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5 Transients

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51 views22 pages

5 Transients

Uploaded by

amina bu baker
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic 5 - Transients

 Definition
 Transients categories
 Causes of transients
 Travelling waves
 Effects of Transients
 Mitigation of Transients
(lightning protection, LV equipment protection, capacitor switching mitigation)
1
Transients Non-power frequency
refers to frequencies that
are not part of the power
grid
• Definition
A transient is a sudden, non power frequency change in the steady-
state condition of voltage, current or both that occur for a very
short duration.

There are two categories of transients:

I. Impulsive –unipolar: characterized by rise and decay time and


peak value
‫متذبذب‬
II. Oscillatory – bipolar: characterized by frequency, magnitude and
duration 2
Voltage of large magnitude acts over
very short time

3
Transients Categories

4
Transient waveforms
i) Impulsive transient ii) Oscillatory transient
(Capacitor switching)
(Lightning)

5
Typical lightning impulse wave

6
1. Lightning
Causes of Transient Overvoltages
a) Direct strike to phase conductor (flashover)
b) Indirect strike to tower or shield wire (bakflashover)
c) Induced by nearby strike to ground

2. Switching operation

a) Fault clearing
b) Load breaking (inductive & capacitive loads)
c) Capacitor energization (single bank, back to back)

7
8
Travelling Waves
Surge impedance is the
impedance to which a surge
current develops on a line or
system. It is a measure of the
line's ability to generate and
conduct surge currents.
Surge impedance Z0 and wave velocity V

9
When lightning strikes, it creates a powerful burst of electrical energy that generates
electromagnetic waves. These electromagnetic waves, known as electromagnetic
radiation or radio waves, propagate outward from the lightning strike and travel
through the atmosphere at the speed of light

Lightning produces a wide range of electromagnetic waves, including radio waves,


microwaves, and even visible light. The radio waves and other forms of electromagnetic
radiation emitted by lightning can travel long distances through the atmosphere, and
some can even reach outer space.

These travelling electromagnetic waves from lightning can have various effects, such as
interference with communication systems, triggering of sensors, and even potential
health risks for humans. Lightning-induced electromagnetic waves are also studied by
scientists to better understand the physics of lightning and to improve lightning detection
10
Capacitor switching transients

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝑆𝑓𝑙
𝑛= 11
𝑄𝑐
Example:

A 2000-kVAR, 13.8-kV, Y-connected capacitor bank is connected at the end of a 25-


mile transmission line with an inductive reactance of 0.5 Ω per mile.
Find the natural frequency of the current that would be drawn during turn on.

Solution:

Total inductive reactance = XL = 25 × 0.5 = 12.5 Ω


Inductance (L) = 12.5/120π = 0.033 H
Current through the capacitor bank (IC) = 83.7 A
Capacitive reactance (XC) = 7967/83.7 = 95.18 Ω
Capacitance (C) = 27.9 µF
Characteristic frequency (f0) = 1/(2Xπ √0.033 × 0.0000279) ≅ 166 Hz

12
Effects of lightning Transients
• Malfunction or damage to electronic loads
• Transformers, reactors and motors can fail due to high voltages
appearing across the first few turns of their windings as a result of
the capacitive effects
• Damage to internal components of equipment
• Insulation failure of equipment
• Data error in data processing equipment due to high dv/dt
• OHL: insulator flashover due to electric field distortion
• Cables: cable terminations and UGOH voltage moderate transient
overvoltage causing insulation breakdown and failure.
• Local effects can lead to thermal PD activity, then failure

13
Effects of oscillatory Transient

• Sensitive electronic or power electronic


equipment can malfunction or be damaged;
• Nuisance tripping of variable speed drives can
occur due to dc bus overvoltages
• High line-line overvoltages may result on a
transformer due to the magnification effects of
power factor correction capacitors;
• Computer network problems can occur e.g.
data corruption. 14
Mitigation of Transients
LPS
i) Lightning Protection System for substations and overhead Lines
 Air terminals (vertical rods/masts, shield wires);
 A down-conductor system;
 An earth termination system;
 Properly selected and located surge arresters;

15
ii) Protection of LV equipment
 Limit the voltage across the sensitive insulation;
 Divert the surge current away from the equipment;
‫تحويل‬

 Block the surge current from entering the


equipment;
 Bond ground references together;
 Limit/prevent surge currents flowing between
grounds.

16
Transient protection methods for LV equipment

Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV)

17
iii)Mitigation of Capacitor switching transients

 Controlled closing devices to switch at Zero voltage


 Pre-insertion resistors in the switching device can reduce
the capacitor voltage transient
 Pre-insertion inductors can reduce the effect of voltage
magnification and limit higher frequency components
 Relocate capacitor to obtain more damping resistance in
the circuit

18
19
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Problem 5.1

A plant is supplied at 11 kV at a fault level of 300 MVA. The plant


load is 5 MVA with a pf of 0.8 lagging. It is planned to install pfc
capacitors to bring the plant to unity. What will be the resonance
frequency of the capacitor / power system.

22

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