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Unit 3

Motion in one and two dimensions


Revise the following terms: motion, kinematics, displacement, distance, speed, average
speed, velocity, average velocity, instantaneous speed/velocity & uniform motion.

3.1Uniformly accelerated motion


The average acceleration of the particle is defined as the rate of change of velocity.

∆𝑣 𝑣 − 𝑢
𝑎𝑎𝑣 = =
∆𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡°

The instantaneous acceleration of a body is its acceleration at someone instant of time or at


one point of its path.
∆𝑣 𝑣(𝑡+∆𝑡)−𝑣(𝑡)
𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 = lim = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡

3.2Equation of uniformly accelerated motion in 1D


Here, the velocity changes at the same rate throughout the motion. In this case the average &
instantaneous acc. are equal.

❖ 𝑎𝑎𝑣 = 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠
➢ Apply the following kinematics equations to uniformly accelerated motion.
1) 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡
2) 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠
1
3) 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
𝑢+𝑣
4) 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑎𝑣 𝑡 = ( )𝑡
2
𝑎
5) 𝑠𝑛𝑡ℎ = 𝑢 + 2 (2𝑛 − 1)
∆𝑆 𝑑𝑆
6) 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑠 = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∆𝑉 𝑑𝑉
7) 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

What is stopping distance?


When a moving body comes to rest due to the applied brake is known as stopping
distance.

Page 1
Stopping distance = reaction distance + braking distance.
𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑠𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 ) = =
2𝑎 2𝜇𝑔
𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝑠𝑟 ) = 𝑣𝑡
3.3 Graphical representation of uniformly accelerated motion in 1D
S(m) V(m/s) a (m/s2)

t(s) t(s) t(s)

✓ The slope of a linear or a curve between two point is given by 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 =


𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 ∆𝑦
= ∆𝑥
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
✓ Since distance & speed are scalar quantities, their slope cannot be negative.
✓ The slope of 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph is acceleration.
✓ The slope of 𝑠 − 𝑡 graph is velocity.
✓ The area of 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph is change in displacement.
✓ The area 𝑎 − 𝑡 graph is change in velocity.

3.4 Vertical motion


Neglecting air resistance all bodies move with constant gravitational acceleration (g), 𝑎 =
±𝑔 and s=h

The equation of vertical motion can be given by

1.𝑣 = 𝑢 ± 𝑔𝑡 2.ℎ = 𝑢𝑡 ± 1⁄2 𝑔𝑡 2 3.𝑣 2 = 𝑢 2 ± 2𝑔ℎ

The terminal velocity


Terminal velocity is the velocity attained by a falling object at the instant when air
resistance prevents further increase in velocity due to gravity.

Page 2
→ 𝐾𝑉𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑔 Where K is the proportionality constant that relates air resistance
with velocity.

• The terminal velocity of a body depends on the mass & shape of the body.
3.5Circular motion
A particle moving at constant speed v in a circle of radius r, experiences a circular motion.

✓ The center of the circle as the origin in the plane of uniform circular motion.
V

1𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 360°

𝑂 𝜃
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎
r

𝑆 = 𝑟𝜃 Where S is tangential displacement & 𝜃 is angular displacement.


𝜔 is the angular velocity & defined as the rate change of angular displacement.
∆𝜃 𝑣𝑡
𝜔= =
∆𝑡 𝑟
𝑣𝑡 -tangential velocity
𝛼 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 & defined as the rate change of angular velocity.

∆𝜔 𝑎𝑡
𝛼= =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
• Centripetal acceleration results only from the change in the direction of the
tangential velocity of an object moving in a circle.
• A car turning at the corner of a curved level track keeps moving in the circular track
𝑣2
because friction provides it which needs centripetal force. 𝜇 = 𝑟𝑔
• When a road is banked the centripetal force at a corner is also provided by the
𝑣2
normal force. tan 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑔
• In motion in a vertical circle, the tension in a string pulling the moving object varies
with position, indicating that the centripetal force on a vertical circle is not constant.
The reason is that there is a tangential acceleration in such motion.
𝑣2
𝑇 = 𝑚( 𝑟 ± 𝑔 cos 𝜃)

Page 3

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