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Lecture 01- Fluid Mechanics (CH0102)

Mahendra Kumar Pal, PhD


Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT BHU, Varanasi

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Course Content
 Introduction Week#1
 Fluid Statics Week#2
 Fluid Kinematics Week#3
 Viscous Flow Week#4
 Fluid Dynamics Week#5
 Flow Through pipes Week#6
 Dimensional Analysis and Hydraulics Similitude Week#7
 Boundary Layer Flow Week#8
Content of the Lecture
 Basic Definitions
 Fluid Vs Solid
 Concept of Virtual Fluid Balls
 No-Slip Conditions
 Classification of Fluid Flow
 Summary of the Lecture
Basic Definitions
 Mechanics: Response of the body (stationary or moving) in the
presence of external disturbance
 Static: when body is at rest
 Dynamics: When body is in the motion
 Fluid Mechanics: Behavior of fluids at rest or in motion, its
interaction with solid or other fluids at boundaries
 Fluid Dynamics: Fluid is in motion
Basic Definitions
 Hydrodynamics: Motion of the fluids that can be approximated
as incompressible
 Hydraulics: Sub-category of Hydrodynamics which deals with
flow in pipe and open channels
 Gas Dynamics: Behaviour of fluids which undergo significant
density change i.e. compressible flow
 Aerodynamics: Behaviour of gases passing over the body such
as aircraft and automobiles
 Meteorology, Oceanology, Hydrology: Deals with naturally
occurring flows
Basic Definitions
 Stress- Normal Stress and Shear Stress
 Pressure: Normal stress on the fluid at rest
 Fluid: Fluid deforms continuously in the influence of shear stress,
no matter how small the value of shear stress is.
 In solid, stress is proportional to strain but in fluid stress is
proportional to strain rate

Classification of Fluids
 Newtonian Fluids: Shear stress is directly proportional to rate of
deformation

 Non-Newtonian Fluids: is used to classify all he fluids in which


shear stress is not directly proportional to shear rate
Virtual Fluid Balls
 Fluid balls are different in size, shape and mass
 Numbers of VFB depends on the complexity of fluid flow problem
 Fluids balls may dis-integrate or integrate to represent the flow
complexity i.e. density change
No Slip Conditions
 A fluid in direct contact with a solid surface sticks to the surface
ans there is no slip.
 Zero velocity at boundary
Classification of Fluid Flow
 Viscous Flow: Flows in which viscous force is dominating
 Inviscid Flow: Regions where viscous forces are negligible small
compared to inertial or pressure force
 External Flow: Flow of the unbounded fluid over a surface
 Internal Flow: Flow in which fluid is completely bounded by solid
surfaces
Classification of Fluid Flow
 Steady Flow: No change at a point with time
 Unsteady Flow: change at point with time
 Periodic Flow: Unsteady flow in which flow oscillate about a
steady means
 Forced Flow: Fluid is forced to flow over s surface or in pipe
through an external force such as pipe
 Natural Flow: Fluid motion due to natural means such as
buoyancy effects or gravity
Classification of Fluid Flow
 Laminar Flow: Ordered fluid flow motion characterized by
smooth layers of the fluid flow
 Turbulent Flow: Highly disordered fluid motion which often
occurs at higher velocities and characterized based upon velocity
function
 Transient Flow: Flow alternatively between laminar and turbulent
flow
Classification of Fluid Flow
 Compressible Flow: Density of the fluid changes during the flow
 High speed gas flow

 Incompressible Flow: Density of flowing fluid remains nearly


constant throughout
 Mac Number: expression for flow speed which is ratio of speed of
flow and Speed of sound

Reference Books

Fox and McDonald Dr. R. K. Bansal

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