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04.12.2019 Evolution

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16 views28 pages

04.12.2019 Evolution

Uploaded by

anilkoranga.pc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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https://vdnt.

in/medicalv
Chapter weightage
Evolution
Evolution Origin and evolution of life forms

Ordery change from one form to another

Study of life forms.

Gradual and irreversible process.


Biological Evolution
Evidences

Theories
Origin of Life
Origin of Universe

Origin of Galaxies

Origin of Earth
Origin of Universe

Universe expanded in volume and


temperature came down .

This was explained by Big Bang Theory


- huge explosion unimaginable in
Physical terms

H2 & the gas - condensed -


gravitational force
Origin of Galaxies
Nebular hypothesis

Formation of galaxies

Milky way /Akash Ganga


Origin of Earth 4.5 by a Conditions on primitive earth

No atmosphere

High temperature

Reducing atmosphere

No free oxygen

Thunderstorms

Volcanic eruptions
Primitive earth
❖ Volcanic eruptions - Water vapour, Methane, NH3 & CO2
❖ UV rays act on H2O vapour & broke it into Hydrogen and OXygen
❖ O2 -- NH3 and CH4 forms H2O, CO2 & other gases
❖ O2 formation of Ozone Temp came down
❖ Rained - large oceans
❖ After 500 million years - life appeared on earth
Theories About Origin of Life

Theory of special creation

Theory of catastrophism

Theory of Biogenesis

Theory of extraterrestrial /cosmozoic theory / panspermia theory

Theory of spontaneous Generation/ Abiogenesis


Experimental evidence for chemical evolution-
urey-miller experiment
RNA World
Discovery in 1980, RNA act as enzymes

First molecule was RNA

Removal of O2 from ‘2’ position made it more stable ∴ It made DNA genetic
material over RNA
Evidences of Evolution

Fossils / Palaeontological evidences


- found in sedimentary rocks.
- the preserved remains of hard parts of the organisms
in the rocks

Types
Petrified fossils
Archaeopteryx lithographica
➢ Discovered in 1861

➢ Andreas wagner

➢ Missing link -reptiles & birds

➢ taxonomically-birds
Connecting link
Euglena - animals & plants
Proterospongia - protozoa & sponges
neopilina - annelida & mollusca

Peripatus - annelida & arthropoda


Balanoglossus - chordate & non-chordate
Lung fishes - fishes & amphibians
Latineria /coelocanth - fishes & amphibian
Chimaera - cartilgenous & bony fish
Ornythorhyncus - reptiles & mammals
Evolution of Dinosaurs - 200 mya
Pteranodon-flying Tyrannosaurus
Triceratops
Horns on head Largest carnivore
3 horned face 20 feet tall

crocodilian

Brachiosaurus - arm
Stegosaurus lizard
Thick armour-spikes, plates archeopteryx Biggest & heaviest
Bony protuberance 50 tonnes

Common ancestor
Morphological and Anatomical Evidences
:- External and Internal structure

Homologous structure Autologous structure

Homologous organs - similar organs Homoplastic organs - Dissimilar organs

Divergent / true evolution convergent evolution / no true evolution

Forelimb- whales,bats,human,cheetah Wings of butterfly & birds

Biochemical & molecular homology Eye of octopus and of mammals

Thorns and tendrils Flippers of penguin & dolphin


Homology in insects legs, Mouth parts in
Sweet potato & potato
insects
Placental Mammal as example of convergent
evolution
Placental Mammals Australian Marsupials

Anteater Numbat (Anteater)

Lemur Spotted Cuscus

Flying Squirrel Phalanger

Mole Marsupial mole

Mouse Marsupial Rat

Wolf Tasmanian wolf

Bobcat Tasmanian cat


Adaptive Radiation

1. Darwin Finches

Vegetarian
Bore into wood
Insectivorous

Cactus Eating
Originally they were
seed eating Birds
2. Australian Marsupials

Sugar glides Tasmanian wolf


Tiger cat

Marsupial
mole Banded anteater
Common
Koala Ancestor
Marsupial rat

Wombat
Kangaroo Tiger cat
Vestigial Organs
Remnants of organs which were completely
Examples
functional in their ancestors.

★ Reptilian jaw apparatus ★ Wisdom tooth

★ Hindlimbs of python ★ Body hair

★ Hindlimbs of Greenland whales ★ Segmental muscles on abolamen

★ Auriculas muscles of pinna ★ Appendix

★ Nictitating membrane ★ Caudal vertebrae


ATAVISM
It is the reappearance of certain ancestral
Examples
characters

★ Moving pinna

★ Developed canine teeth.

★ Long dense hair

★ Shout tail in some babies

★ Additional mammae

★ Citrus leaf
https://vdnt.in/medicalv

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