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    4._NATURE_AND_BEHAVIOR_OF_MATTER

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    4._NATURE_AND_BEHAVIOR_OF_MATTER

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    fadzai017
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    Biology notes It's

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    Biology notes It's

    Copyright:

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    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views5 pages

    4._NATURE_AND_BEHAVIOR_OF_MATTER

    Uploaded by

    fadzai017
    Biology notes It's

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    COMBINED SCIENCE FORM 1 : NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF MATTER

    .NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF MATTER

    - Matter can be defined as anything that has mass and volume.

    - Matter exists in three states-classified as solid, liquid or gas.

    - Each of these three states of matter has its own different properties that characterize it.

    - The nature and behaviour of matter of solid, liquids and gases has been explained in terms
    of the energy of its particles - This explanation is called the Kinetic Theory of matter.

    KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

    Matter is made up of tiny particles which are in continuous motion.

    1. SOLIDS
    - Particles are closely packed and held in fixed position by attractive forces.
    - Each molecule vibrates to and fro about a fixed position
    - Solids have a definite shape and volume.
    2. LIQUIDS

    - Water is a common example of liquid. It flows and takes the shape of the container;
    therefore liquids have no shape of their own.

    - Particles in a liquid are free to move relatively to one another but they are not independent
    of each other. They are still close together and when they flow, they do so together because
    of attractive forces between them.

    - Like solids, liquids have definite volume and they are not compressible.

    3. GASES

    - Gases have no shape of their own. Like liquids, they take the shape of their container.

    - Particles in gas are far apart and are therefore free to move independent of each other.

    - There are no forces of attraction acting between them.

    - This free movement of particles enables gases to diffuse and spread evenly throughout their
    containers.
    - As a result, gases have no definite volume. Gases are compressible because of the particles
    which are far apart, so it is possible to compress them

    Arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and gases

    Changes of states

    These changes are caused by gaining or losing heat energy. Heat is added in melting and
    evaporation and it is removed in condensation, freezing,

    Changes of state

    Melting
    When heat is transferred to a solid, the particles in the solid vibrate more and more.

    The particles vibrate so much that the attractive forces between them are no longer strong
    enough to hold them in a fixed pattern. They are able to slide past one another- thus the solid
    melts into a liquid. The forces are still strong enough for the particles to stay in touch with
    one another.

    Boiling
    When liquids are heated they evaporate.

    The particles move more as heat energy is transferred to them. Some particles will have
    enoughenergy to break the weak attractive forces holding them together. These particles can
    escape into the air as gas particles- thus evaporation.

    Cooling gases/ condensation


    The particles in a gas are free to move anywhere and spread out. There are very weak or no
    forces holding them. When there is temperature drop, the particles move less and get closer
    together- thus the gas condenses to form a liquid.

    Freezing liquids
    When a liquid freezes, it becomes a solid. As heat energy is transferred from the particles ,
    the particles move more slowly and the liquid gets cooler.
    The cooler the liquid is, the less the particles are able to move. Eventually the particles have
    little energy that they can only vibrate. Thus they are arranged in a fixed pattern to form a solid.

    Summary of properties of solids, liquids and gases

    Evaporation
    Evaporation constantly occurs on the surface of liquids. It is the escape of the more energetic
    particles.
    If particles with more energy escape from the liquid, fewer high energy and lower energy
    particles remain, so the average temperature decreases.

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