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Comprehensive Notes With Examples

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15 views3 pages

Comprehensive Notes With Examples

Notes

Uploaded by

maniacrazy26
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Multivariable Calculus: Comprehensive Notes with Examples

Functions of Two Variables

- A function z = f(x, y) depends on two variables x and y.

- Geometric interpretation: forms a surface in 3D space.

Example: z = x^2 + y^2.

Limits and Continuity

- Limit exists if the value is the same regardless of the path of approach.

Example: lim (x, y) to (2, -1) of (2x+3y)/(4x-3y) = 1.

- Continuity: f(x, y) is continuous at (a, b) if lim = f(a, b).

Partial Derivatives

- df/dx: Treat y as constant and differentiate with respect to x.

- Rules:

* Sum: d(u+v)/dx = du/dx + dv/dx.

* Product: d(uv)/dx = u(dv/dx) + v(du/dx).

- Higher Order: d^2z/dxdy = d^2z/dydx.

Maxima, Minima, and Saddle Points

- Conditions for extrema:

* Solve df/dx = 0, df/dy = 0 for stationary points.

* Evaluate: r=d^2f/dx^2, t=d^2f/dy^2, s=d^2f/dxdy.

* If rt-s^2 > 0:

- r > 0: Minimum, r < 0: Maximum.

- rt-s^2 < 0: Saddle Point.

Gradient and Directional Derivatives

- Gradient: grad f = (df/dx)i + (df/dy)j + (df/dz)k.


- Directional derivative: D_uf = grad f dot u.

- Example: Find gradient grad(x^2 + y^2) = 2xi + 2yj.

Tangent Planes

- Equation: z-z0 = fx(x-x0) + fy(y-y0).

- Normal vector: (fx, fy, -1).

High-Probability Example

Find the extremum of f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2 - 4x + 6y.

1. df/dx = 2x - 4 = 0 so x = 2.

2. df/dy = 2y + 6 = 0 so y = -3.

3. r=2, t=2, s=0 so rt-s^2 > 0, r>0 (Min).

Minimum: f(2, -3) = -5.

Example 1: Limit Evaluation

Evaluate lim (x,y) -> (2,-1) of (x^2 - 2xy + 3y^2 - 4x + 3y - 6).

Solution:

Substitute x = 2, y = -1:

Result = 2^2 - 2(2)(-1) + 3(-1)^2 - 4(2) + 3(-1) - 6 = -1.

Example 2: Limit Evaluation

Evaluate lim (x,y) -> (2,-1) of (2x + 3y) / (4x - 3y).

Solution:

Substitute x = 2, y = -1:

Result = (2(2) + 3(-1)) / (4(2) - 3(-1)) = 1/11.

Example 3: Non-Existent Limit

Prove that lim (x,y) -> (0,0) of (x^2 - y^2) / (x^2 + y^2) does not exist.

Solution:
Approach along y=mx (a straight line):

Substituting y=mx:

Result depends on m, so the limit does not exist.

Example 4: Partial Derivatives

Find partial derivatives of u = x^3 - y^3 + x + exp(x)*cos(y).

Solution:

Partial derivative w.r.t x: du/dx = 3x^2 + exp(x)*cos(y).

Partial derivative w.r.t y: du/dy = -3y^2 - exp(x)*sin(y).

Example 5: Maxima and Minima

Find the stationary points of f(x, y) = x^2 + y^2 - 2x + 4y + 8 and determine their nature.

Solution:

1. df/dx = 2x - 2 = 0 -> x = 1.

2. df/dy = 2y + 4 = 0 -> y = -2.

3. Evaluate r, t, s: r=2, t=2, s=0.

Since rt-s^2 > 0 and r > 0, it is a minimum.

Minimum value: f(1, -2) = 5.

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