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8 views14 pages

3 formattedIO

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abhiparasharr
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CSCI 159-IOMANIP

Formatted Output
Standard setting
• Floating-points are displayed to six digits by default.
• Decimals are separated from the integral part of the number by a decimal point.
• Trailing zeroes behind the decimal point are not printed. If there are no digits after
the decimal point, the decimal point is not printed (by default).

Examples: cout << 1.0; // Output: 1


cout << 1.234; // Output: 1.234
cout << 1.234567; // Output: 1.23457
• The last statement shows that the seventh digit is not simply truncated but rounded.

• Very large and very small numbers are displayed in exponential notation.
Example: cout << 1234567.8; // Output: 1.23457e+06
IOMANIP

• It is a library in C++ that is used to


manage input and output
formatting. It gives the user the
power to control output formatting
processes for better data
visualization

• Alignment

• Text formatting

• Numeric precision in the console


Formatting - setprecision
• This function is mainly used in defining the number of significant digits to be
displayed.
• Rounds off the last displayed digit if needed.
• Both the manipulator setprecision()and the method precision() can be
used to redefine precision to be used.

Example: cout << setprecision(3); // Precision: 3


// or: cout.precision(3);
cout << 12.34; // Output: 12.3
Cout << 1.234; //Output : 1.23
//Number of decimal places does not matter, significant digits
do
Fixed
• Helps to display the decimal number in fixed-point notation.
• Enforces a consistent number of decimal places irrespective of
their actual precision.
• By default, 6 digits after decimal
double x = 12.3456789;
cout << fixed << x; //Output : 12.345679

double x = 1.23456789;
cout << fixed << x; //Output : 1.234568
Scientific
• By default, a number will be expressed in fixed notation.
• By default, a very large and small number will be expressed in scientific
notation as power of 10.
double x = 123456789.123456789;
cout << x; //Output : 1.23457e+08

• Iomanip has the scientific function that converts an output field into a
readable form in the power of 10.

double x = 12.3456789;
cout << scientific << x; //Output : 1.234568e+01
Combining setprecision, scientific/fixed
notations
double x = 1234567.8888;
cout << " By default: " << x << endl;
//Output: By default: 1.23457e+06
cout.precision(3);
cout << x;
//Output : 1.23e+06

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
double x = 1.2345678888;
cout << " By default: " << x << endl;
//Output : By default: 1.23457
cout.precision(3);
cout << x;
//Output : 1.23
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Combining setprecision, scientific/fixed
notations
double x = 1234567.99998888;
cout << " By default: " << x << endl; //Output : By default: 1.23457e+06
cout.precision(3);
cout << scientific << x;
//Output : 1.235e+06
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
double x = 1.2345678888;
cout << " By default: " << x << endl; //Output : By default: 1.23457
cout.precision(3);
cout << fixed << x;
//Output : 1.235
setw
•Setw stands for "set width".
•Allows the user to define the minimum width of the following output field in a stream.
•It aligns data in columns and has a well-organized output to read.
•Unlike setprecision, fixed etc. setw may need to be repeatedly called to set the width
for multiple operations.
double x = 1.2345678888;
cout << " By default: " << x << endl;
//Output : By default: 1.23457

cout << setw(3) << x; //Ouput: 1.23457


//Width is set less than what is to be output, ignored
double x = 1.2345678888;
cout << " By default: " << x << endl; //Output : By default: 1.23457
cout << setw(30) << x;
showpoint, noshowpoint
• showpoint: Generates a decimal point character shown in floating-point output. The number of digits
after the decimal point corresponds to the used precision.

• noshowpoint: If there are no digits after the decimal point, the decimal point is not printed (by default)

• Example: cout << showpoint << 1.0; // Output: 1.00000 (6 significant digits)

double x = 12.0;
cout.precision(2); // Precision 2
cout << " By default: " << x << endl;
//Output : By default: 12
cout << " showpoint: " << showpoint << x << endl;
//Output : 12.
showpos
• Showpos: Generates a + sign in non-negative numeric
cout << showpos << 123; // Output: +123
The other positive numbers are printed with their sign as well:
cout << 22; // Output: +22

• To stop using it, you need to use noshowpos


• noshowpos: Generates non-negative numeric output without a + sign
(by default).
cout << noshowpos << 123; // Output: 123
Setfill

Sets a new character as the stream's fill character.

Example:
string s("spring flowers ");
cout << setfill(‘*') // Fill character is *
<< setw(20) << s ; // Field width 20

Outputs the string "spring flowers******".


Output Boolean Value

• By default the << operator outputs boolean values as integers, with the value 0
representing false and 1 true.
• If you need to output the strings true or false instead, the flag boolalpha must
be set.

Example: bool ok = true;


cout << ok << endl
// 1
cout << boolalpha << ok << endl;
// true

• To revert this setting using the noboolalpha manipulator.


Exercise

Formulate statements to perform the following:


a. Display the number 0.123456 in an output field with a width of 15. fill the blanks
with a star *
b. Output the number 23.987 as a fixed-point number rounded to two decimal
places, output in a field with a width of 12.
c. Output the number –123.456 as an exponential and with four decimal
spaces. How useful is a field width of 10?

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