Module 1

DC Circuits

M.R.Chakraborty
Department of EE
 Outline
1 Electrical circuit and elements (R, L and C)

2 Voltage and current sources

3 Kirchhoff’s laws

4 Analysis of simple circuits with dc excitation

5 Network theorems

6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
There are three basic components in Linear Circuits:
 Resistance (R)
 Inductance (L)
 Capacitance (C)
• An electrical system is said to be in steady-state when the variables describing its behaviour
(voltages, currents, etc.) are either invariant with time (d.c. circuits) or are periodic
functions of time (a.c. circuits).
• The time-varying currents and voltages resulting from the sudden application of sources, usually
due to switching, are called transients. An electrical system is said to be in transient-state when
the variables are changed non-periodically, i.e., when the system is not in steady-state.
• The transient response is the fluctuation in current and voltage in a circuit (after the application
of a voltage or current) before it settles down to its steady state.

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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
• Analysis of response of circuit consisting of R, L, C voltage source , current source &
switches to sudden application of voltage or current is called as Time domain Analysis &
Transient Response.
• It is assumed that circuit elements R, L, C are constant and source is very strong to
absorb any disturbances.
• Amongst basic circuit elements Resistor is energy dissipating component & Inductor ,
Capacitor are energy storing elements.
• Response of these elements to nature of source and disturbance varies from source to
source.
• Transient in circuit is due to energy storing elements.
• For source free circuit transients response is called as Natural Response.
• For circuit with source transient response is called as Forced Response.
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

• Disturbance in steady operation of circuit is unavoidable.

Types of disturbances are:
 Any circuit suddenly connected to source or disconnected from source.
 Sudden change in applied voltage from one level to another.
 Faults like short circuit or open circuit.

• After disturbance current or voltage shall have two components:

 Final steady state component (t ∞)
 Transient component lasting for short duration that may settle down to
zero or final value
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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Steady System

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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

During Disturbance

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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

Continuous Disturbance

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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

• Equations for these circuits, formed using KVL & KCL, consisting of basic

elements contain derivatives & integrals of Currents / Voltages.

• Due to above facts equations are not algebraic but are differential in nature.

• Solutions of differential equations are functions of time & not constant as in

case of purely resistive circuits.

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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit
The charge on a capacitor is given by the expression Q = CV
dQ d dV
Hence, i   (CV )  C
dt dt dt

Charging of a Capacitor

Switch connected to “a” : Capacitor CHARGED through a resistance R by the battery of V volts.
Switch connected to “b” : Capacitor is short-circuited through the resistance R and DISCHARGED.

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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
V  ic R  vc ..............(1)
dQ d dvc
But, ic   (Cvc )  C
dt dt dt
dv
 V  vc  CR c .........(2)
dt
dvc dt
 
V  vc CR
dvc 1
Integrating we get,    dt
V  vc CR
t
Hence, log(V  vc )    K ................(3)
CR
where K is the constant of integration whose value can be found from initial conditions.
We know that at the start of charging when t = 0, 𝒗𝒄 = 0.
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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
Substituting these values in (3), we get
log e V  K
Hence, Eq. (3) becomes
t
log e (V  vc )    log e V
CR
(V  vc ) t t
or , log e  
V CR 
where λ = CR = time constant
(V - vc ) -t
Therefore, e 
V
 -t 
Or, vc  V 1  e   .......................(4)
  12
 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
 - t 
vc  V  1  e  ....................(4)
 
This gives variation of voltage across the capacitor with time.
q Q
Now, vc = and V =
C C
So, eqn.(4) becomes:
q Q -t 
1  e


C C  
 -t 
 q  Q  1  e   ..........(5)
 
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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Charging of a Capacitor
 -
t
  -
t

vc  V  1  e  ........(4)
 q  Q 1  e 
 ........(5)
   
We find that increase of charge, like growth of potential, follows an exponential law in which
the steady value is reached after infinite time.

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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Time Constant
In equation (2) putting 𝒗𝒄 = 0 we get
dvc
V  CR
dt  dvc  V V
So, initial rate of rise of voltage across the capacitor is      volt/sec
 dt t 0 CR 
If this rate of rise were maintained, then time taken to reach voltage V would have been
=V / (V/CR) = CR.
This time is known as time constant (𝜆) of the circuit.

Hence, time constant of an R-C circuit is defined as the time during which voltage across
capacitor would have reached its maximum value V, had it maintained its initial rate of rise.
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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit Time Constant
In eqn. (4) putting 𝒕= 𝜆, we get

 -t  -1
 1

vc  V 1  e   V 1  e  V 1    V 1 



  e
1 
  0.632 V
 2.718 

Hence, time constant may be defined as the time during which capacitor voltage acually
rises to 0.632 of its final steady value.

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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
RC circuit t
Time Constant
-
Again we know, iC  I 0 e 

Putting 𝒕= 𝜆, we get

I0
iC  I 0 e -1
  0.37 I 0
2.718

Hence, the constant of a circuit is also the time during which the charging current falls to
0.37 of its initial maximum value (or falls by 0.632 of its initial value).

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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits

First order RC circuit

• One Capacitor & one resistance
• The source and resistance may be equivalent
to a circuit with many resistances and source.

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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit
A series RC circuit connected across a DC source through a switch S. Let, the capacitor voltage is 𝐕𝟎 .
When switch ‘S’ is close at t > 0 then as per KVL network equation will be:

For analysis of circuit, the capacitor voltage 𝐕𝐂 (𝒕) is

chosen as variable.
Substituting we get,

for t > 0

Above equation is non-homogenous linear differential equation of first order.

Therefore solution is

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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit Therefore solution is
In above equation the time constant is

By substituting initial condition in the eqn. i.e. 𝐕𝐂 = 𝐕𝟎 it

leads to 𝐊 = 𝐕𝟎 - 𝐕𝐒

By substituting value of K in the eqn. and after simplification we

get

The expression for the current in the circuit is given by

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 6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
First order RC circuit
The expression for the current in the circuit is given by

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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Series RC circuit

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6 Time-domain analysis of first-order RL and RC circuits
Series RC circuit

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Thank you
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