Chapter 1 Solutions:

Section 1.1:
1.) Individual: Arizona worker age 16 or older.
Variable: Mode of travel to work.
Population: Set of mode of travel to work of all Arizona workers age 16 or older.
Sample: Set of mode of travel to work of 500 Arizona workers age 16 or older.
Parameter: Percentage of all Arizona workers age 16 or older with a particular
mode of travel.
Statistic: Percentage of 500 Arizona workers age 16 or older with a particular
mode of travel.
2.) Individual: Heart patients two days after they had a heart attack.
Variable: Cholesterol level.
Population: Set of cholesterol levels of all heart patients two days after they had a
heart attack.
Sample: Set of cholesterol levels of 28 heart patients two days after they had a
heart attack.
Parameter: Mean cholesterol level of all heart patients two days after they had a
heart attack.
Statistic: Mean cholesterol level of 28 heart patients two days after they had a
heart attack.
3.) Individual: Employees of Print-O-Matic
Variable: Salary
Population: Set of salaries of all employees of Print-O-Matic.
Sample: Set of salaries of 19 employees of Print-O-Matic
Parameter: Mean salary of all employees of Print-O-Matic
Statistic: Mean salary of 19 employees of Print-O-Matic
4.) Individual: Connecticut households.
Variable: Heating source type.
Population: Set of heating source types of all Connecticut households.
Sample: Set of heating source types of 1000 Connecticut households.
Parameter: Percentage of all Connecticut households using fuel oil as a heating
source.
Statistic: Percentage of 1000 Connecticut households using fuel oil as a heating
source.
5.) Individual: Males in the U.S.
Variable: Income.
Population: Set of incomes of all males in the U.S.
Sample: Set of incomes of 2500 males in the U.S.
Parameter: Median income of all males in the U.S.
Statistic: Median income of 2500 males in the U.S.
6.) Individual: Females in the U.S.
Variable: Income.
Population: Set of incomes of all females in the U.S.
Sample: Set of incomes of 3500 females in the U.S.
Parameter: Median income of all females in the U.S.
 Statistic: Median income of 3500 females in the U.S.
7.) Individual: Defected eyeglasses manufactured by Eyeglassmatic.
Variable: Defect type.
Population: Set of defect type of all defective eyeglasses manufactured by
Eyeglassmatic.
Sample: Set of defect type of 25,891 defective eyeglasses manufactured by
Eyeglassmatic.
Parameter: Percentage of defect type of all defective eyeglasses manufactured by
Eyeglassmatic.
Statistic: Percentage of defect type of 25,891 defective eyeglasses manufactured
by Eyeglassmatic.
8.) Individual: Countries.
Variable: Density of people per square kilometer.
Population: Set of densities of people per square kilometer of all countries.
Sample: Set of densities of people per square kilometer of 56 countries.
Parameter: Mean density of people per square kilometer of all countries.
Statistic: Mean density of people per square kilometer of 56 countries.
9.) a.) Ratio.
b.) Nominal.
c.) Interval.
d.) Ordinal.
10.) a.) Interval.
b.) Nominal.
c.) Ordinal.
d.) Ratio.

Section 1.2:
1.) a.) Cluster sample
b.) Systematic sample
c.) Convenience sample
d.) Simple random sample
e.) Stratified sample
2.) a.) Simple random sample
b.) Convenience sample
c.) Stratified sample
d.) Systematic sample
e.) Cluster sample
3.) Answer varies, though similar to the following: Obtain a list of all students at the
school from the registrar’s office. Then assign each student a number. Lastly, use
a random number generator to randomly choose the students you want to have in
your sample and record their GPA.
4.) Answer varies, though similar to the following: Obtain a list of all students at the
school from the registrar’s office. Then assign each student a number. Separate
the students in different groups of majors. Lastly, use a random number generator
to randomly choose the students you want to have in your sample from each
major and record their GPA.
5.) Answer varies, though similar to the following: Obtain a list of all students at the
school from the registrar’s office. Randomly choose a number as the starting
point, then count from the beginning of the list to the starting point. Then choose
every 50th student from this starting point and record their GPA.
6.) Answer varies, though similar to the following: Obtain a list of all students at the
school from the registrar’s office. Then assign each student a number. Divide the
students based on their major. Lastly, use a random number generator to
randomly choose certain majors and then record the GPA from all students in the
chosen majors.
7.) Answer varies, though similar to the following: Stand in front of the entrance of
the college and ask students who walk by their GPA.

Section 1.3:
1.) Experiment, since you are controlling the amount of cinnamon each patient is
given.
2.) Observation, since you are only asking people what they already are doing.
3.) Observation, since the researcher is collecting data from what has already
happened.
4.) Experiment, since the developer is controlling which plants receive the new
fertilizer and the old fertilizer.
5.) No, not a randomized experiment because the patients pick which group to be in.
To be a randomized experiment each patient should be randomly assigned to a
group.
6.) No, not a randomized experiment because the doctors are choosing which stint to
use based on which is on hand and not randomly.
7.) No, not a randomized experiment because each volunteer chooses which group to
be in.
8.) Yes, a randomized experiment because each volunteer is randomly assigned to the
different groups.
9.) Yes, the samples are matched since you are using the same fish in each sample.
You can match up the before weight with the after weight.
10.) No, the samples are not matched since the instructor uses two different group of
students.
11.) Yes, the samples are matched since the manager used the same employees in each
sample. The manager can match up the before and after processing times.
12.) Yes, the samples are matched since the same item is used in each sample. The
differences between prices of items can be found.
13.) Double blind experiment since neither the doctor nor the patient knows who
received which drug.
14.) Neither blind nor double blind experiment since it is impossible for a group to not
know whether they are exercising or not.
15.) Blind experiment since the patients did not know which procedure was used on
them but the surgeon did.
16.) Double blind experiment since neither the patients nor the researcher knew who
was receive the real medication or the placebo.
17.) This is a prospective study since it is over a time period.
18.) This is a cross-sectional study since only one measurement is taken.
19.) This is a retrospective study since patients are asked for their present and past
activities.
20.) This is a prospective study since data collected over a time period.
21.) Answer varies on this question.

Section 1.4:
1.) The one group was asked to perform deep breathing exercise and aerobic
exercises. So there is no way to know if it was the deep breathing exercises or the
aerobic exercises that reduced the blood pressure, especially since the other group
did no exercising at all.
2.) No, since you do not know if the customers prefer a longer payoff period or the
lower interest rate. If the only change had been the interest rate, then you would
be able to tell, but you can’t when two choices are given.
3.) There are definitely lurking variables that could be causing the poor health, such
as not exercising or smoking.
4.) No, eating ice cream does not cause polio. It could be that as the temperature
increases, the incidence of polio increased and so did the sales of ice cream. So it
could be that higher temperature caused both to increase.
5.) No, talking about gun control doesn’t increase the likelihood that people will buy
more guns. Most likely, the reason both increase is that a mass shooting could
cause both people talking about gun control and people buying guns for
protection.
6.) No, you do not know if obesity caused a deficiency in vitamin D or if a deficiency
in vitamin D caused obesity or if there was another variable that caused both
obesity and vitamin D deficiency at the same time.
7.) Just because something causes an increase risk of tumors in lab rats does not
mean that it will cause the same increase in humans. This would be an
overgeneralization.
8.) No, you can’t say that over 50% of all people in U.S. since the sample only
contained the group of U.S. citizens who had landlines.
9.) The change from 87% to 85% isn’t that great of a change, so even though there is
statistical significance, there may not be practical significance.
10.) Even though something has statistical significance doesn’t mean you should
immediately use the new drug. You should consider other issues such as cost,
safety, side effects, drug interaction, practical significance, and other issues such
as these.
11.) No, the mayor should not resign. Online polls are not scientific studies. Only
those who feel strongly about an issue will vote in the poll.
12.) No, online polls are not scientific studies. Only those who feel strongly about an
issue will vote in the poll.
13.) The question that was asked is misleading because it leaves too much for
interpretation by the employees. If an employee feels there is too much security
at the college, then they would say they strongly disagree. However, if an
employee feels there is not enough security, then they will also say they strongly
disagree. So there is no way to know what a strongly disagree means.
14.) This question has bias since the employee is first told how others feel about the
institution. This might actually influence how the employee will answer the
question.
15.) This question tells the survey takers what they should be most concerned about,
and then asks them to answer the question of what they are most concerned about.
It is a leading question.
16.) This question tells them that Roberto Clemente is the best right fielder in the
world and then asks them to rate his career. This is a leading question.