MSU-OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT VICE CHANCELLOR FOR ACADEMIC AFFAIRS

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Module 5: Transformation (ANSWER KEY)

1. C 6. A 11. A 16. B 21. D 26. A 31. C 36. C

2. A 7. C 12. C 17. C 22. C 27. D 32. B 37. A
3. B 8. B 13. A 18. A 23. A 28. A 33. B 38. D
4. C 9. D. 14. C 19. B 24. B 29. D 34. B 39 C
5. A 10. C 15. D 20. D 25. C 30. B 35. A 40. B

Module 6: Transformation (ANSWER KEY)

1. D 6. B 11. A 16. B 21. C 26. C 31. C 36. C

2. B 7. B 12. C 17. B 22. D 27. A 32. A 37. D
3. A 8. B 13. A 18. B 23. B 28. C 33. C 38. B
4. B 9. B 14. B 19. C 24. C 29. C 34. A 39. C
5. C 10. D 15. A 20. D 25. A 30. B 35. A 40. C

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS

Transformation of sentences means changing (or converting) the words or form of a sentence without changing
its meaning (or sense).

Kinds of Sentences according to Structures

1. Simple Sentence – is a sentence that contains one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.

One subject and verb:

The candidate is confident. The students listen attentively.
Compound subject:
Landslides and avalanches are common. Both Montagues and Capulets contributed to the feud.
Compound verb:
The door squeaked and rattled. The tree rotted and died
Compound subject and verb:
The astronomer and her assistant studied the meteor and wrote their reports.
Jasmin and Anne played good roles and made history in showbiz.
Compound complement:
Mark Twain was both a writer and an inventor.
Alisha feels proud and happy with her family.

2. Compound Sentence – is a sentence that has two or more independent clauses that are joined together.
 The independent clauses are usually joined by a coordinating conjunction: and, but, for, nor, or, so, or
yet.
 They may also connected with a semicolon (;) or a colon (:).

Amar cleaned the pool, but he forgot to add chlorine.

Noraya reads her report; she writes her essay easily.

3. Complex Sentence – has one independent clause/main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
 In a complex sentence, the subordinate clause is used as a noun or as modifier. If it is used as modifier,
the subordinate clause usually modifies a word in the main clause.
 The independent clause in a complex sentence is often called the main clause to distinguish it from the
subordinate clause or clauses.

main clause subordinate clause sub. clause main clause

No one answered the phone when she called us. When you leave, shut the door.
  In the next example, the complex sentence is more complicated because the main clause is split by an
adjective clause.

main subordinate clause clause

The letter, which I had mailed, never arrived.

School children, who have the day off, participate in an exciting parade.
main subordinate clause clause

4. Compound-Complex Sentence – has two or more independent clauses/main clauses and one or more
subordinate clauses.
 In the following examples of compound-complex sentences, the independent/main clauses are
underlined once, and the subordinate clauses are underlined twice.

The truck broke down, and the family walked ten miles because no one passed who could rescue them.
The bicycle, which I repaired myself, had better work; I certainly cannot afford to buy a new one.

TAG QUESTIONS

A question tag comes after the statement and is written in the following manner:
(Statement, auxiliary verb + subject pronoun + ?)
Auxiliary verb - a helping verb in the sentence
Subject pronoun - a pronoun which agrees with the subject in number ( singular or plural ) and
person ( 1st, 2nd, 3rd )

The rules to form question tags are as follows:

 If the statement is affirmative, the question tag is negative.

Razak went to the market, didn’t he ?
 If the statement is negative, the question tag is affirmative.
The plants did not survive, did they ?
 If the sentence does not contain an auxiliary verb, use do/does/did to form a question tag.
The little boy broke the window pane, didn’t he ? You work very hard, don’t you ?
Manny has a huge house, doesn’t he ? (This sentence do not contain an auxiliary verb so
we use do /does /did)
 If the verb in the sentence is a form of ‘to be’ (whether as the main verb or auxiliary) use the same verb
as an auxiliary to form the question tag.
The room is very spacious, isn’t it? (‘is’ is the only verb)
The children were playing in the rain, weren’t they? (‘were’ is the auxiliary verb)
 Imperative Sentences :
If it is an order the question tag is ‘will you?’ If it is a request the question tag is ‘ won’t you?’
 Some peculiar types :
I am angry, aren’t I? Let’s go to the beach, shall we?
There were many people on the road, weren’t there ?

YES-NO Question
The Simple Question Pattern
To change a statement into a question answerable by yes or no, you can do one of three things:

a.) change the structure of the sentence by using the following:

 Using Simple Reversal
 Using Helping Verbs
 Using Did.
 Using Do or Does.

A. In changing the structure of the sentence, remember the following:

1. Simple Reversal Question.

Reverse the position of the subject and the predicate if the verb is a form of to be (is, are, am, was or
were). Begin your question with the be verbs. If the be verbs are used as helping verbs, simple reversal is also
used.
 Statement: Legends are interesting stories.
Question: Are legends interesting stories?

2. Using Helping Verbs.

When the sentence contains a helping verb plus a main verb, the question is signalled by placing the
helping verb before the subject.

be verbs and other helping verbs can also be used in simple reversal. In using the simple reversal, the
helping verb and the main verb is in between the subject of the sentence.
Statement: Poetry reading is performed by my students.
Question: Is poetry reading performed by my students?

3. Using Do or Does.
If the verb is other than to be, begin your question with do or does (present tense) and continue with
the subject and the simple form of the verb.

Statement: In fables, the animals act like humans.

Question: Do the animals act like humans?

4. Using Did.
If the verb other than to be is in the past tense, begin your question with did and follow it with the
subject and simple form of the verb.

Statement: Our elders taught lessons through fables.

Question: Did our elders teach lessons through fables?

REPORTED SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. INTRODUCTION

There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect.
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”

Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed immediately before the
remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speaker’s
exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it
should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally
used when conversation is reported verbally, though direct speech is sometimes here to give a more dramatic
effect.

When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.
PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES: CHANGES NECESSARY

A. First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to the third person except when
the speaker is reporting his own words. (I = he, she; me = him, her; my = his, her; mine = his, hers; we =
they...)

She said, “he’s my son”. She said that he was her son.
“I’m ill”, she said. She said that she was ill.

B. THIS / THESE
This used in time expressions usually becomes that.
She said, “She’s coming this week”. She said that she was coming that week.
This and that used as adjectives usually change to the.
He said, “I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother”.
He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his mother.

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

A. Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:

The voice of a verb shows whether the subject performs the action or receives the action of the verb.

1. ACTIVE VOICE
 A verb is in the active voice when the subject is the doer of the action indicated by the verb.
 The subject is followed by the direct object.

The nurse weighs the baby. The secretary typed the memo. The engineer will check the bridge.
2. PASSIVE VOICE
 A verb is in the passive voice when the subject is the receiver of the action indicated by the verb.

The baby is weighed by the nurse. The memo was typed by the secretary.
The bridge will be checked by the engineer.

YOU WILL NOTICE FOUR THINGS IN THE CHANGE FROM ACTIVE TO PASSIVE.

1. The object of the verb in the active form becomes the subject of the passive form. This is shown in the shift of
baby, memo and the bridge.

2. The passive form is made up of a form of the verb Be plus a past participle as in is weighed, was typed and will
be checked.

3. The subject of the active verb becomes the object of the preposition by – by the nurse, by the secretary and by
the engineer - or it can be omitted. Thus you can simply say
The baby is weighed or memo was typed.
4. The receiver of the sentence in the active voice becomes the subject in the passive voice.

Active Voice: Passive Voice:

She eats an apple An apple is eaten by her.
She ate an apple An apple was eaten by her.
She will eat an apple An apple will be eaten by her.
She has eaten an apple. An apple has been eaten by her.

THINGS TO REMEMBER. The chart below gives important rules in constructing passive sentences.

The verb in the passive voice is formed by a form of BE verb with the past participle.
The BE verb depends on the tense, i.e.
 Present tense uses, am, are, is, as:
Passive Active
I am shaken by the earthquake. The earthquake shakes me.
A report is written by Anna. Anna writes a report.
Crops are harvested by Father. Father harvests crops.
 The past tense uses was or were, as:
Passive Active
His hair was cut. The man cut his hair.
Old newspapers were sold. She sold old newspapers.
 The future tense uses will be or shall be, as:
Passive Active
A poem will be read. Sakira will read the poem.
A story shall be told. Saliah shall read a story.
 The present perfect tense uses has been or have been, as
Passive Active
The yard has been cleaned. The janitor has cleaned the yard.
The leaves have been swept up. He has swept up the leaves.

 The past perfect tense uses had been as:

Passive Active

The letter had been written when you came. The secretary had written the letter when you
came.