LOGIC II COURSE

Lecture 1
Introduction to Basic
Digital Logic
What does “Digital” mean?

 Represented by discrete (stepped)

or numerical values rather than
analog (continuous) values.

logicII
Advantages of Digital Systems/Values
 Relatively less sensitive to distortion (noise and
losses)
 Can be reproduced more accurately
 Easier to reconstruct a signal
 More storage and transfer options
 Can be processed mathematically and logically
 Easier to standardize
 Systems are easier to design electrically (fewer
voltage /current issues)
 Digital systems can be made small (low current)
 Encryption available
logicII
Disadvantages of digital
systems/values
 Takes time to convert and process values
 Digital systems have significant electrical
limitations
 Can become quite complex with an increase
of significant digits
 Often need to convert to / from analog
systems
 More complex circuitry
 More sensitive to environmental issues

logicII
 Number Systems
Decimal numbering system
•Decimal values are difficult to represent in
electrical systems. Ex: 23 10
Binary Signals
Binary Signals have two basic states:
1(logic “high”, or H, or “on”, or “True”)
0 (logic “low”, or L, or “off”, or “False”)
Ex: 01110012
Hexadecimal
is used to simplify dealing with large binary values
Ex: A6C316
logicII
Basic Digital Logic Functions
3 primary functions (the Basic Gates):

AND

OR

NOT

logicII
Inputs Output

logicII
Timing diagrams for AND gate

 Timing diagrams are the best means of

comparing the input and output logic values of a
digital circuit over time, such as would be found in
a functioning circuit.

logicII
Inputs Output

logicII
Inputs Output

logicII
Combinational logic circuits can be
described with:

English Terms
Boolean equations
Truth Tables
Logic diagrams
Timing Diagrams

logicII
Combinational logic circuits
NAND gate (NOT gate +AND gate.)

NOR gate (NOT gate +OR gate)

logicII
 X-OR X-NOR

logicII
Combinational logic vs. Sequential logic
circuits
Combinational Logic:
Output depends only on current input

Able to perform useful operations (add/subtract/multiply/…)

Has no memory

Sequential Logic:
Output depends not only on current input but also on past input
values, e.g., design a counter

Need some type of memory to remember the past input values

logicII
•Combines combinational logic gates with memory devices.
•Accepts logic signals from external inputs and from the
outputs of the memory elements.

logicII
Synchronous vs. Asynchronous

There are two types of sequential circuits:

 Synchronous sequential circuit: circuit output
changes only at some discrete instants of time. This
type of circuits achieves synchronization by using a
timing signal called the clock.

 Asynchronous sequential circuit: circuit output can

change at any time (clockless).

logicII
Synchronous Sequential Circuits:
Flip flops as state memory
 The most important memory element is the flip-flop (FF).

logicII
Flip-flops
 The flip-flop is known by other names, including latch and
bistable multivibrator

 The most basic FF circuit can be constructed from either

two NAND gates or two NOR gates (SR latch). logicII
NAND GATE LATCH

logicII
SR Latch (NAND version)

1 S’ S’ R’ Q Q’
Q 0
0 0
0 1 1 0 Set
1 0 0 1 Reset
Q’ 1
0 R’ 1 1 1 0 Hold

X Y NAND
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0
SR Latch (NAND version)

1 S’ S’ R’ Q Q’
Q 0
0 0
0 1 1 0 Set
1 0 0 1 Reset
Q’ 1
1 R’ 1 1 1 0 Hold
0 1 Hold
X Y NAND
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0
SR Latch (NAND version)

0 S’ S’ R’ Q Q’
Q 1
0 0 1 1 Disallowed
0 1 1 0 Set
1 0 0 1 Reset
Q’ 1
0 R’ 1 1 1 0 Hold
0 1 Hold
X Y NAND
00 1
01 1
10 1
11 0
NOR GATE LATCH

logicII
Clocked Flip-Flop
 It is activated by a signal transition; this is indicated
by the presence of a small triangle on the CLK
input.

logicII
Clocked J-K FLIP-FLOP
• Operates like the S-R FF.
• J is set, K is clear.
• When J and K are both high the output is
toggled from whatever state it is in to the
opposite state.
• May be positive going or negative going clock
trigger.
• Has the ability to do everything the S-R FF
does, plus operate in toggle mode.
logicII
logicII
Clocked J-K FLIP-FLOP

logicII
Clocked D FLIP-FLOP
One data input.
The output changes to the value of the input at
either the positive going or negative going clock
trigger.
 May be implemented with a J-K FF by tying the J
input to the K input through an inverter.
Useful for parallel data transfer.
logicII
Implementation of the D FLIP-FLOP

logicII
Transparent D Latch
• One data input.
• The clock has been replaced by an enable line.
• The output follows the input only when EN is
high.

logicII
Preset-Clear Flip-flop
D FLIP-FLOP with Asynchronous Inputs
•The labels PRE and CLR are used for asynchronous inputs.

• Active low asynchronous inputs will have a bar over the

labels and inversion bubbles.

logicII
Preset-Clear Flip-flop

logicII