0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views25 pages

Module 1 - DC Circuits - Part 8

Uploaded by

Abhishek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
13 views25 pages

Module 1 - DC Circuits - Part 8

Uploaded by

Abhishek
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 25

Module 1

DC Circuits

M.R.Chakraborty
Department of EE
Outline
1 Electrical circuit and elements (R, L and C)

2 Voltage and current sources

3 Kirchhoff’s laws

4 Analysis of simple circuits with dc excitation

5 Network theorems

6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

2
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
There are three basic components in Linear Circuits:
 Resistance (R)
 Inductance (L)
 Capacitance (C)
• An electrical system is said to be in steady-state when the variables describing its behaviour
(voltages, currents, etc.) are either invariant with time (d.c. circuits) or are periodic
functions of time (a.c. circuits).
• The time-varying currents and voltages resulting from the sudden application of sources, usually
due to switching, are called transients. An electrical system is said to be in transient-state when
the variables are changed non-periodically, i.e., when the system is not in steady-state.
• The transient response is the fluctuation in current and voltage in a circuit (after the application
of a voltage or current) before it settles down to its steady state.

3
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
• Analysis of response of circuit consisting of R, L, C voltage source , current source &
switches to sudden application of voltage or current is called as Time domain Analysis &
Transient Response.
• It is assumed that circuit elements R, L, C are constant and source is very strong to
absorb any disturbances.
• Amongst basic circuit elements Resistor is energy dissipating component & Inductor ,
Capacitor are energy storing elements.
• Response of these elements to nature of source and disturbance varies from source to
source.
• Transient in circuit is due to energy storing elements.
• For source free circuit transients response is called as Natural Response.
• For circuit with source transient response is called as Forced Response.
4
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

• Disturbance in steady operation of circuit is unavoidable.


Types of disturbances are:
 Any circuit suddenly connected to source or disconnected from source.
 Sudden change in applied voltage from one level to another.
 Faults like short circuit or open circuit.

• After disturbance current or voltage shall have two components:


 Final steady state component (t ∞)
 Transient component lasting for short duration that may settle down to
zero or final value
5
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Steady System

6
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

During Disturbance

7
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

Continuous Disturbance

8
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

• Equations for these circuits, formed using KVL & KCL, consisting of basic

elements contain derivatives & integrals of Currents / Voltages.

• Due to above facts equations are not algebraic but are differential in nature.

• Solutions of differential equations are functions of time & not constant as in

case of purely resistive circuits.

9
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit
The charge on a capacitor is given by the expression Q = CV
dQ d dV
Hence, i   (CV )  C
dt dt dt

Charging of a Capacitor

Switch connected to “a” : Capacitor CHARGED through a resistance R by the battery of V volts.
Switch connected to “b” : Capacitor is short-circuited through the resistance R and DISCHARGED.

10
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
V  ic R  vc ..............(1)
dQ d dvc
But, ic   (Cvc )  C
dt dt dt
dv
 V  vc  CR c .........(2)
dt
dvc dt
 
V  vc CR
dvc 1
Integrating we get,    dt
V  vc CR
t
Hence, log(V  vc )    K ................(3)
CR
where K is the constant of integration whose value can be found from initial conditions.
We know that at the start of charging when t = 0, 𝒗𝒄 = 0.
11
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
Substituting these values in (3), we get
log e V  K
Hence, Eq. (3) becomes
t
log e (V  vc )    log e V
CR
(V  vc ) t t
or , log e  
V CR 
where λ = CR = time constant
(V - vc ) -t
Therefore, e 
V
 -t 
Or, vc  V 1  e   .......................(4)
  12
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
 - t 
vc  V  1  e  ....................(4)
 
This gives variation of voltage across the capacitor with time.
q Q
Now, vc = and V =
C C
So, eqn.(4) becomes:
q Q -t 
1  e


C C  
 -t 
 q  Q  1  e   ..........(5)
 
13
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
 -
t
  -
t

vc  V  1  e  ........(4)
 q  Q 1  e 
 ........(5)
   
We find that increase of charge, like growth of potential, follows an exponential law in which
the steady value is reached after infinite time.

14
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Time Constant
In equation (2) putting 𝒗𝒄 = 0 we get
dvc
V  CR
dt  dvc  V V
So, initial rate of rise of voltage across the capacitor is      volt/sec
 dt t 0 CR 
If this rate of rise were maintained, then time taken to reach voltage V would have been
=V / (V/CR) = CR.
This time is known as time constant (𝜆) of the circuit.

Hence, time constant of an R-C circuit is defined as the time during which voltage across
capacitor would have reached its maximum value V, had it maintained its initial rate of rise.
15
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Time Constant
In eqn. (4) putting 𝒕= 𝜆, we get

 -t  -1
 1

vc  V 1  e   V 1  e  V 1    V 1 

  e
1 
  0.632 V
 2.718 

Hence, time constant may be defined as the time during which capacitor voltage acually
rises to 0.632 of its final steady value.

16
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit t
Time Constant
-
Again we know, iC  I 0 e 

Putting 𝒕= 𝜆, we get

I0
iC  I 0 e -1
  0.37 I 0
2.718

Hence, the constant of a circuit is also the time during which the charging current falls to
0.37 of its initial maximum value (or falls by 0.632 of its initial value).

17
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

First order RC circuit


• One Capacitor & one resistance
• The source and resistance may be equivalent
to a circuit with many resistances and source.

18
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit
A series RC circuit connected across a DC source through a switch S. Let, the capacitor voltage is 𝐕𝟎 .
When switch ‘S’ is close at t > 0 then as per KVL network equation will be:

For analysis of circuit, the capacitor voltage 𝐕𝐂 (𝒕) is


chosen as variable.
Substituting we get,

for t > 0

Above equation is non-homogenous linear differential equation of first order.


Therefore solution is

19
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit Therefore solution is
In above equation the time constant is

By substituting initial condition in the eqn. i.e. 𝐕𝐂 = 𝐕𝟎 it


leads to 𝐊 = 𝐕𝟎 - 𝐕𝐒

By substituting value of K in the eqn. and after simplification we


get

The expression for the current in the circuit is given by

20
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit
The expression for the current in the circuit is given by

21
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Series RC circuit

22
6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Series RC circuit

23
There is no alternate of studying books…….

Go through your book to know more about it.


Thank you
25

You might also like