Bipolar Junction Transistor
(BJT)
Fundamentals of Transistor
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Fundamentals of Transistor
Lecture 1 3
Structure of Transistor
Terminals of a BJT
• Emitter (E)
• Base (B)
• Collector (C)
What is biasing?
Setting an initial working condition for the transistor to function by
applying a fixed voltage.
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Biasing a transistor
Lecture 1 5
On biasing a transistor
➢ The current will flow through different parts of the BJT
➢ Job of emitter, base, and collector
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Transistor parameters
• Most electron from emitter reaches collector
• Less than 1% fail to reach collector
• Basic current equation of BJT is IE = IB+IC , where IB<<IC , IE=IC
• Alpha and beta current gain
IC 200 to 300 for low power and
dc =
IB 20 to 100 for high power
(a) Conventional current flow in npn ; (b) electron flow; (c) currents in pnp
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Problems
1. A transistor has a current gain of 150 and a base current
of 30 µA. What is the collector current?
Solution
IC = βdc * IB,
IC= 150*30µ = 4500µA = 4.5mA
2. The collector current is 10 mA, and the base current is 0.1
mA. What is the alpha dc?
Solution
Total current IE=10+0.1=10.1A
αdc= 10/10.1 = 0.9901
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Subscript terminology
• The voltage referred in the circuit of a BJT has 2 forms
• When the subscript are the same, they refer to the voltage applied
• When the subscript are different, they refer to the voltage developed across
the diodes of the transistor
• Third form of terminology which is used in analysis VC , VB , and VE , they
represent the terminal voltage of the transistor
• VCE = VC - VE
• VCB = VC - VB
• VBE = VB - VE
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Characteristics curve (CE Configuration)
IC
IB
Base curve
➢ Cutoff region
➢ Saturation region
➢ Active region
➢ Breakdown region
Collector curve
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Few terms to know
VBB − VBE
IB =
RB
VCE = VCC − IC RC
Power Dissipation PD = VCE IC
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Problems
1. A transistor circuit has a collector supply voltage of 20 V, a
collector resistance of 1.5 kΩ, and a collector current of 6 mA.
What is the collector-emitter voltage?
Solution
VCC= 20V, RC=1.5kΩ, IC=6mA
VCC = ICRC+VCE
So; 20 = 1.5x10^3x6x10^-3 + VCE
Therefore; VCE = 11V
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Configurations
• Common Emitter configuration
• Common Base configuration
• Common Collector configuration
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Common Emitter configuration
• Input is forward biased
• Output is reverse biased
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Input and Output Characteristics of CE Configuration
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Common base Configuration
• Input is forward biased
• Output is reverse biased
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Input and Output Characteristics of CB Configuration
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Common Collector Configuration
• Input is forward biased
• Output is reverse biased
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Input and Output Characteristics of CC Configuration
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Comparison between the CB ,CE and CC
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Application : Common Emitter Amplifier
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Common Emitter amplifier configuration is widely used due to its
advantage of moderate current and voltage gain
• It is used in Audio Amplifiers
• It is used in Microphones, Radio, and Music Players
• It is used in the Frequency generation circuit to increase the
strength of the input signal.
• It is used to increase the speed of Fans, Motors, and Timer
circuits.
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