Chapter 3

Information (Data) Processing Cycle

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What is Information Processing Cycle?

● Information Processing Cycle is a sequence of

events that describe how data is processed,
transformed or changed into information.

● It refers to the series of identifiable steps the

computer goes through to accept and process data
into information, store the information for future
use, and/or share it with others.
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 What is Information Processing Cycle? (Cont’d)

●Grinding of Corn into Dough

Picture – The Corn (Data) is
poured into a cone shaped
container on top while the man
(User) seated by the Grinding
Machine gradually feeds the
grinder (Processor) with the
grains (Input).
●The Dough (Output) will be
received by a container (Storage)
after it has been processed.

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Information Processing Cycle

● Input: Data is entered into the computer.

● Processing: The computer manipulates the data to

convert it into usable information.

● Output: The processed information is presented or

displayed.

● Storage: Information may be stored for future use.

● Communication: Information can be shared with others.

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Stages of Information Processing Cycle

These stages or operations are normally four:

1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage

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Stages of Information Processing Cycle
These stages or operations are normally four:
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage

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1. Input
● Input is the first stage of the cycle. Input is any data or
instruction you enter into a computer. Data could be in the form
of text, pictures, music, pictures, etc. this stage can be
broken down into three (3) stages:

1. Acquisition (Collection) of Data

2. Entry of Data

3. Validation of Data
After the data has been acquired, it is entered into the system
upon which the data is validated so that correct results are given
at the end of the cycle. Input devices are used in this stage.
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Input Devices

● Input device is a device by which data is fed into the

computer. It is any hardware device that sends data to a
computer, allowing interaction and control the computer.

○ Examples of input device are; Keyboard, Mouse,

Microphone, Camera / Webcam, Scanner, Light Pen,
Touchscreen (Finger), Stylus, Digitizer, Barcode Code
Reader, Trackball, Biometrics (Finger Scanner), Joy
Stick, etc.

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 Google.com
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2. Process

● A processing is a hardware device that is responsible

for transforming inputs (data) into outputs

○ Examples of Processing Devices: Central Processing

Unit (CPU), Graphic Processing Unit (GPU),
Motherboard, Network Card, Sound Card, TV Card,
modem, etc.

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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

● The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a device that

interprets and runs the commands that you give to the
computer.
● It is the control unit of a computer.
● The CPU is the main device that does all processing.
● Hence referred to as the processor.
● The CPU requires a lot of memory to enable it to
function properly.

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Components of the CPU
● Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): An Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
is a combinational digital electronic circuit that performs
arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.

● Control Unit: The control unit (CU) is a component of a

computer's central processing unit (CPU) that directs the
operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory,
arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to
respond to a program's instructions.

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Components of the CPU (Cont’d)

● Registers: Register is one of a small

+------------------+
set of data holding places that are | CPU |
+---------+--------+
part of the computer processor. A |
+---------+------+
register may hold an instruction, a | ALU |
+-----------------+
storage address, or any kind of | Control Unit |
+-----------------+
data. | Registers |
+-----------------+
● Memory Unit: Memory unit is the
amount of data that can be stored in
the storage unit.
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# Example of bitwise operations
a = 5 # Binary representation: 0101
b = 3 # Binary representation: 0011

# Bitwise AND
result_and = a & b # 0101 & 0011 = 0001 (binary) = 1 (decimal)

5 = 0101
3 = 0011
-------------
0001
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3. Output
● Output is any data that has been processed into information.

● Output is the stage where the processed information is

transmitted to the user.

● The computer at this stage will display the information to the

user on the monitor in the form of a report, which may be

printed out.

● The output can also be given in the form of audio and video as

well. Output devices are needed to perform this action.

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Output Devices
● Output device is a device by which processed data

(information) is obtained from the computer.

● It is any peripheral that receives data or information

from a computer for display, projection or physical

reproduction.

● Examples of Output Devices: Monitor, Printer, Speaker,

Headphone, Projector, Television (TV), etc.

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4. Storage
● This is an area in or an attachment to a computer that can hold

data and information for future use.

● After the data has been processed and the output displayed to

the user, the output can also be stored.

● Storing the information serves purpose, which is, you may not

have to repeat the entire cycle again.

● Often the storage is done in both digital (softcopy) and

hardcopy formats.
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4. Storage (Cont’d)

● At the same time, backup of the digital format is also

maintained which can be retrieved in case of system crash.

● The devices used in this stage are called storage devices.

○ Examples of Storage Media: Hard Disk (HDD), Floppy Disk

(FD), CD / DVD ROM, Pen drive, Memory Card, Tape Cassette,

Zip Diskette, etc.

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5. Distribution
● Distribution is the stage where information stored can

be distributed or sent to another place or someone

through email messaging, fax messaging, post office

mailing, etc.

● Some people call this stage Communication.

● The devices used in this stage are called communication

devices.
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Fax messaging

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5. Distribution (Cont’d)

Communication Devices:

● Communication devices are devices that are used

to transfer (send and receive) information.

○ Examples of communication devices are mobile

phones, computers, modem, router, fax machine,

satellite, etc.
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Question 1:
Which of the following is an example of an input
device?
A. Printer

B. Monitor

C. Keyboard

D. Speaker

Correct Answer: C. Keyboard

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Question 2:
Which device is used to display information from a
computer?
A. Scanner

B. Printer

C. Mouse

D. Projector

Correct Answer: B. Printer

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Question 3:
What component of the computer performs
calculations and executes instructions?
A. CPU

B. Hard Drive

C. Monitor

D. Keyboard

Correct Answer: A. CPU

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Question 4:
Which output device is commonly used to hear audio
from a computer?
A. Printer

B. Monitor

C. Projector
D. Speaker
Correct Answer: D. Speaker

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Question 5:
Which component of the computer fetches, decodes,
and executes instructions?
A. ALU

B. Control Unit

C. GPU

D. RAM

Correct Answer: B. Control Unit

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Chapter 3 Wrap-Up

● Input: Data is entered into the computer.

● Processing: The computer manipulates the data to

convert it into usable information.

● Output: The processed information is presented or

displayed.

● Storage: Information may be stored for future use.

● Communication: Information can be shared with others.

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Thanks!

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