VCE Summer Internship Program 2023

Intern’s Details
Name PIYUSH KUMAR JHA

Email-ID [email protected]

Smart Task No. 01

Project Topic WASTE TO ENERGY

Smart Task (Solution)

Task Q1: What are the different types of wastes? What are the ways of disposing of the
wastes?

Task Q1 Solution: The different types of wastes are:

The many waste categories include:

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the term for waste produced by non-industrial sources such as
homes, businesses, and educational institutions. It consists of things like paper, plastic, glass, and
other materials as well as food waste.
Materials that are hazardous to the environment or human health are referred to as hazardous
waste. Toxic substances, insecticides, solvents, batteries, and electronic garbage (e-waste) are a few
examples.

❖ Industrial waste can be solid, liquid, or gaseous and is produced by industrial processes.
Manufacturing waste, chemical leftovers, industrial effluent, and air pollution are all included.
Organic garbage that can naturally disintegrate is referred to as biodegradable trash. Food scraps,
yard debris, and animal dung are all included in this. Composting or anaerobic digestion can be
facilitated by proper management of biodegradable trash.

❖ Waste produced during building, renovation, or demolition is known as "construction and

demolition"
(C&D) waste. This waste is made up of materials like concrete, wood, metal, bricks, and debris
.
❖ The term "e-waste" refers to abandoned electronic equipment such computers, cell phones,
televisions, and appliances. E-waste must be handled carefully in order to be properly recycled
and disposed of because it may contain hazardous materials.

❖ Medical Waste: Produced in healthcare institutions, medical waste consists of potentially harmful

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substances such as infectious materials, spent needles, laboratory waste, medications, and other
items. To stop the spread of illnesses, proper treatment and disposal are essential.

❖ Agricultural waste is any waste produced during agricultural operations, including pesticides,
fertilisers ,animal dung, and crop residues. To reduce negative effects on the environment and
encourage sustainable farming methods, management must be effective.

The following are the available trash disposal options:

● The most typical way to dispose of waste is in landfills. Transported waste is then compacted and
covered with soil in a specified landfill area. To avoid groundwater contamination and dangerous
gas emissions,landfills are carefully designed.Rubbish incineration entails the carefully regulated
burning of rubbish at high temperatures. It can produce energy in the form of heat or power and
decrease the amount of waste. However, burning can result in air pollution, therefore it needs to
be controlled properly.

● Recycling: Recycling is the process of turning garbage into new goods. It aids in resource
conservation and lowers the quantity of waste dumped in landfills. The materials paper, plastic,
glass, metal, and electronics.

● Composting: Composting is a natural process that creates nutrient-rich compost from organic
waste,including food scraps and yard trash. Composting can be carried out on a local or big scale,
for example, via backyard composting or municipal composting facilities.

● Waste-to-Energy: A small percentage of waste materials, notably non-compostable and non-

recyclable garbage, can be used as a fuel source to produce electricity. Modern technologies,
such gasification and pyrolysis, allow for a more regulated conversion of trash into energy than
traditional incineration.

● Sewage treatment: Before being released into water bodies or recycled, wastewater and sewage
undergo treatment procedures to eliminate impurities. Physical, biological, and chemical
processes are used in treatment to get rid of solids, organic debris, and hazardous compounds.

500 Words (Max.)

Task Q2: What is MSW? Its types and disposal. What is sewer treatment of wastewater?

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Task Q2 Solution:

Municipal Solid Waste is referred to as MSW. It alludes to the garbage produced by people's
homes, workplaces, and institutions in a municipality or community. Commonplace garbage such
as paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, metal, textiles, food scraps, garden debris and non-hazardous
household chemicals are examples of municipal solid waste.

Industrial trash, hazardous garbage, and agricultural waste are not included in MSW because they have
different classifications and management practises. Instead, it emphasises the waste produced by common
human activities in a community.

Based on its composition, municipal solid waste (MSW) can be broadly divided into several types. Here are
the principal waste categories that are frequently present in MSW:

Organic Garbage Food scraps, yard debris (such as leaves, grass clippings and tree branches), and other
biodegradable materials fall under this category. Composting organic waste can result in nutrient-rich
compost that can be used to improve soil.

Newspapers, periodicals, cardboard boxes, office paper, packaging supplies and other paper-based goods
fall under the category of paper and cardboard.

The term "plastics" refers to a variety of plastic materials, including bottles, containers, packaging films,
bags, and other plastic goods.

Bottles, jars, containers, and other glass goods are included in the category of glass garbage. Glass may be
reused and recycled to create new glass goods.

Aluminium cans, steel cans, tin cans, and other metal objects fall under this group. Metals are valuable
recyclable materials that can be transformed once more into new metal goods.

Textiles: Discarded garments, textiles, and other textile items are referred to as textile waste. Textiles can be
recycled into new items, remanufactured, or reused depending on their state.

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E-waste: Computers, smartphones, televisions, printers, and other electronic equipment that has been
abandoned are included in the category of "e-waste." E-waste requires specialised recycling procedures
since it contains valuable and sometimes dangerous materials.

Waste of Other Kinds: This category contains wastes such as rubber, wood, ceramics, and non-hazardous
household chemicals that do not fit into any of the other categories.

There are several options for disposing of MSW:

Landfill: To reduce the negative effects on the environment, garbage is placed on specially designed sites
and covered with soil or other materials. It is one of the most often used strategies for disposing of MSW.
Landfills that are properly planned and operated work to reduce pollution and safeguard the public's health.

Incineration: Also referred to as waste-to-energy, incineration entails carefully regulating the high-
temperature burning of MSW. It transforms waste into heat energy, gases, and ash. Energy recovery and
incineration can be used together to generate heat or power.

Composting: Organic waste can be composted, including food scraps, yard trash, and paper goods. In this
process, organic materials are broken down by microorganisms to produce nutrient-rich compost that can be
utilised as soil.

Recycling is the act of gathering, classifying, and processing recyclable materials—like paper, plastics,
glass, and metals—in order to create new goods. Recycling contributes to resource conservation, energy
efficiency, and a reduction in the amount of garbage dumped in landfills.

Anaerobic digestion is a biological procedure that decomposes organic waste in the absence of oxygen,
generating biogas (mainly methane) and digestate that is rich in nutrients. The digestate can be utilised as
fertiliser and the biogas can be used to generate energy.

trash-to-Energy (WtE) facilities employ a variety of processes, such as pyrolysis, gasification, or incineration,

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to turn non-recyclable trash into energy, such as heat or electricity.

Wastewater Sewer Treatment:

Prior to being released back into the environment or used for other reasons, wastewater must first undergo
sewer treatment, commonly referred to as wastewater treatment. It entails a number of physical, chemical,
and biological procedures created to treat various wastewaters, including stormwater runoff, home sewage,
and industrial wastewater.

Sewage treatment's main objective is to safeguard the environment and public health by getting rid of
dangerous elements and bringing the wastewater's pollution level down to acceptable levels. The
fundamental steps in standard sewer treatment procedures are as follows:

Preliminary Treatment: Large material, such as sticks, stones, and rags, are removed from wastewater
before it enters the treatment plant. To avoid harming machinery and pipes farther along the treatment line,
this operation typically entails screening and grit removal.

Primary Clarifiers: During this step of treatment, wastewater is pumped into massive settlement tanks where
heavy solids and organic matter settle to the bottom. Sludge can form as a result of a process known as
sedimentation, which also permits the purified water to flow.

Secondary Treatment: Following initial treatment, wastewater that has undergone some degree of treatment
moves on to the secondary treatment stage, when dissolved and suspended organic matter are removed.

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The most popular secondary treatment technique is the activated sludge process, which breaks down waste
using microbial action and air.

Tertiary Treatment: In order to further cleanse the wastewater, some treatment facilities include a tertiary
treatment stage. Additional procedures are used during tertiary treatment to get rid of any leftover nutrients,
suspended particles, and trace pollutants. Filtration, disinfection with chlorine or UV radiation, and advanced
oxidation are common techniques.

Treatment of Sludge: Sludge is produced as a byproduct of the treatment process. Solids that settle out
during primary, secondary, and any tertiary treatment processes are all included in sludge. Anaerobic
digestion is one of the treatments used on sludge to stabilise the organic contents and reduce its volume.
The cleaned sludge can be dumped in a sanitary landfill or utilised as fertiliser.

Depending on regional regulations and the quality of the treated water, wastewater can be safely discharged
into a receiving water body (such as rivers, lakes, or oceans), recycled for industrial or agricultural use, or
injected into the ground for groundwater recharge

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500 Words (Max.)

Task Q3: Explain MSWM technique used in Indore Municipal Corporation?

Task Q3 Solution:

The Indore Model's main characteristics are as follows:

● Segregation at Source: The Indore Municipal Corporation places a strong emphasis on

separating garbage at the source, which includes homes, businesses, and institutions. Wet
(biodegradable) and dry (non-biodegradable) waste are the two types of garbage that are
categorised. Residents are urged by the corporation to segregate their trash and put it in
distinct bins.

● Door-to-Door Collection: A structured door-to-door rubbish collection system has been set
up by the municipal corporation. Each home and business is visited by trained waste
collectors who collect the separate waste. ore Model" or the "Indore Method." With a variety
of practises, this strategy aims to manage trash effectively and promote sustainability.

The Indore Model's main characteristics are as follows:

● Segregation at Source: The Indore Municipal Corporation places a strong emphasis on

separating garbage at the source, which includes homes, businesses, and institutions. Wet
(biodegradable) and dry (non-biodegradable) waste are the two types of garbage that are

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categorised. Residents are urged by the corporation to segregate their trash and put it in
distinct bins.

● Door-to-Door Collection: A structured door-to-door rubbish collection system has been set
up by the municipal corporation. Each home and business is visited by trained waste
collectors who collect the separate waste.

● Material Recovery Facility (MRF): Dry trash is sorted and processed at Material Recovery
Facilities (MRFs) that Indore has established. These facilities separate recyclable materials
for further processing and recycling, such as plastics, paper, glass, and metals. The amount
of waste transferred to landfills is decreased because to the MRFs' assistance in recovering
valuable resources from the waste stream

● Composting: Facilities for composting receive the wet waste that is collected from homes.
Decomposing organic waste into nutrient-rich compost is the process known as composting.
In order to digest organic waste and create compost for use in agriculture and landscaping,
Indore has introduced decentralised composting techniques like as vermicomposting (using
earthworms) and aerobic composting.

● Sanitary Landfill: Unprocessed non-compostable and non-recyclable garbage is disposed of

in a sanitary landfill. The landfill is planned and run to reduce environmental damage and
safeguard public health. To lessen the effects of landfilling, strategies like lining, leachate
collecting, and gas extraction systems are used.

500 Words (Max.)

Task Q4: Write down a list of 20 new terms you studied and learned in this module.

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Task Q4 Solution:

❖ The list of 20 new words that I studied and learnt in this module is as follows:
❖ Landfill Incineration
❖ Leachate Material Recovery Facility (MRF) for composting
❖ Littering
❖ Gasification
❖ Pyrolysis
❖ Syngas
❖ Building and Demolition Segregation of Waste
❖ Vermicomposting
❖ Electronic garbage
❖ Sludge
❖ Sewage
❖ Sewer
❖ Hazardous waste from blackwater and greywater
❖ Radon-producing garbage

500 Words (Max.)

Task Q5: Are you satisfied with your knowledge of Basics of Waste Management? If yes
then explain the gist of it.

Task Q5 Solution:

Yes, I'm completely satisfied with the information I learned in this module. I learned about the
various wastes that are produced around us and their various disposal methods. I then learned
about municipal solid waste (MSW), its various forms, and how to dispose of it.

I also learned about the impressive and fascinating MSWM technology employed by the Indore

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Municipal Corporation. I learned about wastewater treatment in sewers.

It was a wonderful learning experience, and I am forward to learn more in the next sessions

500 Words (Max.)

Please add / delete blocks if needed.

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