2025-1-12 AP CALCBC Classnotes
2025-1-12 AP CALCBC Classnotes
3 Integrals
Definition of a Definite Integral: ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x) \, dx =
F(b) - F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus:
1. If F′(x)=f(x)F'(x) = f(x)F′(x)=f(x), then ∫abf(x) dx=F(b)−F(a)\int_a^b f(x)
\, dx = F(b) - F(a)∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a)
2. ddx∫axf(t) dt=f(x)\frac{d}{dx} \int_a^x f(t) \, dt = f(x)dxd∫ax
f(t)dt=f(x)
Indefinite Integrals: ∫f(x) dx=F(x)+C\int f(x) \, dx = F(x) + C∫f(x)dx=F(x)+C
Integration Techniques:
o Substitution: uuu-substitution
o Integration by Parts: ∫u dv=uv−∫v du\int u \, dv = uv - \int v \,
du∫udv=uv−∫vdu
o Partial Fractions (for rational functions)
o Trigonometric Integrals and Substitutions
Improper Integrals: Evaluate ∫a∞f(x)dx\int_a^\infty f(x) dx∫a∞f(x)dx or
∫−∞∞f(x)dx\int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x) dx∫−∞∞f(x)dx