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Unit 2 Transient Response Laplace Transform

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21 views10 pages

Unit 2 Transient Response Laplace Transform

Uploaded by

gopikrishna k
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Why Laplace Transformations method?

• Transforms exponential and trigonometric functions to simple algebraic


functions
• Transforms operations like differentiation and integration to multiplication and
division
• Transforms operations like multiplication and division into addition and
subtraction
• Arbitrary constant not required to be found while solving differential
equations
The above advantages of Laplace transforms makes it most suitable and flexible method
for solving Integro-differential equations in transient analysis.
Laplace Transforms
Transforms time domain function f(t) to a frequency domain function F(s)

Laplace Transform f(t) F(s)

𝐹 𝑆 = 𝑳 [𝑓 𝑡 ]

Inverse Laplace Transform F(S) f(t)

f 𝑡 = 𝑳−𝟏 [𝐹 𝑆 ]
To get inverse Laplace, we use partial fractions method and the mentioned formulas.
Transient Analysis
• Transient analysis calculates a circuit's response over a period of time
(defined by the user).
• Transient analysis is the analysis of the circuits during the time it changes
from one steady state condition to another steady state condition.
• Transient analysis will reveal how the currents and voltages are changing
during the transient period

3
Transient Analysis
➢ The capacitor voltage and inductor current cannot change suddenly to achieve a new steady
state value, transient analysis is very important when we want to study how the circuit
parameters, such as voltages and currents, evolve with time.
➢ L and C components have the ability to store energy in magnetic or electric fields
➢ When the energy is suddenly released, the response is called the natural response (transient
Response), this response is independent of the source . It dies out gradually to zero as time
becomes infinite. (This response will depends on the type of element and size)
➢ When the external source of energy is applied to the circuit, it is called the forced response.
➢ The complete response is the sum of Natural and Forced response.

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Objectives : Transient Analysis
➢ To investigate the behavior of currents and voltages when energy is
either released or acquired by inductors and capacitors when there
is an abrupt change in DC current (or) voltage source.
➢ To do an analysis of natural response and forced response of RL and RC
circuit.

5
Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
➢ Analysis of response of circuit consisting of R, L, C voltage source, current source
& switches to sudden application of voltage or current is called as Time domain
Analysis & Transient Response.
➢ A circuit that contains only sources, resistor and inductor is called an RL circuit.
➢ A circuit that contains only sources, resistor and capacitor is called an RC circuit.
➢ RL and RC circuits are called first–order circuits because their voltages and
currents are describe by first order differential equations.

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R R

i i
Vs L vs C

An RL circuit An RC circuit
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DC Transients
• Transient circuits with DC excitation
• RL, RC and RLC circuits
• Forced and Natural (or) source free responses in RL and RC transient circuits

First order circuits: RL and RC Second order circuit: RLC

Initial conditions to be taken care:


Inductor: Initial current through the inductor and its direction Capacitor: Initial voltage across the capacitor and its polarity
s
RL Transient
i
Assume switch s is closed at time t = 0

Initial current io in inductor i(0) = 0


𝑑𝑖
Applying KVL for the loop after the switch is closed, 𝑉 = 𝑖𝑅 + 𝐿
𝑑𝑡

Applying Laplace transforms for the above expression: 𝑉


= 𝑅𝐼 𝑠 + 𝐿[𝑠𝐼 𝑠 − 𝑖 0 ]
𝑠
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉/𝐿
𝑅𝐼 𝑠 + 𝐿𝑠𝐼 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 [𝑅 + 𝐿𝑠] = 𝐼 𝑠 = 𝐼 𝑠 =
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠[𝑅 + 𝐿𝑠] 𝑠[𝑠 + 𝑅/𝐿]
𝑉/𝐿 𝐴 𝐵
Resolving into partial fractions 𝐼 𝑠 = = +
𝑠[𝑠 + 𝑅/𝐿] 𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑅/𝐿) 𝑉/𝑅 −𝑉/𝑅
𝐼 𝑠 = +
𝑉/𝐿 𝑉 𝑠 (𝑠 + 𝑅/𝐿)
𝐴 = 𝑠𝐼 𝑠 |𝑠=0 = 𝑠 = Applying inverse Laplace transforms
𝑠[𝑠 + 𝑅/𝐿] 𝑅
𝑉/𝐿 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 −𝑅𝑡 𝑽 𝑹𝒕
𝐵 = 𝑠 + 𝑅/𝐿 𝐼 𝑠 | = 𝑠 + 𝑅/𝐿 =− 𝑖 𝑡 = − 𝑒 𝐿 −𝑳
𝑅
𝑠=−𝐿 𝑠[𝑠 + 𝑅/𝐿] 𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 𝒊(𝒕) = [𝟏 − 𝒆 ]
𝑹
RL Transient Analysis 𝑽 −𝑹𝒕
𝒊(𝒕) = [𝟏 − 𝒆 𝑳 ]

The current is found to rise exponentially with respect to time

𝑽
Final steady state value of current 𝒊 𝒕 |𝒕→∞ =
𝑹
𝑉 − 𝑅 𝑉
Time constant: τ When t= τ = L/R 𝑖(τ )= 1−𝑒 𝐿 = 0.632 = 63.2% 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑅 𝑅
Time constant τ in seconds is defined as the time required for the current to rise to 63.2% of the final value.
• Time constant indicates the speed of variation of the parameter involved
• High time constant = slow response
• Circuit will reach the steady state around 5τ
Voltage across the elements
𝑹𝒕
−𝑳
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑅𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑽 [𝟏 − 𝒆 ]

𝑑𝑖 𝑡 𝒅 𝑽 𝑹𝒕
−𝑳
𝑹𝒕
−𝑳
𝑉𝐿 = 𝐿 =𝑳 𝟏−𝒆 = 𝐕𝒆
𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕 𝑹

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