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ELECTRIC CHARGES & FIELDS

 Coulombs Law  Electric Dipole Moment –
1 𝑞1 .𝑞2
Fvac = . 𝑝 = |𝑞 |⃗⃗⃗⃗
2𝑎
4𝜋𝜀 𝑟2 0

Fm =
1
.
𝑞1 .𝑞2  Electric field on axial line of
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐾 𝑟2 Dipole –
Vector Form: 1 2𝑝𝑟
Eaxial = .[(𝑟 2 −𝑎2 )2 ]
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 .𝒒𝟐 4𝜋𝜀0
⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 𝟐𝟏 = . ̂𝟏𝟐
𝒓
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐
𝟏 𝒒𝟏 .𝒒𝟐  Electric field on Equatorial line
⃗⃗⃗ 𝟏𝟐 =
𝑭 . ̂𝟐𝟏
𝒓 of Dipole –
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐
1 𝑝
1 𝑄.𝑞 Eeqt. = [(𝑟 2 +𝑎2 )3/2]
OR Fm = . 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
for short dipole r >> a,
 Principle of Superposition - 1 ⃗⃗⃗
2𝑝
⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 𝟏𝟐 + ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 𝟏𝟑 + ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝟏𝒏
𝑭 𝟏𝟒 + -------------+𝑭 𝐸⃗ axial = .[ 𝑟 3 ]
4𝜋𝜀0
OR F = √𝑭𝟏 𝟐 + 𝑭𝟐 𝟐 + 𝟐𝑭𝟏 𝑭𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 1 𝑝
𝐸⃗ eqt. = .𝑟 3
4𝜋𝜀0
 Electrostatic force due to 𝟏 𝒑 √𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽+𝟏
continuous charge distribution - 𝑬 =
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎
. 𝒙𝟑
. 𝜆𝑞0
⃗⃗ =
𝑭 ∫ 𝑟̂ dl
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 𝐿 𝑟 2  Relative Permittivity -
𝑞 . 𝜎 𝜺
⃗⃗𝑭 = 0 ∫𝐴 2 𝑟̂ dA K = 𝜀𝑟 = 𝜺
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 𝑟 𝟎
𝑞 . 𝜌  Linear Charge Density –
⃗⃗ = 0 ∫𝑉 2 𝑟̂dV
𝑭
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑘 𝑟 𝑑𝑞
𝜆= OR q = 𝜆 ∫ 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝑙
 Electric Field Intensity -
𝐹  Surface Charge Density –
𝐸⃗ = 𝑑𝑞
𝑞0
𝜎= OR q = 𝜎 ∫ 𝑑𝑆
(a) due to point charge :- 𝑑𝑆

E=
1
.
𝑄  Volume Charge Density –
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2 𝑑𝑞
𝟏 𝑸 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑉 OR q = 𝜌 ∫ 𝑑𝑉
⃗⃗⃗
𝑬 = . ̂
𝒓
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓𝟐
 Torque on electric dipole -
(b) On the axis of charged ring :-
𝒒𝒙 𝜏 = 𝑝𝐸𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
E = 𝟑
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 (𝒓𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 ) ⁄𝟐 or 𝜏 = 𝑝 x 𝐸⃗
1
 Potential energy of elec. dipole –  Electric field near charged
U = -pEcos𝜃 = - 𝑝.𝐸⃗ conducting surface is –
𝜎
E=
 Area Vector – 𝜀0
⃗⃗⃗𝐴  For a uniformly charged thin
̂ =
𝒏
𝐴 spherical shell of radius R -
E=0,r<R;
 Solid Angle – 1 𝑄
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝐴.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 and E= . if r ≥ R
𝒅𝝎 = OR 𝒅𝝎 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
𝑟2 𝑟2
OR
 Electric flux – E=
𝜎
(for r = R)
𝜀0
𝜙𝐸 = ∫ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝐸. 𝑑𝑠 cos𝜃
𝜎 𝑅2
 Gauss’s theorem - E= (for r > R)
𝜀0 𝑟 2
𝑞
𝜙𝐸 = ∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 =
𝜀0  For uniformly distributed charge
over the volume of a solid non-
Applications of Gauss’ Law - conducting sphere -
 Elec. Field Due to a uniformly for r < R, E=
𝜌𝑟
charged wire of infinite length - 3𝜀0
𝜆 𝜌𝑅3 𝑄
E= for r ≥ R, E= =
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3𝜀0 𝑟 2 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

 Electric field near charged non-  Motion of charged particle in

conducting surface is - Uniform Electric Field –
𝜎 𝑞.𝐸
E= a=
2𝜀0 𝑚
1𝑞𝐸
y = 𝑥2
2𝑚𝑣 2

2
 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL
& CAPACITANCE
 Change in electric potential  Potential gradient -
energy - E = − 𝑑𝑉
𝑑𝑟
dU = - dW
𝑓
U2 – U1 = -∫𝑖 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟  Electric potential due to a
uniformly charged ring -
1 𝑄
 Electric potential energy for a (a) At centre, V = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
system of two charged particles
1 𝑞1 .𝑞2 1 𝑄
U= Vaxis = .
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 4𝜋𝜀0 √𝑅2 − 𝑥 2

 Potential energy of a system of  Potential Energy b/w two

two charges in an external Electric Dipoles -
electric field U= − 4𝜋𝜀
1 2𝑝1 . 𝑝2
1 𝑞1 .𝑞2 𝑟3
U = q1V1 + q2V2 + . 0
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟12  Ele.Force b/w two Electric Dipoles -
1 6𝑝1 . 𝑝2
 Electric potential due to a point F = − 4𝜋𝜀
0 𝑟4
charge -
𝑊 1 𝑄  Capacitance of isolated metallic
V= = . sphere -
𝑞0 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝑟
𝐸 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
V = -∫∞ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 C = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅
 Capacitance of spherical
 Electric potential at axial line capacitor -
of dipole - 𝑟𝐴. 𝑟𝐵
1 𝑃 C = 4𝜋𝜀0
V= . (𝑟𝐵 − 𝑟𝐴 )
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟2
 Parallel plate capacitor -
 Electric potential at any 𝜀0 𝐴
general point of dipole - 𝐶0 =
𝑑
1 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑉𝑃 = . 2  Effect of dielectric / metal slab on
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
capacitance -
 Electric potential difference - (a) when dielectric medium fills
𝑊
VB - VA = − 𝑒𝑙 , entirely the space between plates
𝑞0 𝑲𝜺𝟎 𝑨
C= , or C = K𝑪𝟎
dV = −⃗⃗⃗𝐸 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 𝒅

3
(b) when dielectric medium fills  Energy stored in a capacitor -
partially the space between plates , 𝑄2 1 1
C=
𝜺𝟎 𝑨 U= = 𝐶𝑉 2 = 2 𝑄𝑉
𝒕 2𝐶 2
(𝒅 − 𝒕) +
𝑲
(c) when metal slab fills partially space  Electric energy density -
1
between plates , u = 𝜀0 𝐸 2
2
𝜺𝟎 𝑨
C=
(𝒅 − 𝒕)  Capacitors in Series –
1 1 1 1
 Capacitance of a cylindrical = + +
𝐶 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3
capacitor -
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐿
C= 𝑏
 Capacitors in Parallel -
𝑙𝑛 C = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
𝑎
 Capacitance of a spherical  Common Potential -
capacitor when charge + Q is given 𝐶1 𝑉1 + 𝐶2 𝑉2
to the inner sphere while the outer V=
𝐶1 + 𝐶2
sphere is earthed -
C=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑎𝑏  Energy Loss in sharing of
(𝑏 − 𝑎) charges -
𝐶1 𝐶2 (𝑉1 − 𝑉2 )2
∆𝑈 =
2(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 )

4
 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
 Electric Current –  Electric Energy Consumed By
𝑄 𝑛.𝑒 Resistor (Heat) –
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = = 𝑊 𝐼2
𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑞 𝑃= = V.I = 𝐼 R = 2
𝐼𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡. = ∆𝑡 𝑅
𝑑𝑡
 Effect of Temperature on
 Acceleration of free electron Resistivity And Resistance -
due to electric field -  metallic conductors -
⃗⃗
𝑒𝐸
⃗⃗⃗𝑎 = − 𝜌𝑡 = 𝜌0 (1 + 𝛼𝑡)
𝑚
𝑅𝑡 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼𝑡) ,
 Drift velocity - 1 𝑅𝑡 − 𝑅0
𝑒𝐸⃗ 𝜏 𝑒𝑉 where, 𝛼 = ( )
𝑣𝑑 = −
⃗⃗⃗⃗ OR 𝑣𝑑 =( )𝜏 𝑡 𝑅0
𝑚 𝑚𝑙
 EMF of cell -
 Electric current in terms of 𝑊
drift velocity - E = = ∮ 𝐸⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
𝑞
I = n e A𝑣𝑑
 Terminal potential difference
 Current density - of a battery –
𝐼
J = = n e 𝑣𝑑 (a) when current is flowing out from
𝐴
positive terminal of battery -
 Electric Resistance/Ohm’s Law V = E – Ir
𝑉 𝑚 𝑙
R= =( 2 ) (b) when current is flowing into
𝐼 𝑛𝑒 𝜏 𝐴
positive terminal of battery -
 Resistivity of material – V = E + Ir
𝑚 𝑅 .𝐴
𝜌= OR 𝜌 = (c) internal resistance of cell ,
𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 𝑙 𝑬−𝑽
r =
 Conductivity of material – 𝑰
1 𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏 ⃗⃗𝐽 (d) current flowing in the circuit –
𝜎= = OR 𝜎 = ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑬
𝜌 𝑚 𝐸 I=
𝑹+𝒓
 Mobility of charge carrier –  For n cells connected in series -
𝑣𝑑 𝑒𝜏
𝜇= = I=
𝑛𝐸
𝐸 𝑚 𝑅+𝑛𝑟
 Electric Energy Consumed By  For cells connected in parallel -
Resistor (Heat) - 𝑛𝐸
𝐼2 I=
∆𝐻 = 𝐼2 R∆𝑡 = ∆𝑡 = VI∆𝑡 𝑛𝑅+𝑟
𝑅

5
 If n cells are connected in  Potential gradient of a wire -
parallel - 𝑉
𝐸1 𝐸2 𝐸 k=
+ + −−−−− + 𝑛 𝑙
𝐸𝑒𝑞 =
𝑟1
1
𝑟2
1
𝑟𝑛
1  The internal resistance of cell
+ + −−−−− + (Potentiometer) -
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑟𝑛
𝑙1 −𝑙2
 Kirchhoff’s Law - r= xR
𝑙2
1st law - ∑ 𝑰 = 0
2nd law - ∑ 𝑬 = ∑ 𝑰. 𝑹

 Wheatstone Bridge -
𝑷 𝑹
=
𝑸 𝑺

 Meter Bridge -
For a balanced wheat stone bridge
𝑷 𝑹 𝒍
𝑸
= =
𝑺 (𝟏𝟎𝟎−𝒍)
∴ the unknown resistance (S) -
𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝒍
S= ( )R
𝒍

6
 MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM
 Biot-Savart Law -  Ampere’s Circuital Law -
𝜇0 𝑖.𝑑𝑙.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
dB = ∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑖
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝜇0 𝑖( ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 × 𝑟 )  Magnetic field due to a long
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝐵=
4𝜋 𝑟3 solenoid –
B = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
 Biot-Savart Law -
1  Magnetic field due to a toroid
c=
√𝜇0 𝜀0 (endless solenoid) –
B = 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
 Magnetic field due to a straight
conductor of finite length -  Magnetic field due at centre of
𝜇0 𝐼 long solenoid –
B= (sin𝛼 + sin𝛽)
4𝜋 𝑎 𝜇0 𝑛𝑖
B= ( cos𝜃1 − cos𝜃2 )
 Magnetic field of infinitely long 2
wire -  Force on charged particle moving
𝜇0 𝐼 in an external magnetic field -
B=
4𝜋 𝑎 F = qvBsin𝜃 OR 𝐹 = q( 𝑣 ⃗)
⃗⃗⃗ x 𝐵
 Magnetic field near the end of  Motion of Charged Particle in
wire - Magnetic Field when it enters
𝜇0 𝐼
B= at 𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎° -
2𝜋 𝑎
𝑚𝑣 2
F = qvB = ,
 Magnetic field due to arc at its 𝑟
centre -
𝜇0 𝑖 𝑚𝑣 √2𝑚 𝐾 1 2𝑚 𝑉
B= [𝜃] r= = = √
2𝜋𝑟 𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵 𝐵 𝑞

 Magnetic field due to circular coil 2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵

𝜇0 𝑁𝑖 T= , f=
 at the centre – B= 𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚
2𝑟
𝜇0 𝑁𝑖𝑅 2  Motion of Charged Particle in
 at the axis - 𝐵𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
2(𝑅 2 +𝑥 2 )3/2 Magnetic Field when it enters
where, x = distance from the center at 𝟎° < 𝜽 < 𝟗𝟎° -
2𝜋𝑚
of the coil to the point on the axis. Pitch P = 𝑣. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ×
𝑞𝐵
𝑚𝑣.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜽 2𝜋𝑚 𝑞𝐵
r= , T= , f=
𝑞𝐵 𝑞𝐵 2𝜋𝑚
7
 Force acting on a current  Moving Coil Galvanometer -
carrying conductor placed in (a) The torsional constant of hair-
uniform magnetic field - 𝑁𝐼𝐴.𝐵
springs, k=
⃗) 𝜙
𝐹 = I( 𝑙 x 𝐵 𝐼 𝑘
F = I.B.L sin𝜃 (b) Figure of merit, =
𝜙 𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝜙 𝑁𝐵𝐴
 Force working between two (c) Current sensitivity , C.S. = =
𝐼 𝑘
parallel current carrying
𝜙 𝑁𝐵𝐴
Conductors – (d) Voltage sensitivity, V.S. = =
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑉 𝑘𝑅
= =  To convert galvanometer into
𝐿 𝐿 2𝜋𝑟
ammeter, the shunt to be
 Lorentz Force - connected in parallel is –
𝐹 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗𝐹𝐸 S=(
𝐼𝑔
)G,
⃗⃗⃗ + ( 𝑣 ⃗ )] 𝐼− 𝐼𝑔
𝐹 = q.[ 𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗ x 𝐵
where,
 Magnetic dipole moment of 𝐼𝑔 = current for full scale deflection
Current loop - G = resistance of galvanometer,
⃗⃗ = NiA
𝑀
 To convert galvanometer into
 Torque on Current loop - voltmeter, a high resistance (R)
is connected in series with
𝜏 = M.Bsin𝜃 OR 𝜏 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀 × ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵
galvanometer,
𝑉
CYCLOTRON R= –G
𝐼𝑔
 Radius of the circular path
covered by a charged particle -
𝑚𝑣
r=
𝑞𝐵
 Maximum kinetic energy
attained by a charged particle -
𝑞2 𝐵2 𝑅2
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑚

8
 MAGNETISM & MATTER
EARTH’S MAGNETISM
 Magnetic field intensity due to
 Relation between elements of
a mono pole -
𝜇0 𝑚 earth’s magnetic field -
B= 𝐵𝐻 = B cos 𝛿 , 𝐵𝑉 = B sin 𝛿
4𝜋 𝑥 2

 Magnetic dipole moment of Bar B = √𝐵𝐻 2 + 𝐵𝑉 2

Magnet - 𝐵𝑉
⃗⃗ = m . 2𝑙
𝑀 𝛿 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) ,
𝐵𝐻

 Magnetic Field Due To A Bar

𝜹 = angle of dip or inclination
Magnet -  Intensity of Magnetisation -
𝜇0 2𝑀
𝐵𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 = ( 𝑥3 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑀
4𝜋 ⃗𝐼 =
𝜇0 𝑀 𝑉
𝐵𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎 = ( 3)
4𝜋 𝑥
 Magnetic Intensity -
 Torque on a bar magnet placed ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵
in a uniform magnetic field - ⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝐻 − 𝐼⃗
𝜏 = MBsin𝜃 𝜇0
OR ⃗ = 𝜇0 (𝐼 + 𝐻
𝐵 ⃗ ) = 𝜇0 𝐻 (1 +𝜒𝑀 )
 Potential energy of a bar
magnet -  Magnetic Susceptibility -
U = - MBcos𝜃 𝐼
𝜒𝑀 =
 Magnetic moment of atom - 𝐻
𝜒𝑀 = 𝜇𝑟 − 1
⃗⃗ = − ( 𝑒 ) 𝐽
𝑀 1
2𝑚 𝜒𝑀 ∝
𝑇
⃗𝐽 = 𝑛ℎ
2𝜋  Curie’s Law -
 Bohr Magneton - 𝐻
𝐼= C
𝑒ℎ 𝑇
𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛. =
4𝜋 𝑚  Gauss law in Magnetism -
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜙𝐵 = ∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑠 = 0

9
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 Magnetic flux -  Self induced emf, 𝜀 = -L
𝑑𝐼
𝑑𝑡
𝜙𝐵 = 𝐵⃗.𝐴 = BA cos𝜃
 Self inductance of long solenoid -
 Faraday’s law,(Induced EMF)
𝑁2 𝐴
𝑑 𝜙𝐵 L = 𝜇0
𝜀 = −𝑁 𝐿
𝑑𝑡

 Induced Current -  Self inductance of Plane

Circular Coil -
𝜀 𝑁 𝑑𝜙𝐵 𝜇0
𝐼= = L= 𝜋𝑁 2 𝑟
𝑅 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 2
 Induced Charge -  Series combination of coils –
𝑁
𝑞= 𝑑𝜙𝐵 Leq = L1 + L2
𝑅
 Parallel combination of coils -
 Motion Induced emf - 1 1 1
=𝐿 +𝐿
𝐵𝑙𝑣 𝐿𝑒𝑞 1 2
𝜀 = B.v.l & I=
𝑅  Energy stored in a inductor –
1 2
 EMF Induced in rotating rod - U = L 𝐼0
1 2
e = 𝐵𝑙 𝜔 2
 Mutual Inductance –
2
𝑁2 .𝜙2 𝜀2
 Energy considerations in 𝑀= = −
𝐼1 (𝑑𝐼1/ 𝑑𝑡)
Motional emf -
𝐵𝑙𝑣
F = IlB = ( ) lB  Mutual induced emf –
𝑅 𝑑 𝐼1
𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 𝜀 = −M
F= 𝑑𝑡
𝑅
𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 2  Mutual inductance of two
Power, P = coaxial solenoids -
𝑅
𝑁1 . 𝑁2 𝐴
 Rate of joule heating – L = 𝜇0
𝐿
𝐵2 𝑙 2 𝑣 2  Induced emf when current
H= passing through both coils –
𝑅
𝑑 𝐼1 𝑑 𝐼2
 Self Inductance – 𝜀 = (− 𝐿1
𝑑𝑡
) + (− 𝑀21 𝑑𝑡
)
𝑁.𝜙𝐵 𝜀  Coefficient of coupling -
𝐿= = − 𝑑𝑖 𝑀
𝐼 (
𝑑𝑡
) k=
√𝐿1 𝐿2
10
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
 EMF Induced in Rotating Coil -  Pure Inductive Circuit –
𝜀 = NBA 𝜔 sin𝜔t  Equations of AC –
𝜀𝑚𝑎𝑥. = NBA𝜔 𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜋
 Maximum current – 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 − )
2
𝑁𝐵𝐴𝜔  Inductive Reactance –
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥. =
𝑅 𝐸0
𝑋𝐿 = = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
 Equations for AC – 𝐼0
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin (𝜔𝑡+ )  Phase difference b/w E and I –
𝜋
𝐵 = 𝐵0 sin (𝜔𝑡+ 𝜙) 𝜙= (Voltage leads)
2
 Mean/average value of AC -  Average Power Consumed –
 For full cycle of AC, 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 . cos 𝜙 = 0
𝑰𝒂𝒗 = 0, 𝜺𝒂𝒗 = 0
 for half cycle of AC,  Pure Capacitive Circuit –
𝟐𝑰𝟎  Equations of AC –
𝑰𝒂𝒗 = = 0.637 𝑰𝟎 𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝝅
𝟐𝜺𝟎 𝜋
𝜺𝒂𝒗 = = 0.637 𝜺𝟎 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + )
𝝅 2
 Inductive Reactance –
 Effective / rms/ virtual value 𝐸0 1 1
of current for full cycle- 𝑋𝐶 = = =
𝐼0
𝐼0 𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝐼𝑣 = = 0.637 𝐼0  Phase difference b/w E and I –
√2
𝜀0 𝜋
𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 /𝜀𝑟𝑚𝑠 /𝜀𝑣 = = 0.707 𝜀0 𝜙= (Current leads)
√2 2
 Average Power Consumed –
 Pure Resistive Circuit –
 Equations of AC – 𝑃 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 . cos 𝜙 = 0
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔𝑡  L-R Series Circuit –
𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin 𝜔𝑡  Equations of AC –
 Resistance of Circuit – 𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝐸 𝐸0 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑅= = = 𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 − 𝜙 )
𝐼 𝐼0 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
 Impedance of Circuit –
 Average Power Consumed – 𝐸0
𝑃 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑍= = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 )2 = √𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐿)2
𝐼0
 Phase difference b/w E and I –
𝜔𝐿
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) (Voltage leads)
𝑅
11
 Average Power Consumed –  Resonance –
𝑃 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 . cos 𝜙  For an LCR circuit, resonance
 Power Factor – occurs when - 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑐
𝑅 𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = =  Resonance frequency -
𝑍 √𝑅2 +(𝑋𝐿 )2 1 1
𝜔0 = OR 𝑓𝑟 =
√𝐿𝐶 2𝜋 √𝐿𝐶
 R- C Series Circuit –
 Impedance -
 Equations of AC –
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔𝑡 Z = √𝑅 2 + ( 𝑋𝐿 – 𝑋𝐶 ) 2 = R
𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 )
 Quality factor, (sharpness of
 Impedance of Circuit – resonance) -
𝐸0 1 𝝎𝟎 𝑳 𝟏
𝑍= = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐶 )2 = √𝑅 2 + (𝜔𝐶)2 Q= =
𝐼0 𝑹 𝝎𝟎 𝑪𝑹
 Phase difference b/w E and I – 𝟏 𝑳
1 or Q= √
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) (Current leads) 𝑹 𝑪
𝜔𝐶𝑅  Band width of resonance -
 Average Power Consumed – 𝑹
𝑃 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 . cos 𝜙 ∆𝝎 = (𝝎𝟐 − 𝝎𝟏 ) =
𝑳
 Power Factor –
𝑅 𝑅  Transformer -
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = =  Transformer ratio -
𝑍 √𝑅2 +(𝑋𝐶 )2
𝑰𝑷 𝜺 𝑵
= 𝜺𝒔 = 𝑵𝒔 = r
 R- L- C Series Circuit – 𝑰𝒔 𝑷 𝑷
 Equations of AC –  For an ideal transformer –
𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐼 = 𝐼0 sin (𝜔𝑡 ± 𝜙 ) 𝜺 𝟏 𝑰 𝟏 = 𝜺 𝟐 𝑰𝟐
 Impedance of Circuit –  For a step up transformer
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶 )2 (if 𝑉𝐿 > 𝑉𝐶 ) 𝑵𝒔 > 𝑵𝑷 , 𝜺𝒔 > 𝜺𝑷 , 𝑰𝒔 < 𝑰𝑷
 For a step down transformer
𝑍 = √𝑅2 + (𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿 )2 (if 𝑉𝑐 > 𝑉𝐿 )
𝑵𝒔 < 𝑵𝑷 , 𝜺 𝒔 < 𝜺 𝑷 , 𝑰𝒔 > 𝑰𝑷
 Phase difference b/w E and I –
𝑋𝐿 − 𝑋𝐶  Efficiency of Transformer -
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) (if 𝑉𝐿 > 𝑉𝐶 ) 𝑽 𝑰
𝑅
𝑋𝐶 − 𝑋𝐿
𝜼 = 𝑽 𝒔 𝑰𝒔
𝒑 𝒑
𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) (if 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝐿 )
𝑅  Average Power -
 Average Power Consumed – 𝑷 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 × 𝑅
𝑃 = 𝐸𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 . cos 𝜙
 Power Factor –
𝑅 𝑅
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 = =
𝑍 √𝑅2 +(𝑋𝐿 −𝑋𝐶 )2
12
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
 Ampere’s Circuital law -  Electric field intensity -
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 I 𝐸 = 𝐸0 sin (𝜔𝑡+ 𝝓 )
 Displacement current - 𝐵 = 𝐵0 sin (𝜔𝑡+ 𝝓)
𝒅𝜱𝑬
𝑰 = 𝜺𝟎  Energy density of EM wave -
𝒅𝒕 1 1
 Generalised form of Ampere’s u = 𝜀0 𝐸0 2 + 𝐵0 2
4 4𝜇0
Circuital law -
𝒅𝝓𝑬  Intensity of electromagnetic
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 ( I + 𝜺𝟎 )
𝒅𝒕 wave -
I = 𝑢𝑎𝑣 . c
 Maxwell’s Equations -
1 2 1 𝐵0 2
1 eq. (Gauss law in Electrostatics)-
st
I= 𝜀0 𝐸0 c = c
𝒒 2 2 𝜇0
∮ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗ =
𝑬. 𝒅𝑺
𝜺𝟎  Momentum of EM waves -
2nd eq. (Gauss law in Magnetism)- p = 𝑢𝑎𝑣 × 𝐴. ∆𝑡
⃗ =0
⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝑺
∮ 𝑩.
 In EM waves –
𝐸0 1
3rd eq. (Faradays law in EMI)- =c=
𝐵0 √𝜇0 𝜀0
−𝒅𝝓𝑩
e = ∮ ⃗⃗⃗𝑬. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝒅𝒕
4 eq.(Ampere’s Maxwell Circuital
th

law)-
𝒅𝝓
⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝁𝟎 ( 𝑰 + 𝜺𝟎
∮ 𝑩. 𝑬
)
𝒅𝒕

13
 RAY OPTICS & OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
 Focal length of spherical  Thin Lens formula -
Mirror - 1 1 1
𝑅 = −
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢
𝑓= sec𝜃
2
For small aperture –  Effect of Medium on focal Length
𝑅 of Lens -
𝑓= 𝑛𝑙 (𝑛𝑔 − 1)
2
𝒇𝒍 = 𝑓𝑎
 Mirror formula - (𝑛𝑔 − 𝑛𝑙 )
1 1 1
= +  Linear magnification of Lens -
𝑓 𝑣 𝑢 𝐻𝑖 𝑣
𝒎= =
𝐻𝑜 𝑢
 Linear magnification of mirror -
𝐻𝑖 𝑣  Power of Lens -
𝒎= = − 1
𝐻𝑜 𝑢
𝑷=
𝑓
 Refractive index -
 Combination of Lens -
Absolute Refractive index – 1 1 1
𝒄 = + + ------
𝒏= 𝐹 𝑓1 𝑓2
𝒗
𝑃 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + -------
Relative Refractive index –
𝒏𝟐 𝒗𝟏 𝝀𝟏
1𝒏𝟐 =
𝒏𝟏
=
𝒗𝟐
=
𝝀𝟐
 Refractive index of Prism -
𝑨+𝜹𝒎
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
 Snell’s law - 𝒏= 𝟐
𝑨
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )
𝟐
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. = 1𝒏𝟐
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒓
 Deviation of thin Prism -
 Relation between critical and
refractive index - 𝜹𝒎 = (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝑨
1
1𝑛2 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑐  Dispersive Power of Prism -
𝝁 𝒗 − 𝝁𝒓
 Refraction on spherical surfaces - 𝝎 = 𝝁𝒚 −𝟏
𝑛2 𝑛1 𝑛2 − 𝑛1
− =
𝑣 𝑢 𝑅  Angular Dispersion-
 Lens Maker’s Formula - 𝜽 = A(𝑛𝒗 − 𝑛𝒓 )
1 (𝑛2 − 𝑛1 ) 1 1
= ( − )
𝑓 𝑛1 𝑅1 𝑅2

14
 Rayleigh’s Law of Scattering-  Magnification of Refractive
𝟏 Telescope –
𝑰𝑺 ∝  Final image formed at Near Point –
𝝀𝟒
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆
 Angular magnification- M=−
𝒇𝒆
(1 +
𝑫
)

𝑴 =
𝜷 Length of microscope –
𝜶 L = 𝒇𝒐 + 𝒖 𝒆
 Magnification of Simple  Final image formed at infinity –
Microscope – M = −
𝒇𝒐
Final image formed at Near Point – 𝒇𝒆
𝑫 Length of microscope –
𝑴=1+
𝒇 L = 𝒇𝒐 + 𝒇𝒆
Final image formed at infinity –
𝑫
M =
𝒇

 Magnification of Compound
Microscope –
 Final image formed at Near Point –
𝒗𝒐 𝑫
𝑴= (1 + )
− 𝒖𝒐 𝒇𝒆
𝑳 𝑫
𝑴= (1 + )
− 𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆
Length of microscope –
L = 𝒗𝒐 + 𝒖𝒐
 Final image formed at infinity –
𝒗𝒐 𝑫
𝑴= ×
− 𝒖𝒐 𝒇𝒆
𝑳 𝑫
𝑴= ×
−𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆
Length of microscope –
L = 𝒗 𝒐 + 𝒇𝒆

15
 WAVE OPTICS
 Speed of light in any medium -  Fringe shift -
𝑐 𝐷
v= 𝒙𝟎 = (n− 1 ) t
𝑛 𝑑
𝑤
 Refractive index - 𝒙𝟎 = (n− 1 ) t
𝒏𝟐 𝒗𝟏 𝝀𝟏 𝜆
1𝒏𝟐 = = =  Diffraction of light -
𝒏𝟏 𝒗𝟐 𝝀𝟐
for minima - 𝑒. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ± 𝑛𝜆
 Optical path - 𝜆
X=𝑛×𝑑 for maxima - 𝑒. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = ±(2𝑚 + 1)
2
 Angle of Diffraction for minima -
 Intensity in Interference - 𝑛𝜆
𝜃= ±
 For waves of different amplitude – 𝑒
𝑛𝜆𝐷
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 2 √𝐼1 . 𝐼2 cos 𝜙 Position of minima - 𝑥 = ±
𝑒
 For waves of same amplitude –  Angle of Diffraction for maxima -
𝜙 𝜆
𝐼 = 4𝐼0 cos 𝜃 = ± (2𝑚 + 1)
2 2𝑒
Position of maxima -
 Snell’s law - 𝜆𝐷
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒊 𝑥 = ± (2𝑚 + 1)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. = 1𝒏𝟐 2𝑒
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒓
 Conditions for Bright Fringe -
 Width of Central maxima -
2𝜆
𝜙 = 2n𝜋 ; p = 𝑛𝜆 Angular width- 2𝜃 =
where – n = 0,1,2,3 ------ 𝑒
2𝜆𝐷
 Conditions for Dark Fringe - Linear width- 2𝑥 =
𝑒
𝜆
𝜙 = (2n− 1 ) 𝜋 ; p = (2n− 1 )
2
 Fresnel Distance-
where – n = 1,2,3 ------ 𝑒2
𝐷𝐹 =
 Position of Bright Fringes - 𝜆
𝒙=
𝑛 𝜆𝐷
 Fresnel Distance-
𝑑
𝑒2
 Position of Bright Fringes - 𝐷𝐹 =
(𝑚 −1) 𝜆𝐷 𝜆
𝒙=
2𝑑  Maximum number of bright and
 Fringe Width - dark fringes formed in YDSE -
𝜆𝐷 2𝑑
Linear width – 𝒘= 𝑁𝐵 = 𝑁𝐷 = +1
𝑑
𝜆
𝜆
Angular width – 𝜷=
𝑑
16
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION & MATTER
 Energy of photon -  Stopping potential -
ℎ𝑐 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝜈− 𝜙0
𝐸 = ℎ𝜈 = 𝑉0 = =
𝝀 𝑒 𝑒
ℎ
 Momentum of Photon - 𝑉0 = (ν – ν0 )
𝐸 ℎ𝜈 ℎ 𝑒
𝑝= = = ℎ𝑐 1 1
𝒄 𝑐 𝝀 𝑉0 = ( - )
𝑒 𝜆 𝜆0
 Inertial mass of Photon -
𝐸 ℎ
 De-Broglie Wavelength -
𝑚= = ℎ
𝑐2 𝑐𝜆 𝜆=
𝑝
 Work function - ℎ ℎ
ℎ𝑐 𝜆= =
√2𝑚.𝐾 √2𝑞 𝑚 𝑉
𝜙0 = ℎ𝜈0 =
𝝀0
 Einstein’s Photoelectric  Intensity of Photons -
𝐸
Equation - 𝐼=
𝐴.𝑡
h𝜈 = 𝜙0 + 𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ𝜈 − 𝜙0
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = h(ν – ν0 )
1 1
𝐾𝑚𝑎𝑥 = hc ( - )
𝜆 𝜆0

17
 ATOMS
 Force on alpha due to nucleus  Relation b/w orbital radius and
1 𝑍𝑒.2𝑒 electron velocity in Hydrogen -
𝐹=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑟 𝑒2
r=
 Distance of Closest Approach - 4𝜋𝜀0 .𝑚 𝑣 2
1 2 𝑍 𝑒2  Energy of Orbiting electron -
𝑟0 =
4𝜋𝜀0 𝐾𝛼
𝟏 𝟏 𝒁.𝒆𝟐
Kinetic Energy - 𝑬𝒌 = ( ) 𝒓
 Bohr’s Quantisation law - 𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎
𝟏 𝒁.𝒆𝟐
𝑚𝑣𝑟 =
𝑛ℎ Potential Energy - 𝑬𝒑 = −
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎 𝒓
2𝜋
𝟏 𝟏 𝒁.𝒆𝟐
 Radius of Stationary orbit - Total Energy - 𝑬 = − ( ) 𝒓
𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝟎
𝜀0 .ℎ2 𝑛2
r= ( ) 𝑛 = 𝑟0 .
2
 Energy of electron in Hydrogen
𝜋.𝑚.𝑍𝑒 2 𝑍
𝜺𝟎 .𝒉𝟐 atom -
Where- 𝒓𝟎 = = 0.527 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟎 m 𝑹𝒉𝒄 𝟏𝟑.𝟔
𝝅.𝒎.𝒆𝟐
E =− =− eV
Radius of first orbit of hydrogen. 𝒏𝟐 𝒏𝟐
 Spectrum (Energy) emitted by
 Velocity of electron in stationary atom -
orbit - E = h𝜈 = 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐸𝑖
𝑍.𝑒 2 1 𝑍
v = . = 𝑣0 . 𝑛
2𝜀0 ℎ 𝑛  Wavelength of spectral line
𝑒2 emitted by hydrogen (Wave
where 𝒗𝟎 = = 2.19 ×106 m/s
2𝜀0 ℎ Number) -
Velocity of electron in first orbit of 1 1 1
hydrogen.
= R [ − ]
𝜆 𝑛𝑖 2 𝑛𝑓 2

 Time period of stationary orbit  Maximum number of spectral

lines emitted -
4 ℎ3 𝜀0 2 𝑛3 𝑛3
𝑻=( ) 2 = 𝑇0 . 2 𝑛 (𝑛 −1)
𝑚.𝑒 4 𝑍 𝑍 N=
3
4 ℎ 𝜀0 2 2
where 𝑇0 = 4 = 1.5 ×10−16 sec.  For shortest wavelength of any
𝑚.𝑒
series -
 Wavelength of orbiting electron 𝑛𝑓 = ∞
in stationary orbit -
 For longest wavelength of any
𝟐𝝅𝒓 2𝜀0 .ℎ2 . 𝑛
𝝀 = = series -
𝒏 𝑚𝑒 2 𝑛𝑓 = 𝑛𝑖 + 1
18
 Hydrogen Spectral Series -  Brackett Series -
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 Lymann Series - 𝝀
= R[
𝟒𝟐
−
𝒏𝒇 𝟐
]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= R[ − ]  Pfund Series -
𝝀 𝟏𝟐 𝒏𝒇 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
 Balmer Series -
𝝀
= R[
𝟓𝟐
− 𝒏𝒇 𝟐
]
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= R[ − ]
𝝀 𝟐𝟐 𝒏𝒇 𝟐

 Paschen Series -
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= R[ − ]
𝝀 𝟑𝟐 𝒏𝒇 𝟐

Here -
1 2 2 π2 m e4
R = Rydberg constant = ( 4πε ) ( )] = 1.09678 × 𝟏𝟎𝟕 𝐦−𝟏
0 ch3
Kg2
𝛆𝟎 = 8.85 × 10−12 N.m2
𝐡 = Plank’s Constant = 6.6 × 10−34 J.s
𝐞 = 1.6 × 10−19 C
𝟏 N.m2
= 9 × 10 9
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 Kg2

19
 NUCLEI
 Radius of Nucleus -  Inertial mass (Theory of
1 Relativity) -
𝑅 = 𝑅0 𝐴 3
𝑚0
Where – 𝒎=
2
𝑹𝟎 = 1.2 × 10−15 m √1 – 𝑣2
𝑐
 Atomic mass unit - RADIOACTIVITY
𝟏 𝒖 = 1.66 × 10−27 Kg  Rutherford & Soddy law -
 Mass of Nucleus - 𝑁 = 𝑁0 . 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝑚 = Z.𝑚𝑝 + (𝐴 − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛  Rate of Decay -
𝑑𝑁
 Mass Defect - 𝑅 =−
𝑑𝑡
∆𝑀 = Z.𝑚𝑝 + (A − 𝑍)𝑚𝑛 – M 𝑅 = 𝑅0 . 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
 Packing Fraction -  Half Life Time -
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 (∆𝑚) log𝑒 2 0.6931
𝑃. 𝐹 =
𝐴
𝑇= =
𝜆 𝜆
 Mass Energy Equivalence -  Average Life -
E = m 𝑐2 1
𝜏 =
𝜆
 Binding Energy - 𝑇
𝜏 = = 1.44 × 𝑇
𝐸𝐵 = ∆𝑀 𝑐 2 0.6931

 Binding energy per nucleon -

𝐸𝐵
𝐸𝐵/𝐴 =
𝐴

Here -
𝐦𝐩 = mass of proton = 1.67 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 kg = 1.007825 u
𝐦𝐧 = mass of neutron = 1.67 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 kg = 1.008665 u
𝐜= speed of light = 3 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 m/s
𝐀= mass number of atom
𝛌= Decay constant

20
 SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
 Conductivity of Material -
1
𝝈= 𝜌
 Current in intrinsic semiconductor -
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑒 + 𝐼ℎ
 Concentration of charge carrier -
𝑛𝑒 . 𝑛ℎ = 𝑛𝑖 𝟐
 AC Forward Resistance of Diode –
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝑹𝒇 =
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒

Here -
𝒏𝒆 = number of free electrons
𝒏𝒉 = number of holes
𝒏𝒊 = intrinsic carrier concentration

21