Water Resources Class 10 Notes

Q. Explain how water becomes a renewable resource?

Freshwater is mainly obtained from surface runoff and groundwater that is continually being renewed and
recharged through the hydrological cycle. All water moves within the hydrological cycle ensuring that water is
a renewable resource.
Water Scarcity is the lack of freshwater resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region.
Q. What are the main causes of water scarcity?
 Water scarcity in most cases is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use, and unequal access to water
among different social groups.
 Water scarcity may be an outcome of a large and growing population and consequent greater
demands for water and unequal access to it.
 To facilitate higher food-grain production, water resources are being over-exploited to expand irrigated
areas for dry-season agriculture.
 Intensive industrialization and urbanization exerted pressure on existing freshwater resources.
 Even if water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people, much of it is maybe polluted by
domestic and industrial wastes, chemicals, pesticides, and fertilizers used in agriculture, thus causing
water scarcity.
Q. What is Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM)
The Goal of JJM is to enable every rural household to get an assured supply of potable piped water at a service
level of 55 liters per capita per day.
Q. Why there is a Need for Water Conservation?
1. Sustainable Resource Management: Conserving water ensures its availability for future generations
and sustains ecosystems.
2. Mitigating Water Scarcity: Many regions face water scarcity, and conservation helps balance supply
and demand.
3. Preserving Aquatic Ecosystems: Conserved water supports healthy habitats for aquatic plants and
animals.
4. Reducing Energy Consumption: Water treatment and distribution consume energy, and conserving
water lowers energy demands.
5. Agricultural Efficiency: Efficient irrigation practices save water and optimize agricultural productivity.
6. Economic Benefits: Water conservation lowers costs for individuals, businesses, and governments.
7. Addressing Climate Change: Reduced water wastage contributes to climate change mitigation.
8. Minimizing Water Pollution: Conservation reduces the need for pollutant removal from water sources.

Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal)

Implementation:
 Covers 8,220 water-stressed Gram Panchayats.
 Implemented in seven states: Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan,
and Uttar Pradesh.
Key Focus:
 Aims to shift community behavior from water consumption to conservation.
 Promotes smart water management practices.
Q. A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs, or retards the flow, often creating a
reservoir, lake, or impoundment. “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the structure.
Q. Why dams are called as the ‘Temples of modern India’?
OR
What are the advantages of multi-purpose river projects?
 They integrate the development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialization and
growth of the urban economy.
 They provide water for irrigation.
 They provide water for electricity generation
 Provide water supply for domestic and industrial uses.
 Helps in flood control.
 Provide recreation
 Helps in inland navigation.
 Useful for fish breeding.
Q. “In recent years, multi-purpose projects and large dams have come under great scrutiny and opposition
for a variety of reasons” (disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects)
 Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive
sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for
the rivers’ aquatic life.
 Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
 The dams have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir and the release of excess water
during heavy rains.
 Multipurpose projects induced earthquakes, caused water-borne diseases, and pests, and lead to
pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
 Irrigation has changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water-intensive
and commercial crops. This has great ecological consequences like salinization of the soil.
 The dams increase the social gap between the richer landowners and the landless poor.
 The dams create inter-state water disputes with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the multi-
purpose project.
Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movement
 It is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) that mobilized tribal people, farmers, environmentalists,
and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada River in
Gujarat.
 It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the
dam water.
 Dams are now referred to as multi-purpose projects where the many uses of the impounded water
are integrated with one another. Recently it has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens, especially
the oustees (displaced people) to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.
For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra – Nangal project water is being used both for
hydel power production and irrigation.
Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood
control.
Q. What are the Objectives of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana (PMKSY):
 Increase Irrigated Area: Make sure every field gets water. ("Har Khet Ko Pani")
 Boost Efficiency: Improve water use to avoid wastage.
 Promote Technologies: Use methods like drip irrigation ("Per Drop More Crop").
 Conservation Practices: Adopt sustainable water-saving practices.
The need for rainwater harvesting are:
 Rainwater harvesting is needed to provide it for agriculture, collect drinking water, irrigate the fields,
and to moisten the soil.
Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting:
Q. Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to
conserve and store water?
 In hill and mountainous regions, people built diversion channels like the ‘guls’ or ‘kuls’ of the Western
Himalayas for agriculture.
 ‘Rooftop rainwater harvesting’ was commonly practiced to store drinking water, particularly in
Rajasthan.
 In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
 In semi-arid and arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain-fed storage structures that
allowed the water to stand and moisten the soil like the ‘khadins’ in Jaisalmer and ‘Johads’ in other
parts of Rajasthan.
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting
Q. Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out?
 Rainwater is commonly referred to as Palar Pani in the arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan
 In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi, and Barmer, almost all
the houses traditionally had underground tanks for storing drinking water.
 The tanks could be as large as a big room.
 The tanks were part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
 They were connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe.
 Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and be stored in these underground tanks.
 The first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes.
 The rainwater from the subsequent showers was then collected.
Tamil Nadu is the first state in India that has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structures compulsory for
all houses across the state.
Bamboo Drip Irrigation system in Meghalaya:
In Meghalaya a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes and
transporting water from higher to lower regions with the help of gravity.

Manufacturing Industries Class 10 Notes

What is manufacturing?
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called
manufacturing
Importance of Manufacturing
Q. Explain why manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of general and economic development?
 Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
 It helps in reducing the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them with
jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
 It helps eradicate unemployment and poverty in our country.
 It helps in reducing regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas.
 The export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and helps in bringing foreign
exchange.
 Countries with large numbers of manufacturing industries are prosperous.
Q. “Agricultural sector and manufacturing sector move hand in hand” explain.
 The given statement means that agricultural and manufacturing industries are not exclusive of each
other and are quite interconnected.
 Agro-industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity and
efficiency.
  Agro-industries are units that add value to agricultural produce, intermediates, and/or residues by
processing or improving storability or by providing links from the farm to the market or part thereof.
 Industries depend on agriculture for raw materials and sell their products such as irrigation pumps,
fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, PVC pipes, machines, tools, etc to farmers.
Q. How are industries classified on the basis of raw materials?
 Agro-based industries (eg. Cotton, woolen, jute, silk, etc.)
 Mineral-based industries (eg. Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, etc.)
Q. How are industries classified based on the main role?
 Basic or key industries: These industries supply their products as raw materials to manufacture other
goods. Examples: iron and steel industry, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
 Consumer industries: These industries produce goods for direct use by consumers. Examples: sugar,
paper, toothpaste, fans, etc.
Q. How are industries classified based on capital investments?
 Small scale industry: Maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit is ₹ 1 Crore.
 Large scale industry: When investment in the assets of a unit is more than ₹ 1 Crore.
Q. How industries are classified based on ownership?
 Public sector industries: Public sector industries are owned and operated by government agencies. For
example BHEL, SAIL, etc.
 Private sector industries: Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of
individuals. For example TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur industries, etc.
 Joint sector industries: Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. For example Oil India Limited (OIL).
 Cooperative sector industries: Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers
or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. They pool the resources and share the profits or losses
proportionately. For example Sugar industry, coir industry, etc.
Q. How are industries classified based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods:
 Heavy industries such as iron and steel
 Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical goods industries.
Q. Why the cotton textile industry is concentrated in the cotton-growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat?
 Soil for raw cotton, market,
 transport including accessible port facilities,
 Cheap labor,
 moist climate, etc.
Q. What are the Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are?
 proximity of the jute-producing areas,
 inexpensive water transport,
 supported by a good network of railways, roadways, and waterways to facilitate the movement of raw
materials to the mills,
 abundant water for processing raw jute,
 Cheap labor from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh.
 Kolkata as a large urban center provides banking, insurance, and port facilities for the export of jute
goods.
Q. “In recent years, there has been a tendency for the mills to shift and concentrate in the southern and
western states, especially in Maharashtra”
 The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
 The cooler climate also ensures a longer crushing season.
 The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
Iron and Steel Industry
Iron ore, coking coal, and limestone are required in a ratio of approximately 4 : 2 : 1. Some quantities of
manganese, are also required to harden the steel.
Q. Why Chhotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and steel industries?
 low cost of iron ore,
 high-grade raw materials in proximity,
 cheap labor
 Vast growth potential in the home market.
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Q. How do industries pollute the environment?
 Air pollution: High proportion of carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and carbon monoxide create air
pollution. Suspended particulate matters also create problems.
 Water pollution: Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents cause water pollution. Paper,
pulp, chemicals, textiles, dyeing, petroleum refineries, etc. are the main culprits of water pollution.
 Thermal pollution: Hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before
cooling.
 Radioactive waste: wastes from nuclear power plants cause cancer, birth defects, miscarriages, etc.
 Noise pollution: Results in irritation, hypertension, and hearing impairment.
Ways to prevent environmental degradation by industries:
Q. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?
 Water should be reused and recycled in the industry. This will help in minimizing the use of fresh
water.Rainwater harvesting should be promoted.
 Hot water and effluents should be treated before being released into rivers and ponds.
 Overdrawing of groundwater needs to be regulated legally.
 Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks into factories with electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, etc.
 Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
 Machinery and generators should be fitted with silencers.
Q. How NTPC has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources? Explain
a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose
vehicles for afforestation.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid
waste management.
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and on-line database management for all its power stations.
Q. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Some suggestions are-
(i) minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages
(ii) harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases (a) Primary treatment by mechanical
means. This involves screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation. (b) Secondary treatment by
biological process
(c) Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste
water