Module 1 - DC Circuits - Part 8
Module 1 - DC Circuits - Part 8
DC Circuits
M.R.Chakraborty
Department of EE
Outline
1 Electrical circuit and elements (R, L and C)
3 Kirchhoff’s laws
5 Network theorems
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
There are three basic components in Linear Circuits:
Resistance (R)
Inductance (L)
Capacitance (C)
• An electrical system is said to be in steady-state when the variables describing its behaviour
(voltages, currents, etc.) are either invariant with time (d.c. circuits) or are periodic
functions of time (a.c. circuits).
• The time-varying currents and voltages resulting from the sudden application of sources, usually
due to switching, are called transients. An electrical system is said to be in transient-state when
the variables are changed non-periodically, i.e., when the system is not in steady-state.
• The transient response is the fluctuation in current and voltage in a circuit (after the application
of a voltage or current) before it settles down to its steady state.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
• Analysis of response of circuit consisting of R, L, C voltage source , current source &
switches to sudden application of voltage or current is called as Time domain Analysis &
Transient Response.
• It is assumed that circuit elements R, L, C are constant and source is very strong to
absorb any disturbances.
• Amongst basic circuit elements Resistor is energy dissipating component & Inductor ,
Capacitor are energy storing elements.
• Response of these elements to nature of source and disturbance varies from source to
source.
• Transient in circuit is due to energy storing elements.
• For source free circuit transients response is called as Natural Response.
• For circuit with source transient response is called as Forced Response.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
During Disturbance
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Continuous Disturbance
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
• Equations for these circuits, formed using KVL & KCL, consisting of basic
• Due to above facts equations are not algebraic but are differential in nature.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit
The charge on a capacitor is given by the expression Q = CV
dQ d dV
Hence, i (CV ) C
dt dt dt
Charging of a Capacitor
Switch connected to “a” : Capacitor CHARGED through a resistance R by the battery of V volts.
Switch connected to “b” : Capacitor is short-circuited through the resistance R and DISCHARGED.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
V ic R vc ..............(1)
dQ d dvc
But, ic (Cvc ) C
dt dt dt
dv
V vc CR c .........(2)
dt
dvc dt
V vc CR
dvc 1
Integrating we get, dt
V vc CR
t
Hence, log(V vc ) K ................(3)
CR
where K is the constant of integration whose value can be found from initial conditions.
We know that at the start of charging when t = 0, 𝒗𝒄 = 0.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
Substituting these values in (3), we get
log e V K
Hence, Eq. (3) becomes
t
log e (V vc ) log e V
CR
(V vc ) t t
or , log e
V CR
where λ = CR = time constant
(V - vc ) -t
Therefore, e
V
-t
Or, vc V 1 e .......................(4)
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
- t
vc V 1 e ....................(4)
This gives variation of voltage across the capacitor with time.
q Q
Now, vc = and V =
C C
So, eqn.(4) becomes:
q Q -t
1 e
C C
-t
q Q 1 e ..........(5)
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
-
t
-
t
vc V 1 e ........(4)
q Q 1 e
........(5)
We find that increase of charge, like growth of potential, follows an exponential law in which
the steady value is reached after infinite time.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Time Constant
In equation (2) putting 𝒗𝒄 = 0 we get
dvc
V CR
dt dvc V V
So, initial rate of rise of voltage across the capacitor is volt/sec
dt t 0 CR
If this rate of rise were maintained, then time taken to reach voltage V would have been
=V / (V/CR) = CR.
This time is known as time constant (𝜆) of the circuit.
Hence, time constant of an R-C circuit is defined as the time during which voltage across
capacitor would have reached its maximum value V, had it maintained its initial rate of rise.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Time Constant
In eqn. (4) putting 𝒕= 𝜆, we get
-t -1
1
vc V 1 e V 1 e V 1 V 1
e
1
0.632 V
2.718
Hence, time constant may be defined as the time during which capacitor voltage acually
rises to 0.632 of its final steady value.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit t
Time Constant
-
Again we know, iC I 0 e
Putting 𝒕= 𝜆, we get
I0
iC I 0 e -1
0.37 I 0
2.718
Hence, the constant of a circuit is also the time during which the charging current falls to
0.37 of its initial maximum value (or falls by 0.632 of its initial value).
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit
A series RC circuit connected across a DC source through a switch S. Let, the capacitor voltage is 𝐕𝟎 .
When switch ‘S’ is close at t > 0 then as per KVL network equation will be:
for t > 0
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit Therefore solution is
In above equation the time constant is
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit
The expression for the current in the circuit is given by
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Series RC circuit
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Series RC circuit
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