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management & economy management

Management

monitoring:-
controlling the errors is subjected to some instructions which are:-
1-controlling system proportional with the nature of work.
2-objective controlling system and not personal.
3-controlling leads to correcting errors after detection.
4-not using multiple controls without justification.
5-practicing control in appropriate time.

The role of the consultative organizations in administrative i ssues:-

The system is divided in to :-
1-basic.
2-technical and supplementary.
3-consultative.

1-consulative regime- helping the other systems by provision of consultations

,advices or proposals for administrative matters.
2-the decisions of these organizations are not obligatory ,they only mean
recommendation or proposals but the resolutions of the technical and supplementary
system are obligatory.
These organizations could be linked with another different departments such as
republic presidency or ministries.

Dealing with workers :-

The general administration includes more guarantee and leniency rather than special
administration because the head of the department is the first beneficiary .
There are two methods of dealing with workers:-
1-the force and soften method( firmness and leniency) . Is an old method that was
applied in the beginning of the 20th century.

2-The modern method was discovered that in dealing with workers must be taken in
to account the human behaviour theory that assumes that workers are human beings
and have their needs , interests and ambition which should be harmonized with the
interest of administration by follow the following means :-
1- means of financial and moral promoting.
2-increase the powers and being away from centralization in administration.
3-consultating with workers.
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4-establish evaluation system through rewards and promotions.

The administration system:-
The construction and the workers behavior in the system (either human factor ,
equipment or work) have specifications and specific features . the manager that was
perceived as having these features could forecast the conduct if the system better than
the others and understand the reasons of the damages.
The construction project is a good example to study the system during a period of its
performance , where it could be considered as a temporary system stated for
particular purpose . with properly defined items of work that put in scale timetable.

Construction systems:-
1-sub-technical system represented by the net system to perform the project.
2-subscocial system represented by persons that perform the project by using their
powers and skills.

Factors affecting the construction system:-

1-making changes on the incentives system may affect the quality and quantity of
work.
2-changes in methods of construction and using the modern equipment could have an
effective role in raising the working team morals.

The success of any project depends on the following: -

1-the activities of the competitors.

2-suppliers.
3-government. External factors out of
4-custmers. Construction manager control
5-local community.

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The project is a system of inputs and outputs

Project

Input Output

Mechanic
Informati Finish
Materials al human
on Building
energy

The inputs are totally out of managers control and they depends on the cooperation of
persons such as designers , sub-contractors ,suppliers ….. etc.
It is of great importance that each company should depend on the process of feedback
to evaluate the performance ,that could show the existence of defect, then to find the
suitable solutions to reach the proper planned status .Sometimes the managers
receives the reports of the evaluation of performance lately and irregularly ( not in
time) so the picture of the work performance will be incomplete and late in compare
with what existed on site work . So it will be so late to take the proper procedure to
return to planned point.

Types of feedback:-
1-cost.
2-labour.
3-quality of materials.

Whenever the manager was wishful of directing the activities , the provision of
feedback will be faster . And he will have a good system for registration . And to find
time to compare the data with the work programs.
The managers are responsible of controlling a complex system to reach the largest
required targets so as to keep the other unwanted influences as minimum as possible,
and that requires a good experience.

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Factors affecting the volume of construction team: -

1-the ability and specifications of the manager.
2-the possibilities and the position of the working team.
3-the amount of time that the manager spends with the team.
4-the type of work the team performing.
5-the approchement between the manager and the team members.
6-to what limit the manager supervising personally or by secondary person.

The main tasks for any construction manager:-

1-planning.
2-organizing.
3-directing.
4-controlling.

1-planning:-
The manager set specific objectives and tries to estimate what will happen in the
future and finding ways to achieve his objectives . Construction projects are
becoming larger and more complicated with time , which puts the engineer in front of
proper planning requirements. For setting a full plan for the project it is required to
determine all the activities and to arrange them in logical sequence . And also to
determine how to perform them and the means required .And to make sure that the
decided method is the more economic.
The engineer is responsible of answering a group of questions facing the performance
of any project which are:-
1-how to meet the requirements for a project such as materials, equipment and
manpower.
2-what is the required time for the project performance,
3-what are the technical and administrational skills required for the project.
4-what is the logical sequence for the activities of the project.
5-what are the required standards for measuring and evaluating the performance
during the stages of performance to prevent delays and reform the deviations
,controlling expenses.

The plans of two types:-

1-short term plans: easy to perform within 1 week or less . The objective
will be achieved directly , and it depend on reliable information.

2-long term plans: continue for years , its risks are more because of the
changes that may occur due to time and the difficulty of forecasting the
future matters.

2-organizing:-
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The construction manager starts organizing work after setting the plans and starting
the performance. So he should do the following:-
1-setting the duties of individuals.
2-setting dates.
3-the request for resources.
4-coordination among all works inside the work system.
5-providing the required cash flow for each activity.

The successful manager divides the work in to separated items , then the individuals
start to perform them by making coordination between them . Thus the work of each
party will be independent. And the materials and equipment will be available when
its needed.
The manager should arrange the manpower and manage the resources that of high
cost , also to provide the spare parts for the equipment and store them in order to use
them in effective and optimum way to prevent losses.

3-directing:-
Is a leading duty or linked with leaders , communications , motives and coordinating
among individuals and sometimes controlling them . The management is defines as
setting the individuals towards the final objective . Thus the plans that are prepared
accurately won’t be effective unless the individuals are used in effective and proper
way . If both plans and resources haven’t set and organized in proper way , the work
won’t be managed properly.

To manage the individuals effectively the construction manager should be

as following:-
1-he should have influence on others.
2-develop the administrative work to be adapted with the nature of individuals.
3-to gain their cooperation and respect.
4-to be supportive and helpful.

Directing by objectives:-
It is to give the instructions for the employees about the required objectives and
giving them the freedom to choose how to reach the goals.

4-controlling:-

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This post includes the comparison between the assessed plans and the agenda of the
work progress.
The plan is the base that used for deciding whether the work is according to the
planned agenda .The planning and follow up are depending on each other.

The main elements that should be followed up are :-

1-weather influence on site , at the designer engineer office or workers.

2-time in compare with work agenda.

3-safety comparison with the required conditions.
4-cost bill of quantities, sub-contractors and cost control by analyses cost.
5-quality of work in compare with specifications.

The construction manager should be responsible of the following: -

1-putting the objectives for the work team and departments.
2-setting the priorities.
3-development of methods , concepts and manners.
4-development of plans , manner and setting value programs.
5-appoint the responsibilities and appropriate authorization of authorities for others
by controlling.
6-achievement of useful results by individuals.
7-the use of good information for dealing with controlling issues.
8-to take tough decisions through exceptional conditions.
9-finding appropriate solution among alternatives.
10-taking the precautionary in time urgently.
11-training , teaching and giving advices for others.
12-dealing with individuals ,controlling conflicts and correcting behaviours.

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Methods of planning:-
Expressing the activities and calculating the time of activities in order to calculate the
final duration of completion of the project. It is determined according to one of the
following methods:-

1-Bar Chart or Linked Bar Chart Methid:-

It is the first method that had been used for linking between the amount of work and
time , by drawing a schedules of two axes . The horizontal axes indicates time and the
vertical axes indicates the project activities.
A line will be drown parallel to the axes of time to represent each activity ,the start of
the line refers to the beginning of the activity and the end of the line refers to the end
of work of the activity.

Example(1):-
Draw the bar chart diagram for the activities below.

)Followed By(‫تلحق‬ )Duration(‫المدة‬ )Activity(‫الفعالية‬

B,E 2 A
C,D,F 6 B
G 6 C
G 1 D
F 3 E
G 3 F
--- 2 G

B
C.A.
C

D F.F
E
F
Finishig the
G project
‫انهاء المشروع‬
Duration is 16 weeks
(Time of project)

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The advantages of this method:-

1- knowing the beginning and the ending for each activity as calendar and period.

2-knowing the relationship with the other activities.

3-The ease of follow-up the work if there were few activities.
4-possibility to make clear any stop over because of vacations.
5-this method considered as a base to draw and specify the following:-
a-schedules of labour distribution.
b-schedules of facilities.
c-table of quantities.
d-table of equipment.
e-financial schedules that shows the scale of expenses.
f-the curve of cash flow or ( S-curve) that shows the expected and the actual cash
flow .

The disadvantages:-
1-this method can’t be adopted in case of the lack of knowledge about the number of
activities.
2-considered as a complicated method in case of increasing the number of activities.
3-this method does not show the intersection in the beginnings and endings of the
activities.

The critical path method:-

It is a method for finding the relationship among the activities of a project to
determine the minimum duration for the completion of the project .The work
of a project will be divided in to a group of activities then estimating the
required time for the completion of each activity . Then determining the time
line for completion of the activities , then to arranging a schedule of all project
activities with a duration time for each one . Also setting the activities that is
previous to a certain activity or followed by and finally setting the relationship
among the different activities as a network diagram .Thus each arrow
represents a certain activity , then the critical path will be set to determine the
total time for completion of the project.

the definitions of terms used in the application of the critical path:-

1- activity:- is the performance of specialized work , which has a duration of

completion and usually expressed with symbols.

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2- event:-representing the finishing of an activity and it does not need time . It is

presented on the arrow diagram as a number inside a circle.

3-Arrow:-
For each arrow double digit is used , the first in the beginning and is always
smaller than the one at the end. The arrow represents an activity, it’s length is
just for organizing.

4-Net arrow:-
It is a net of arrows showing the relationship among the activities and events.

1 4

5-Duration:-
Is the estimated time for a unit of time for each activity.

Directions:-
1-it is not allowed for two activities or more to have same end as event(no loop).

1 2 4 5

2-its not allowed to have free activity(dangle) in the net.

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1 2 3

3-it is not allowed to represent an activity twice in the network, so we use the
dummy activity.

1 2 4 5

4-the net must start from one point.

1

3 4

5-net must end in one point.

2 4

3 5

Dummying activity:-is considered as the original activity and used for solving some
problems since drawing of the network .And considered as an extension for the
original activity but with symbols such as (𝐴́, 𝐵́ , 𝐶′).

Critical activity:- is the activity in which forbidden to interfere its beginning or delay
its performance because there are other activities depend on it.

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Non critical activity:- it is the activity that its beginning could be delayed because it
has float time.

Critical path:-
it is the shortest period for the longest path in the network which represent the
project duration .
It is a group of connected activities in the network which have a total float of zero.

Earliest start (E.S.)

It is the early start for an activity.

Earliest finish ( E.F.)

It is the earliest time for finishing an activity and its equal to the earliest start +
duration.

E.F = E.S + D

Latest start (L.S.)

It is the late time for starting an activity without delaying the total time of completing
the project.

L.S = L.F - D

Latest finish ( L.F.)

Is the latest time for finishing an activity without delaying the project completion
time.

L.F = L.S + D

Total float ( T.F.)

It is the period of time that the start or finish of any activity can delay without
delaying the time of completion of the project.

T.F = L.F – E.F = L.S – E. S

Free float( F.F.):-

It is the time period which the start or end of any activity can delay without delaying
the start of the next activity.

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