parameters

Characteristics of water that respond to the senses of


sight, touch, taste or smell

Temperature:
• Surface waters fluctuate in temperature with season;
in groundwater there is only a small variation.

• Significance:
– Influences rates of chemical and biological activities
– Influences the saturation values of dissolved gases
and solid dissolution reactions
– High temperature can kill fish .

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Turbidity:
• Turbidity represents lack of clearness in water
(measure of interference presented by suspended
matter to passage of light).
• Turbidity is due to (for example):
– clay, silt, finely divided organic matter, microorganisms

• Significance:
– Aesthetic consideration
– Influences disinfection
– affects filterability
Units of Measurements is Nephlometric Turbidity Units
(NTU)
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is usually used as reference

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Turbidity is measured using Turbidity meter with


silica dioxide SiO2 usually used as reference

Drinking water turbidity should not exceed 5 NTU

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COLOR:
Usually due to the presence of natural organic matter
(humic substance giving the yellow color) or some metallic
complexes, and may also caused by certain industrial waste.
Color may be apparent (due to suspended solids) or true (due to
dissolved solids)

Color is measured by the concentration of


standard Platinum using units of Platinum Cobalt
Units (PCU) with one unit equivalent to the color
produced by 1 mg/L of Platinum.

 Direct comparison with tubes containing a series


of standards is usually done to figure out the color of
water samples after they are filtered to remove
apparent color.
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Algae

Color is reduced or removed from water through


the use of coagulation, settling and filtration
techniques

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Odor and taste:


Causes are:
– organic matter
– living organisms (algae)
– gases (hydrogen sulfide, chlorine)
– chlorides and sulfates of calcium, magnesium and
sodium
– industrial wastes

They are subjective properties which are difficult to


measure
For example, a panel of five people can smell water
and then Threshold Odor Number (TON) is calculated.
TON = A+B/A (A is the volume of odorous sample
and B is the volume of odor free water.
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Suspended Solids
Sources as noted before in Turbidity definition

Important Definitions:
Total Solids (TS):The total of all solids in a water sample
 Total Suspended Solids (TSS):The amount of filterable
solids in a water sample, filters are dried and weighed
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):Non-filterable solids that
pass through a filter with a pore size of 2.0 micron, after
filtration the liquid is dried and residue is weighed EPA
Secondary Drinking Water Recommendation is for TDS of
500mg/L
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS):Volatile solids are those
solids lost on heating to 550 degrees C -rough
approximation of the amount of organic matter present in
the solid fraction of wastewater

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Solids Analysis

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Biological Parameters
 Although we clearly desire drinking water that is not
contaminated by pathogens (disease-causing organisms),
determining whether the organisms are present in water, and
whether they represent a health threat, is relatively complicated
Why???↓↓↓

First, there are many pathogens (see below examples). Each


has a specific detection procedure and must be screened
individually.
Pathogenic Organisms and examples of diseases they cause
Viruses
Polio, Hepatitis
Bacteria
Typhoid, Cholera,
Protozoa
Giardia

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Second, Testing is time-consuming


Third, Organisms may be so small as to make their detection
very difficult
How can we measure for bacteriological quality?

Use indicator organism


Fecal Colifrom (E-Coli) as Indicator organisms:

Fecal Coliform is present in large numbers in feces and


intestinal tracts of humans and other warm-blooded animals

If present in water, they indicate the presence of human


and other animals fecal material and hence they indicate
presence of disease-causing pathogens.

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Why Fecal coliforms are good indicator organisms


1-They are easily detected with a simple test,
2-They are generally harmless (some strains are very
pathogenic, but most are not),
3-They do not survive long outside their host.
For Drinking water, MCL for Fecal Coliform is 0 colonies/100mL
For total colifrom 0 colonies/100mL (WHO), 5% of samples
can test positive per month (EPA).
Important Note for your job as Engineer
All diseases require for their spread a source of infection,
transmission route, and the exposure of a susceptible living
organism.
Engineering measures are concerned with breaking the
transmission route and medical measures are concerned with the
other two parts of the infection chain.

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