4.

(1) The criminal dares not dh txg gksxk

'The criminal dare not' gksxkA 10. (2) 'Why was I angry' dh txg 'Why
5. (1) 'Had you have helped dh txg I was angry' gksxkA
Had you helped ;k If you had 11. Came
helped gksxkA 12 Did not come
6. (3) it could not be dh txg it cannot 13. Will not leave/will leave
be gksxkA 14. Has been teaching

7. (2) that they were practising dh 15. Was living

txg that they had been practising 16. Comes

gksxkA 17. Has not reached

18. Met
8. (4) could dh txg can gksxkA
19. Had left
9. (1) 'Rajesh finished his work dh
20. Found, have lost
txg Rajesh had finished his work

108
 Practice Set 1 [Time & Tense]
1. Three kilometres beyond (a)/ 11. We shall wait (a)/ until he
that pasture was seen (b)/ writes (b)/ his next book. (c)/
thousands of cattle and some No error (d)
horses. (c) / No error (d) 12. They will not plant (a)/ the
2. Behaving in a calm and serious cotton until the rain (b)/ will
way, (a) / even in a difficult fall. (c)/ No error (d)
situation, (b)/ make people 13. Please excuse / me coming /
respect you. (c) / No error (d) late. / No error
3. This change of time table (a) / 14. Much to our regret the train left
will mean us to leave (b)/ much / before we reached / the
earlier every day. (c)/ No error (d) station last night. / No error
4. Let us go to the cafe (a)/ when 15. I would like him to go / to a
the movie (b)/ will be over. (c)/ university but I can't / make
him to go. / No error
No error (a)
16. The unscrupulous nature / of
5. He insisted (a)/ on (b)/ to go
Mr. Bajaj was / upset everybody
there. (c)/ No error (a)
/ No error
6. I will not move (a) / from here
17. School offers many opportunities
(b)/ until you will get back. (c)/
of meeting helpful people, /
No error (d)
reading helpful books and /
7. By the next August (a)/ he will obtain information about
write his (b)/ second book on careers. / No error
Thermodynamics. (c)/ No error (d) 18. Students who / waste their
8. The request of the workers' time / fails in exams. / No error
union (a)/ that their wages 19. If I would be a millionaire /I
should be increased (b)/ were would not be wasting my time
supported by a vast majority. / waiting for a bus. / No error
(c)/ No error (d) 20. Indigenous medicines, which
9. The government has failed (a)/ have little side-effects, / are
to provide financial aid to (b)/ cheaper and distinctly superior
those affected by the floods. (c)/ than / modern allopathic drugs
No error (d) in certain respects /No error (d)
10. An airplane with several 21. There is no denying/that he
passengers on board (a)/ made enjoys/to listen to the radio./No
unscheduled landings as the error
airport to which it was heading 22. Unless you do not take / care
(b)/ was covered with thick fog. of your health/you will continue
(c/ No error (d) to suffer. / No error

109
23. In a bid to making a complete 8. (c) Replace 'were' with 'was'
overhaul / of the school 9. (d) No error
education, the government is 10. (b) Replace 'unscheduled
working / towards setting up a landings' with 'an unscheduled
state education board. / No landing'
error
11. (d) No error
24. The bill was drafted / by the
12. (c) Replace 'will fall' with 'falls'
International Labour
Organisation and submit / to 13. (b) Replace 'me' by 'my'
the government a few months 14. (a) Change 'left' to 'had left'
ago. / No error (d) 15. (c) Delete 'to' before 'go'
25. We are working closely with 16. (b) Remove 'was'
India / to find ways to / 17. (c) Replace 'obtain' with
promoting the transition to a 'obtaining'
low carbon, clean energy 18. (c) Replace 'fails' with 'fail'
future. / No error (d)
19. (a) Replace 'would be' by 'were'
(Answer with Explanation)
20. (b) The correct form is '...cheaper
1. (b) Replace 'was' with 'were' than and distinctly superior to...'
2. (c) Replace 'make' with 'makes' 21. (c) 'To listen' should be 'listening'.
3. (b) 'to leave' should be 'leaving' The verb 'enjoy' is followed by
4. (c) Replace 'will be over' with 'is gerund.
over'/ends' 22. (a) Remove 'do not'
5. (c) Replace 'to go' by 'going' 23. (a) Replace 'making' with 'make'
6. (c) 'you will get back' should be 24. (b) Replace 'submit' with
'you get back' 'submitted'
7. (b) Replace 'will write' with 'will 25. (c) Replace 'promoting' with
have written' 'promote'

110
 Practice Set 2 [Time & Tense]
1. Whether you should get married should be introduced. (c)/ No
now (a)/ or whether you should error (d)
remain single all (b)/ your life 11. He always (a)/ likes seeing
are your personal problem. (c)/ them (b)/ to play together and
No error (d) running about. (c)/ No error (d)
2. It is newspapers (a)/ that gives 12. I learnt from my father (a)/ that
(b)/ us news. (c)/ No error (d) honesty was (b)/ the best policy.
3. He is serving under me for (a)/ (c)/ No error (d)
the last several years but (b)/ I 13. You can't consider (a)/ to buy a
cannot claim even today that I new car (b)/ before selling the
have understood him thoroughly. old one. (c)/ No error (d)
(c)/ No error (d) 14. We saw him to walk (a)/ in the
4. She never (a)/ minds the park (b)/ on the way home. (c)/
children (b)/ to play in the No error (d)
garden. (c)/ No error (d) 15. We will pack not only (a)/ the
5. My sister likes (a)/ to read material property but will also
crime novels (b)/ but hates deliver it (b)/ to your valued
criminals. (c)/ No error (d) customers. (c)/ No error (d)
6. You had better to stop (a)/ your 16. Those who deceives (a)/ others
work for some time and listen (b)/ are (b)/ deceived in return. (c)/
to what I say (c)/ No error (d) No error (d)
7. I will come (a)/ to see you (b)/ 17. We should be strong enough (a)/
if I will have time. (c)/ No error to supporting our family (b)/ in
(d) times of need. (c)/ No error (d)
8. The teachers faces the same 18. He said that his briefcase (a)/
problems (a)/ in their day to day had been stolen and that (b)/
lives (b)/ as does an ordinary he was lefted without any
man in our society. (c)/ No error money. (c)/ No error (d)
(d) 19. He seemed to me (a)/ to be the
9. Deemed universities charge embodiment of strength and
huge fees, (a)/ but has not been courage (b)/ far above all the
successful (b)/ in providing men I saw. (c)/ No error (d)
quality education to our 20. The prisoners walked slowly
students. (c)/ No error (d) (a)/ for they knew that as soon
10. Each faculty member as well as as they cross (b)/ the gate the
(a)/ most of the students were jailor would ask them to jog. (c)/
of the view that (b)/ new courses No error (d)

111
21. He never recollected (a)/ his 7. (a) Delete ' will' before ' have' No
grandfather to say (b)/ that his verb in future tense can come
job was odd. (c)/ No error (d) after temporal conjunctions.
22. By adopting an agitational 8. (a) Replace 'faces' with 'face'
approach the Association of 9. (b) Replace 'has not been' with
resident doctors have (a)/ lost 'have not been'
the goodwill of the government 10. (b) Replace 'were' with 'was'
(b)/ and the sympathy of the
11. (c) 'to play together' should be
people. (c)/ No error (d)
'playing together'.
23. Mr. Anand kept me (a)/ to wait
12. (b) Replace 'was' by 'is' With
for a long time before answering
universal truths, verb is used in
(b)/ my question. (c)/ No error
present tense.
(d)
13. (b) 'to buy a new car' should be
24. During the course of the
'buying a new car'
investigation (a)/ the police
learned that the house (b)/ was 14. (b) 'him to walk' should be 'him
deliberately set on fire. (c)/ No walking'
error (d) 15. (a) Place 'not only' before 'pack'
25. The radio broadcasted last instead of after 'pack'
night (a)/ that the temperature 16. (a) Replace 'deceives' with
in Kashmir valley (b)/ would go 'deceive'
below the freezing point. (c)/ No 17. (b) Replace 'supporting' with
error (d) 'support'
(Answer with Explanation) 18. (c) Replace Tefted' with 'left'
1. (c) Replace 'are' with 'is' 19. (c) Replace 'saw' with 'had seen'
2. (b) Replace 'gives' with 'give' 20. (b) Change 'cross' to 'crossed'
3. (a) Change 'is serving' to 'has 21. (b) 'his grandfather to say should
been serving' be his grandfather saying
4. (c)' to play' should be changed to 22. (a) Replace 'have' with 'has'
'playing' 23. (b) Replace 'to wait' by 'waiting'
5. (b) 'to read' should be 'reading' 24. (b) Replace 'learned' with 'learnt'
6. (a) Delete 'to' before 'stop' 'to' 25. (a) Replace 'broadcasted' with
infinitive is omitted with verbs 'broadcast'
like 'would rather', 'had better'
etc.

112
 Practice Set 3 [Time & Tense]
1. The publisher says that there 13. He dreads (a)/ taking
is (a)/ many important details examinations (b)/ for fear of to
to attend to (c)/ before this book fail. (c)/ No error (d)
gets printed. (c)/ No error (d) 14. Do you mind me to see (a)/ your
2. The news of (a)/ the tragedy photos (b)/ again. (c)/ No error
were (b)/ brought by him. (c)/ (d)
No error (d) 15. My father asked me (a)/ where
3. It is easy (a)/ distinguishing (b)/ had I kept my clothes before
this house from that. (c)/ No (b)/ taking a dip in the river.
error (d) (c)/ No error (d)
4. I will write (a)/ to you (b)/ when 16. After a while, keep the ever
I leave Australia. (c)/No error (d) growing (a)/ organisation under
5. I will come (a)/ to see you (b)/ control becomes (b)/ the
before I leave for Denmark. (c)/ primary challenge. (c)/ No error
No error (d) (d)
6. Do not (a)/ get down the bus 17. Only one dispute has been
(b)/ till it will stop. (c)/ No error settled (a)/ and the others left
(d) to (b)/ the disputing parties to
7. Can anyone (a)/ imagine me settle. (c)/ No error (d)
(b)/ to wear a red or blue tie? 18. I fear the country will (a)/
(c)/ No error (d) plunge into a civil war (b)/
8. If I was you, (a)/1 would not (b)/ unless steps are taken to
stand this humiliation. (c)/ No suppressing it. (c)/ No error (d)
error (d) 19. You (a)/ cannot forbid (b)/ him
9. We should not forget that we coming. (c)/ No error (d)
have (a)/ certain rights but at 20. I can play the piano (a)/ to you
the same time, each of us (b)/ now (b)/ but I am afraid of to
have to remember our duties annoy you. (c)/ No error (d)
also. (c)/ No error (d) 21. What we (a)/ wanted were not
10. Many a girl (a)/ have seen (b)/ large houses with (b)/ modern
the movie. (c)/ No error (d) conveniences but small
11. If (a)/ it snowed tomorrow (b)/ cottages. (c)/ No error (d)
we'll go skiing. (c)/ No error (d) 22. The Management Committee
12. Had you informed me earlier has requested me (a)/ to not
(a)/1 would have certainly take any action unless and until
purchase (b)/ the laptop from (b)/ to I don't see all the
you. (c)/ No error (d) documents. (c)/ No error to (d)

113
23. Most of the rivers (a)/ in Bihar 10. (b) Replace 'has seen' with 'have
and West Bengal (b)/ have seen'
overflown their banks. (c)/ No 11. (b) Change'snowed'to'snows'
error (d) 12. (b)Change 'purchase' to 'purchased'
24. The audience still flock to his 13. (c) 'to fail' should be ' of failing '
concerts (a)/ to hear him to
14. (a) 'me to see' should be 'my
sing as (b)/ they perceive a
seeing' The verb 'mind' is followed
sense of purity in his music. (c)/
by gerund and by infinitive.
No error (d)
15. (b) Change 'had I' to ' I had '
25. He seated in this (a)/
examination five times but (b)/ 16. (a) Replace 'keep' with 'keeping'
he could not clear it. (c)/ No 17. (b) Replace 'others left to' with
error (d) 'others have been left'
(Answer with Explanation) 18. (c) Replace 'suppressing' with
1. (a) Replace 'is' with 'are' 'suppress'

2. (b) Replace 'were' with 'was' 19. (d) Change 'coming' to 'come'

3. (b) Replace 'distinguishing' with 20. (d) 'to annoy' should be 'annoying'
'to distinguish' Infinitive should Gerund should be used after
be used here. verbs ending in gerund.

4. (d) No error 21. (b) Replace 'were' by 'was'

5. (d) No error 22. (c) Replace 'don't see' by 'have

seen'
6. (c) Change 'will stop' to 'stops'
No future tense is used after 23. (c) Replace 'overflown' with
temporal conjunction. 'Till' is a 'overflowed'
temporal conjunction. 24. (b) Remove 'to' before 'sing'. The
7. (c) 'to wear' should be 'wearing' sentence should be '.. .to hear
him sing as...'
8. (a) Replace 'was' with 'were'
25. (a) Replace 'seated' with 'sat'
9. (c) Replace 'have' with 'has'

114
 Sentence Improvement
1. The blue whales was thriving in decades, from the range of the
all of the world's oceans until the empire-waist dresses of the
turn of the century, at which time 1960s to the legwarmers of the
they became hunted to the point 1980s.
of extinction. (a) from ranging the
(a) The blue whale was thriving (b) ranging from the
in all of the world's oceans (c) and ranging from the
until the turn of the century
(d) No improvement
(b) Blue whales were thriving
6. The National Oceanic and
in all of the world's oceans
Atmospheric Administration has
until the turn of the century
urged coastal residents to
(c) The blue whale had been develop a family evacuation plan,
thriving in all of the world's organize important documents
oceans until the turn of the and valuables, creating a
century disaster supply kit for use in the
(d) No improvement car and at the evacuation
2. Never before so many graduates destination.
been unemployed as today. (a) to create a disaster supply
(a) Never before have kit for use
(b) Never before has (b) creating a disaster supply kit
(c) Have never before for using
(d) No improvement (c) and create a disaster supply
3. It has become a fashion to talk kit for use
about exercise restraint. (d) No improvement
(a) restraining exercises 7. It was a week since he came to
(b) exercising restraint work.
(c) exercise without restraint (a) shall be a week
(d) No improvement (b) has been a week
4. If you would have been careful, (c) had been a week
you could have avoided the (d) No improvement
accident. 8. All the allegations levelled
(a) If you have been against him were found to be
(b) Would you had been baseless.
(c) Had you been (a) levelled for
(d) No improvement (b) level against
5. This season's style is an eclectic (c) levelling with
mix of fashions from past (d) No improvement

115
9. We are quite sure that he will weak and oppressed for the last
have proved his merit in any four decades.
forthcoming competition. (a) has championed the cause of
(a) will have to prove (b) had championed the cause for
(b) will be prove (c) has been championing the
(c) will prove cause of
(d) No Improvement (d) No improvement
10. Five years ago today, I am sitting 14. When the chief guest will arrive,
in a small Japanese car, driving the band will play the National
across Poland towards Berlin. Anthem.
(a) was sitting (a) arrives
(b) have been sitting (b) will be arriving
(c) sat
(c) has arrived
(d) No improvement
(d) No improvement
11. It is easier walking than run.
15. When we reached the theatre,
(a) easier walking to running the film began already.
(b) easier to walk than to run
(a) was beginning
(c) easier walking than running
(b) had begun
(d) No improvement
(c) has had begun
12. Unlike Freud's belief that the
(d) No improvement
unconscious was solely a
storehouse of repressed 16. I told him clearly that he hadn't
memories, Jung asserted that ought to do that to me.
the unconscious also contained (a) ought not have done
creative reservoirs. (b) ought not done
(a) Freud and his belief that (c) hasn't ought to do
the unconscious was solely (d) No improvement
a storehouse of repressed
17. Scientists believe that all
memories
domestic dogs originally have
(b) the belief of Freud that descended from three dogs that
states the unconscious is lived in China over 15,000 years
solely a storehouse of ago.
repressed memories
(a) descended by three dogs
(c) Freud, who believed that the
that lived in China
unconscious was solely a
(b) descended from three dogs
storehouse of repressed
that lived in China
memories
(d) No improvement (c) have descended from three
dogs living in China
13. The social worker has
championed the cause for the (d) No improvement

116
18. All the members of the club were 23. The criminal as well as his
assembled to celebrate the 50th accomplice was arrested.
anniversary of the club. (a) is arrested
(a) were assembling to celebrate (b) were arrested
(b) assembled to celebrating (c) has arrested
(c) had assembled to celebrate (d) No improvement
(d) No improvement 24. While global warming had
19. He cordially enquired how was already made the Hudson River
a seeming fragile ecosystem, the
my health.
introduction of invasive species
(a) my health was
has the potential to destroy
(b) my health had nearly all of the aquatic plants
(c) my health is and animals that inhabit the
(d) No Improvement river.
20. Many a man have been going to (a) While global warming has
the circus lately. already made the Hudson
River a seemingly fragile
(a) Many a men have been
ecosystem
(b) Many a man are
(b) Global warming had already
(c) Many a man has been made the Hudson River a
(d) No improvement seemingly fragile ecosystem
21. The car which is stopped by the (c) Global warming has already
policemen contained smuggled made the Hudson River a
goods. seeming fragile ecosystem
(a) The car that was stopped (d) No improvement
(b) The car that has been 25. This disease has eradicated in
stopped most of the third world nations.
(a) is eradicated
(c) The car which had been
stopped (b) has been eradicated
(d) No improvement (c) has been eradicating

22. We have been look forward to the (d) No improvement

arrival for the new machinery for PRACTICE SET 4
two weeks, 1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. c
(a) looked forward for 7. b 8. d 9. c 10. a 11. b 12.c
(b) looked forward at 13. c 14. a 15. b 16. a 17. b 18.c
(c) looking forward to 19. a 20. c 21. a 22. c 23. d 24.a
(d) No improvement 25. b

117
 Time & Tense Advance [FILL IN THE BLANKS]
SET-1 (a) take
Direction: Write the letter (a, b, c or d) (b) takes
of correct answer in brackets. (c) has taken
1. While he.............someone took (d) had taken
away his watch.
7. I went to the bath room .............
(a) slept my clothes and had a nice bath.
(b) was sleeping (a) taken off
(c) is sleeping (b) have taken off
(d) had slept (c) took off
2. He.............to that school for the (d) taking off
last two years. 8. If you ............. me I would have
(a) had been going attended your party.
(b) is going (a) invite
(c) was going (b) had invited
(d) had going (c) invited
3. M. know that you.............up the (d) will invite
idea of hearing Sanskrit. 9. The girls.............volley-ball for
(a) will have given two hours and they have not
(b) have given finished yet.
(c) have been given (a) were playing
(d) give (b) played
4. If it........this afternoon, we shall (c) are playing
stay at home. (d) have been playing
(a) has rained 10. The leaves of the tree.............
(b) had rained green in spite of no rains this
year.
(c) rained
(a) is
(d) rains
(b) are
5. It is time for you.............to bed.
(c) were
(a) go
(d) was
(b) to go
11. If the players had played well,
(c) gone
they.............the match.
(d) went
(a) won
6. Although the police.............every
(b) would have won
precaution, the robber managed
(c) win
to escape.
(d) would win
118
12. I have been knocking at the door 18. The boys.............television every
for ten minutes but nobody ........... night unless they have homework.
it yet. (a) watch
(a) opened (b) watches
(b) has opened (c) watched
(c) opens (d) watching

(d) is opening 19. Maria.............an appointment to

see the doctor. It is at 10.00 am
13. Two years ago we..........a Monday
tomorrow.
in Mt. Abu.
(a) make
(a) spend
(b) makes
(b) were spending (c) made
(c) spent (d) has made
(d) will spend 20. She was also deaf and she
14. We.............for half an hour when ............. to speak.
the other team arrived. (a) had not learnt
(a) waited (b) won’t learn
(b) were waiting (c) couldn’t learn
(c) have been waiting (d) was learning
(d) are waiting 21. She.............everything in the
garden and then she ran into the
15. Would that I.............The king.
house.
(a) were
(a) had been touching
(b) am
(b) could touch
(c) have been (c) might be touched
(d) was (d) touched
16. You had better.............at once. 22. I am a merchant I.............rice and
(a) start wheat.
(b) started (a) sell
(c) starting (b) sold
(d) to start (c) have sold
17. Dutch people.............high walls (d) shall be selling
and around Holland’s coast. 23. He.............no one the city and
didn’t know where to go.
(a) have made
(a) has known
(b) made
(b) will be knowing
(c) have been making
(c) knew
(d) were making
(d) had been knowing
119
24. Three weeks later a ship came to 28. They .......... when they are ready.
the land the merchant said (a) come
he.............to go home in it. (b) came
(a) want (c) will come
(b) is wanting (d) have come
(c) wanted 29. Judy.............watching horror
(d) will want films although she has nightmares
25. The corporal at once turned round afterwards.
and said as if he.............an (a) like
Emperor. (b) likes
(a) was (c) liked
(b) were (d) will like
(c) had 30. It ............. every afternoon for the
(d) is past week. The weather forecast
26. If I took hold of something predicts rain for next week too.
electrified the electricity ............. (a) is raining
through my body into the ground. (b) was raining
(a) rushes (c) has been raining
(b) would rush (d) had been raining
(c) will rush ANSWER
(d) must rush 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b)
27. Unless electricity is.............you 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (b)
cannot see it. 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a)
(a) is jumping 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c)
(b) jump 21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (c) 25. (b)
(c) had jumped 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
(d) jumped

120
 Time & Tense Advance [FILL IN THE BLANKS]
SET-2 6. She.............younger than you,
1. I.............the door before I realized isn’t she ?
that the keys were inside the (a) were
house. (b) are
(a) lock (c) am
(b) locked (d) is
(c) has locked 7. I shall not reach the shops before
(d) had locked they.............
2. He.............both hands as high as (a) had closed
he could above his head: (b) closed
(a) raises (c) close
(b) has been raising (d) had been closing
(c) can raise 8. It’s lovely to wake up in the
(d) raised morning and .............birds
3. Soon the king began to like him singing.
because he.............may stories (a) hear
and jokes. (b) hears
(a) that told (c) heard
(b) could tell (d) hearing
(c) tells 9. If you are on the look out
(d) is telling you.............many new birds
around you during the winter
4. When Neelam.............her first
months.
pay, she bought presents for her
(a) would see
parents.
(b) will see
(a) receive
(c) had been seeing
(b) received
(d) have been-seeing
(c) has received
10. Mari.............to find out the reason
(d) had received
why birds undertake such
5. I cannot go back home until
strenuous and hazardous
she.............down. journey.
(a) settled (a) has tried
(b) settles (b) will try
(c) had settled (c) had been trying
(d) must be setting (d) was trying

121
11. Do you know there.............many 17. I’m sorry the house is not available
bird sancturies in India ? any longer. It.............to a timber
(a) is tycoon.
(b) was (a) is sold
(c) are (b) was being sold
(d) had (c) has been sold
12. A battalion.............to march (d) will be sold
across the borders and kill event 18. Sonu...........to Manhattan is 1997.
the civilians. (a) is transferred
(a) ordered (b) was transferred
(b) is being ordered (c) has been transferred
(c) will be ordered (d) should be transferred
(d) had been ordered 19. Passengers.............to smoke in
13. The soldiers.............of thirst and the train.
hunger. (a) are not allowed
(a) were dying (b) was not allowed
(b) are dying (c) had not allowed
(c) have been dying (d) will not allow
(d) had been dying 20. When I grow up I.............to
14. Aaron.............$80.00 for that bag. England.
(a) pay (a) shall go
(b) paid (b) go
(c) pays (c) have gone
(d) paying (d) went
15. When I went back to my hometown 21. It’s time we.............that ladder
three years ago, I found that a lot home.
of changes............. (a) got
(a) are taken place (b) get
(b) were taken place (c) will get
(c) have taken place (d) are getting
(d) had taken place 22. Every one’s foot-prints ............
16. Look ! A hamster.............by a cat. different.
(a) is chased (a) are
(b) is being chased (b) is
(c) was being chased (c) have
(d) has been chased (d) has

122
23. I wish you.............here yesterday 28. He could not help.............that way
and seen us cooking food. now and then.
(a) had been (a) look
(b) were (b) looked
(c) have been (c) looking
(d) will have been (d) was looking
24. Of course, by the end of next 29. We had better.............some plans
month we .......... our assignment. for disposing it at.
(a) completed (a) made
(b) shall have completed (b) make
(c) had completed (c) to make
(d) have completed (d) been making
25. The food was really delicious I 30. Firemen who battled the fire
wish you.............it. reported that .............under
(a) have tasted control after forty minutes.
(b) taste (a) is brought
(c) had tasted (b) was brought
(d) are testing (c) can be brought
26. She.............for the poor and the (d) has been brought
sick for the ten years.
(a) works ANSWER
(b) will work 1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b)
(c) had been worshipping 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a)
(d) has been working 11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)
27. They will return home.............the 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
Sun set. 21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c)
(a) as 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (b)
(b) until
(c) unless
(d) will be worshipping

123
 6 TIME & TENSE ADVANCE
EXERCISE

Time & Tense Advance [Exercise-1]

Direction:- (1-50) in the following 7. As soon as (a)/ the clock strike
questions, some of the sentences have five (b)/ they down tools and off
errors and some have none. Find out they go. (c)/ No error (d)
which part of a sentence has an error
8. It had been our custom (a)/ from
corresponding to the appropriate letter
immemorial time to be (b)/
(a, b, c) If there is no error, your
hospitable to those who come to
answer will be, No error (d).
our doors, (c)/ No error (d)
1. If Manali had (a)/ worked hard (b)/
she will have got the job she 9. I asked (a)/ if she has looked
desired (c)/ No error (d) everywhere (b)/ and she said,
2. He told me (a)/ that he wrote a ‘yes’, (c)/ No error (d)
letter (b)/ to his superior for a 10. Had I realised (a)/ that it was
certain reason, (c)/ No error (d) such a long way (b)/1 would take
3. I am working at my present job a taxi, (c)/ No error (d)
(a)/ since the day (b)/ a son was 11. As he dived from the spring board
born to my brother(c)/ No error (d) (a)/ he was terrified to see (b)/
4. After Ravi read (a)/ the magazines that the water was drained from
and news papers, (b)/ and the pool the previous night, (c)/
watched T. V. Programme, he No error (d)
decided to go out and meet some
12. As I am suffering from fever since
old friends, (c)/ No error (d)
morning (a)/1 shall not be able to
5. His father would have been
attend the function (b)/You are
pleased to get him a wrist watch
(a)/ if he would have worked (b)/ going to organise this evening,
harder and secured higher marks (c)/ No error (d)
in the university examination, (c)/ 13. She wishes (a)/ that she has
No error (d) studied literature instead of
6. When the doctors found (a)/ that history (b)/ when she was in
the player has taken (b)/ college, (c)/ No error (d)
prohibited medicines, he reported 14. Much water (a)/ has flown (b)/
the matter to the team manager, under the bridge since then, (c)/
(c)/ No error (d)
No error (d)

124
15. I do not wish (a)/ to rise (b)/ false 27. The girls were playing (a)/ outside
hopes, (c)/ No error (d) the house whereas (b)/ the boys
16. The stranger (a)/ asked the little were sitting inside and played
girl (b)/ what is her name, (c)/ cards, (c)/ No error (d)
No error (d) 28. Mohini washes all her (a)/ clothes
17. Apollo was worshipped (a)/ as long and cooks food (b)/ for the family
as (b)/ the Roman empire had before she is going to the office,
lasted, (c)/ No error (d) (c)/ No error (d)
18. I pretended as if (a)/ I interested 29. I know nothing about chess
in the conversation (b)/ but really because (a)/ my game’s teacher
it was very boring (c)/ No error also (b)/ was not knowing nothing
(d) about it. (c)/ No error (d)
19. The teacher remarked that (a)/ 30. The discreet enquiry revealed (a)/
they all had (b)/ done it very
that his involvement in the fraud
badly, (c)/ No error (d)
cases have been more than (b)/
20. The train is supposed (a)/ to what was first guessed, (c)/ No
arrive at 10 am yesterday (b)/ but error (d)
it was an hour late (c)/ No error (d)
31. If you had read (a)/ the relevant
21. Rajan told me that you had left
literature carefully, (b)/ you would
(a)/ the college a year before (b)/
have answered most of the
and looking for a job (c)/ No error (d)
questions correctly (c)/ No error (d)
22. He asked me (a)/ if I am ill and
32. Suresh Babu, who is living (a)/ in
(b)/1 answered that I was not. (c)/
this town since 1955, is a well
No error (d)
known scholar of history (b)/ and
23. India’s Independence (a)/ had
a distinguished musician, (c)/ No
been the result (b)/ of sacrifices
error (d)
of many patriots, (c)/ No error (d)
33. He hoped to finish the work in the
24. Yesterday Ramesh got (a)/ the
last week (a)/ but in fact (b)/ he
information that his father (b)/
could not. (c)/ No error (d)
died in an accident while
travelling in a car (c)/ No error (d) 34. He could not cut (a)/ the grass
25. He will certainly help you (a)/ if today because (b)/ the handle of
you will ask him (b)/ in a pleasant the machine has broken a few
manner, (c)/ No error (d) days ago. (c)/ No error (d)
26. I found this ring as I dig in the 35. I have pleasure (a)/ to certify that
garden, (a)/ it looks very old, (b)/ Shamim worked meritoriously (b)/
I wonder whom it belongs to. (c)/ for the last three years in our
No error (d) organization, (c)/ No error (d)

125
36. The Department of Modern Indian 48. It is the first time (a)/ when I (b)/
languages (a)/ is running a met him (c)/ No error (d)
course in comparative literature 49. The police had come after (a)/ the
(b)/for the last fifteen years, (c)/No thief (b)/ had gone away (c)/ No
error (d) error (d)
37. Had he follow (a)/ the directions 50. My father told me that (a)/
carefully (b)/ he would have felt necessity was the (b)/ mother of
better much quicker (c)/ No error (d) invention (c)/ No error (d)
38. Once he realised (a)/ that he had Answer with Explanation-1
committed a mistake (b)/ he 1. (b) Will have dh txg would have dk
admits it corrected it without iz;ksx gksxkA
if + Subject + had + V3
delay. (c) / No error (d) + .... + subject + would have +
39. He would not have (a)/ written V3 + object dk iz;ksx gksrkEg.
gSAIf
this letter (b)/ if he would not you had worn a false beard
have heard the news, (c)/ No error nobody, would have recognized
(d) you.
40. Sumitra appealed (a)/to the 2. (b) he wrote a letter dh txg he had
managing committee (b)/that she
written a letter dk iz;ksx gksxkA
may be allowed to join the
volunteer force, (c)/ No error (d) 3. (a) I am working dh txg I have been

41. If John had told me (a)/ last working dk iz;ksx gksxkA

Thursday (b)/ I will have given 4. (a) read dh txg had read dk iz;ksx gksxkA
him the money but now it is too Subject + V2 + object + after +
late. (c)/ No error (d) subject + had + V3 + object dk
42. No sooner did (a)/ the train iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
arrived at the station (b)/ than the
The doctor came after the
passengers rushed towards it. (c)/
patient had died.
No error (d)
After the patient had died, the
43. Kalidas was the Shakespeare (a)/
doctor came.
of (b)/ India (c)/ No error (d)
The doctor came after the
44. She is weeping (a)/ for two (b)/ patient died.
hours (c)/ No error (d)
5. (b) would have dh txg had dk iz;ksx
45. This is the worst (a)/ that you (b)/
gksxkA
Eg. If the story had not
are doing (c)/ No error (d)
been true the news paper
46. Manish has been (a)/ weeping (b)/
would not have printed it.
for his marriage (c)/ No error (d)
6. (b) has taken dh txg had taken dk
47. Unless you will labour (a)/ hard,
you (b)/ will fail (c)/ No error (d) iz;ksx gksxkA Principal
pw¡fd clause

126
 past tense esa gS blfy,
subordinate 16. (c) what is her name dh txg what
clause Hkh
Past Tense esa gksxkA ;gk¡ her name was dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx mi;qDr gSA
17. (c) had lasted dh txg lasted dk iz;ksx
7. (b) strike dh txg strikes dk iz;ksx gksxkA gksxkA
8. (a) had been dh txg has been dk 18. (b) I interested dh txg I had been
iz;ksx gksxkA
immemorial (adj.) dk interested dk iz;ksx gksxkA
vFkZ ^Lej.k ls ckgj*] vfrizkphu
(beyond 19. (d)No error
memory, very old) gksrk gSA 20. (a)the train is supposed dh txg the
9. (b) has dh txg had dk iz;ksx gksxkA train was supposed dk iz;ksx gksxkA

10. (c) would take dh txg would have 21. (c) and looking for a job dh txg and
taken dk iz;ksx gksxkA Eg. They had been looking for a job dk iz;ksx
would have forced their way gksxkA
into the house If I had not 22. (b) If I am ill dh txg If I was ill dk
called for help. iz;ksx gksxkA
11. (c) was dh txg had been dk iz;ksx gksxkA
23. (b) had been dh txg was dk iz;ksx gksxkA
12. (a)I am suffering dh txg I have
24. (c) died dh txg has died dk iz;ksx gksxkA
been suffering dk iz;ksx gksxkA
25. (b) will ask dh txg ask dk iz;ksx gksxkA
13. (b) has dh txg had dk iz;ksx gksxkA conditional sentence esaif clause
14. (b) has flown dh txg has flowed dk ds lkFksimple present tense dk
iz;ksx gksxkA
fly dk vFkZ mM+uk gksrk gS rFkk iz;ksx gksrkEg.
gSAIf you pass your
bldk past participle form-flown examination we shall have a
gksrk gSA tcfdflow dk vFkZ gS ^cguk* celebration.
gksrk gS rFkk bldkpast participle 26. (a)I dig in the garden dh txg I was
form-flowed gksrk gSA vr% given digging in the garden dk iz;ksx gksxkA
sentence ds vFkZ ds fy,has 27. (a)and played cards dh txg and
flowed mi;qDr gSA were playing cards dk iz;ksx gksxkA
rise 28. (c) She is going to the office dh txg
15. (b) rise dh txg raise dk iz;ksx gksxkA
dk vFkZ ^f{kfrt ls Åij vk tkuk*] mB She goes to the office dk iz;ksx gksxkA
cSBuk] [kM+k gks tkuk] iqu% thfor gksuk] mUufr
29. (c) was not knowing dh txg knew
djuk] Åij dh vksj tkuk] lrg rd vkuk dk iz;ksx gksxkA
gksrk gS tcfd
raise dk vFkZ [kM+k djuk]
30. (b) have been dh txg had been dk
c<+kuk] fuekZ.k djuk] lh/k [kM+k djuk] iz;ksx gksxkA
principal clause Past
mBkuk] fn[kykbZ nsuk] mRiUu djuk] mxkuk] Tense esa gS blfy,Subordinate
,d=k djuk] laap; djuk gksrk gSA clause Hkh Past Tense esa gksxkA

127
31. (d)No error sugar into the sauce instead of
32. (a)who is living dh txg who has salt.
been living dk iz;ksx gksxkA 40. (c) May dh txg might dk iz;ksx gksxkA

33. (a)He hoped dh txg he had hoped Principal clause d k verb–

dk iz;ksx gksxkA appealed Past Tense esa gS blfy,

Subordinate clause dk Verb–
34. (c) has broken dh txg had broken
may Hkh
Past tense esa gksxkA
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
41. (c) I will have dh txg I would have
35. (b) worked d h txg has been
dk iz;ksx gksxkA
working dk iz;ksx gksxkA
42. (b) arrived dh txg arrive dk iz;ksx gksxkA
36. (b) is running dh txg had been
D;ksafddid ds ckn ges'kkbare
runnig dk iz;ksx gksxkA
infinitive dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
37. (a)Had he follow dh txg had he
43. (a)was dh txg is dk iz;ksx gksxkA
followed dk iz;ksx gksxkA
44. (a)is weeping dh txg has been
38. (b) he admits it dh txg he admitted
weeping dk iz;ksx gksxkA
it dk iz;ksx gksxkA
45. (c) are doing dh txg have done dk
39. (b) if he would not have dh txg if
iz;ksx gksxkA
he had not dk iz;ksx gksxkA ,d gh
Sentense esawouldn't have nks ckj46. (c) for dh txg since dk iz;ksx gksxkA
iz;ksx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn 47. (a)unless ds lkFkModal dk iz;ksx ugha
sentence ds ,d part esawould dk gksrkA
iz;ksx gks rks part
nwljsesahad dk iz;ksx48. (d)No Error
gksrk gSA 49. (a)had come dh txg came dk iz;ksx
Eg. If you had not been in such gksxkA
a hurry you would not have put 50. (b) was dh txg is dk iz;ksx gksxkA

128
 Time & Tense Advance [Exercise-2]
Direction:- (1 to 50) in the following have disappointed (b)/ many of the
questions, some of the sentences have friends, (c)/ No error (d)
errors and some have none. Find out 11. All the flowers in his garden will
which part of a sentence has an error surely die (a)/ before the rains (b)/
corresponding to the appropriate letter will fall, (c)/ No error (d)
(a, b. c) If there is no error, your 12. He used to study at least till ten
answer will be, No error (d). o’clock (a)/ in the night and then
1. The lion did not eat her (a)/ (b)/ he goes to bed. (c)/ No error
because he is (b)/ a kind lion, (c)/ (d)
No error (d) 13. I have been knowing him for ten
2. If I was you I would have told (a)/ years (a)/ but I don’t know (b)/
the Chairman to keep (b)/ come where he lives, (c)/ No error (d)
to grief, (c)/ No error (d) 14. Before the alarm had stopped
3. Radha came to the meeting (a)/ ringing (a)/ Veena had pulled up
much later (b)/ than I except, (c)/ (b)/ the shade, (c)/ No error (d)
No error (d) 15. This is indeed, the first time that
4. If we had Mohit in our team, we (a)/1 hear (b)/ such an interesting
(a)/ would have won the match story, (c)/ No error (d)
(b)/ against your team, (c)/ No 16. When I will be thirty most of my
error (d ) friends (a)/ will be over thirty (b)/
5. I lived here since 2005 (a)/ five years of age. (c)/ No error (d)
therefore I know everything (b)/ 17. I will let you know as soon as I
about this city, (c)/ No error (d) will get (a)/ any information (b)/
6. I have been adoring her for (a)/ about your promotion, (c)/ No
the voice with (b)/ which she is error (d)
getting late, (c)/ No error (d) 18. The victim tried to tell us what
has happened (a)/ but his words
7. She was with me until now, (a)/
(b)/ were not audible. (c)/No error
so don’t rebuke her (b)/ for getting
(d)
late, (c)/ No error (d)
19. I went you to pick up the box (a)/
8. We got everything ready for all (a)/
of eggs gently and (b)/ kept it in
of them long (b)/ before they
the corner carefully, (c)/ No error
arrived, (c)/ No error (d)
(d)
9. I wish he saw you (a)/ when you
20. The judge had not given any
were (b)/ living in Japan, (c)/ No
decision (a)/ until he had (b)/
error (d)
studied the case, (c)/ No error (d)
10. If I would have done this, I would
21. These books have (a)/ revised by
have done wrong (a)/ and would
(b)/ Sri Sinha. (c)/ No error (d)

129
22. Neha says that she will take (a)/ 33. The old man who is sitting in that
her umbrella (b)/ in case it will room lived here for more than (a)/
rain, (c)/ No error (d) a month but he has never created
23. Minakshi along with her parents (b)/ any problem, (c)/ No error (d)
is going to Mumbai tonight (a)/ 34. It is appearing to me that you are
because her eldest brother (b)/ is plotting (a)/ against your (b)/
there, (c)/ No error (d) friends and their parents, (c)/ No
24. The teacher said to us that (a)/ error (d)
we should stay at home (b)/ if it 35. Whenever you are coming here,
rains, (c)/ No error (d) (a)/ you bring a lot of (b)/ sweet
25. He would hot have done all this for me. (c)/ No error (d)
(a)/ if he had not been (b)/ 36. When you will find out any
investigated by his wife, (c)/ No solution to his problem (a)/ you
error (d) will become able (b)/ to finalise
26. Many of my friends wished to come the project, (c)/ No error (d)
here (a)/ today but (b)/ none of 37. Diwakar hopes to become an
them arrived yet. (c)/ No error (d) officer after (a)/ he will complete
27. I have come to know that your (a)/ (b)/ his higher education, (c)/ No
father has died (b)/ last week, (c)/ error (d)
No error (d) 38. Nobody knows when death (a)/
28. “It is high time you are starting will knock at (b)/ his door, (c)/ No
(a)/ this work” (b)/ said my friend error (d)
to me. (c)/ No error (d) 39. That two and two always made
29. He seems to be happy because his (a)/ four cannot (b)/ be doubted,
parents (a)/ had come from (c)/ No error (d) /
London (b)/to live with him. (c)/ 40. I could not recall what she has
No error (d) told (a)/ me about her (b)/ concern
30. Now-a-days he teaches physics with Mohit. (c)/ No error (d)
because the teacher of physics 41. Sushama arrived here, did all the
(a)/ has been absenting himself preparations (a)/ and then has
(b)/ for a month, (c)/ No error (d) called (b)/ on one of her intimate
31. The secret of his good health lies friends, (c)/ No error (d)
in the fact that (a)/ he is getting 42. The thief was caught (a)/ after he
up before sunrise (b)/ and has a has disposed of (b)/ the stolen
two mile walk, (c)/ No error (d) goods, (c)/ No error (d)
32. A misogynist is a person who is 43. I had hoped that I would see (a)/
hating woman (a)/ but a you the other day, but (b)/
philogynist is a person (b)/ who unfortunately I fell ill. (c)/ No
loves woman, (c)/ No error (d) error (d)

130
44. It is about time you have taken okD; esa
Radha ds vkus dk dkePast
(a)/ your children (b)/ to school,
esa gqvk gS vkSj mlds vkus ds laca/ esa
(c)/ No error (d)
expectation mlds vkus ls igys fd;k
45. By this time next year he has had
(a)/ settled himself (b)/ in x;k gSA ns[ksa%
London, (c)/ No error (d)
She did not do as well as we had expected
46. He advised me to do as he did (a)/  
but I did not pay any attention (b)/ Past Past of the Past
to his advice, (c)/ No error (d)
47. “Here is coming my friends!” (a)/ 4. (b) ‘we had Mohit’ ds cnys ‘we had
said Mary when (b)/ she was had Mohit’ dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd bl
anxious, (c)/ No error (d) okD; esa
Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx
48. Newspapers told us about the
mfpr gSA
events (a)/ that happen(b)/ all
over the world, (c)/ No error (d) 5. (a) lived dh txg have lived dk iz;ksx
49. Many observations that the number gksxk] D;ksafd
since dk iz;ksxSimple
of the drug (a)/ addicts is grew Past ;k Past Continuous Tense
(b)/day by day. (c)/ No error (d) esaPreposition of Time ds :i esa
50. My friend said to me, (a)/ “When
dHkh ugha gksrk gSA
have (b)/ yoti come here ?”. (c)/
No error (d) Note: Since dk iz;skxPresent
Answer with Explanation-2 Perfect Tense, Present Perfect
Continuous Tense rFk kPast
1. (b) he is dh txg he was gksxk] D;ksafd
;fn Principal clause dk verb Past Perfect Tense esapreposition of

Tense esa jgs rks Subordinate Time ds :i esa gksrk gsA

clause dk verb Hkhpast tense esa 6. (a) ‘have been adoring’ ds cnys‘have
gksrk gSA adored’ dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
adore,
2. (a) was ds cnyshad been dk iz;ksx gksxk] admire, believe, rely trust,
hope v k fn Verbs d k iz; k s x
D;ksafdPast ds cnys unfulfilled
indefinite ;k Perfect tense esa gksrk
wish, desire, condition ds fy,
Past Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk
gS] tSlsµ
gSA iz'u ds
Part (B) esawould have (i) I admire her, (u fd am admiring)

+ V3 dk iz;ksx gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd (ii) I have admired since I met her
had + V3 dk iz;ksx gksxkA 7. (a) ‘was’ ds cnys ‘has been’ dk iz;ksx

3. (c) I expect ds cnys I had expected gksxk] D;ksafd

‘until now’ ds lkFk

dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd

Past of the Past Present Perfect dk iz;ksx gksrk gS]

ds fy, Past Perfect dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsµ

131
 (i) He has been ill until now. (u vkfn ls 'kq: gksus okysclause esa
fd was ill) Future Tense dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk
(ii) I have stayed here until now. gS cfYdFuture vFkZ ds fy, Hkh
(u fd was staying) Simple Present Tense dk iz;ksx
8. (a) ‘We got’ ds cnys ‘we had got’ dk fd;k tkrk gSA tSlsµ
iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
Pasttcdks nks ?kVukvksa Nobody will go out before the
dk ftØ gks tks ?kVuk igys ?kVh mlds police come.
fy, Past Perfect vkSj tks ?kVuk ckn esa Simple Present
?kVh mlds fy, Simple Past dk iz;ksx12. (a)He uses to study dk iz;ksx lgh ugha
gksrk gSA gSA ;gk¡ dsoy He studies dk iz;ksx

9. (a) saw ds cnyshad seen dk iz;ksx gksxkA

gksxk D;ksafd
Present habit dks crkus

bl Problem esaI wish.... ds }kjk ds fy, Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk

unfulfilled wish dks crk;k x;k gSA
gSA
ns[ksa% è;ku nsa%use to dk iz;ksxPast dh vknr
crkus ds fy, gksrk gS ysfdu
use to dk
(i) I wish I had died before he was
born.
iz;ksxPresent dh vknr crkuk xyr gSA
(ii) I wish had been born during the bl laca/ esaQuirk & green baum
reign of Akbar, the great. ds fopkj ns[ksa%
10. (a)Would have done dk iz;ksx Bhd ugha Used always takes the to-infinitive
gSA bldh txghad done dk iz;ksx gksxk] and occurs only in the past
tense.
D;ksafdPast ds unfulfilled wish,
13. (a)'have been knowing' ds cnys
desire, condition vkfn crkus ds fy,
'have known' dk iz;ksx djuk iM+sxk]
conditional clause esa]
D;ksafd
known, mean, suppose,
If + Subject + had + V3
understand vkfn Verbs dk iz;ksx
;k
vkerkSj ijSimple ;k Perfect Tense
Had + Subject + V3 esa gksrk gS] tSlsµ
dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSls& (i) I have known you for years.
(i) If Sarita had informed me, I (ii) I have not understood this
would have helped her. man
;k (iii) since I met him.
(ii) Had she informed me, I would 14. (a)'had stopped' ds cnys'stopped' dk
have helped her. iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
Pasttcdh nks ?kVukvksa
11. (c) will fall ds cnys dsoyfall dk iz;ksx dk ftØ gks rks lkekU;r;k eq[;
Clause
lgh gksxk] D;ksafd
before, if, when esaPast Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk
132
 gS tcfd before, when vkfn okys ckr victim us tks dguk pkgk og mlds
Clause esaSimple Past dk] tSlsµ pkgus ls igys gqvk vFkkZr~~
Past of the
Before the doctor came the patient had died Past esa gqvkA
Simple past Past perfect è;ku j[ksa%Past of the Past dh
15. (b) 'I hear' ds cnys I have heard' dk ?kVukvksa dks crkusPast
ds fy,
Perfect
iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
this is the first Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSlsµ
time, it is the second time vkfn Mr. Das telephoned me about
ds ckn Present Perfect Tense dk the accident which had
iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ occurred two hours before.
It is the second time that you 19. (c) 'Kept' dk iz;ksx lgh ugha gSA ;gk¡
keep
have come here. dk iz;ksx gksxkA ns[ksaµ
20. (a)has not given dk iz;ksx xyr gSA ;gk¡
blds laca/ esa fuEufyf[kr rF; dks ns[ksaµ
We use a present perfect tense did not give dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd bl
after the following expressions: okD; esa Hkwrdky dh nks ?kVukvksa esa ls igys
(i) This/that/it is the first/ okyh ?kVuk ds fy, Past Perfect
second/third/fourth/etc. Tense rFkk ckn okyh ?kVuk ds fy,
(ii) This/that/it is the only..... Simple Past dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
(iii)This/that/it is the best/worst/ fn, x, Problem esa gesa ;g ns[kuk gS
finest/most interesting etc.
fd igys dkSu&lh ?kVuk ?kVhA fuf'pr :i
Examples:
ls Judge us decision nsus ls igys
This is the first time that I've
case dk vè;;u fd;kA vr%decision
heard her sing.
okykClause simplepast esa fy[kk
16. (a)'I will be thirty' ds cnys I am
tk,xk] tcfd case dh Study okyk
thirty dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
when
clause Past Perfect esaA
(tc) ls 'kq: gksus okysclause esa
21. (a)have dh txg have been gksxk] D;ksafd
Simple Present Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk
gS rFkk eq[; clause esaSimple okD; Present Perfect Tense ds
Future dk ns[ksa% Passive Structure ij vk/kfjr gSA bu
okD;ksa dks ns[ksa%
When I am twenty You will be twenty five

Simple present Simple future

(i) A letter has been written by
Nikita.
17. (a)Will get dh txg dsoy get dk iz;ksx
(ii) These books have been rivised
gksxkA
by Sri Sinha.
18. (a)has dh txg had dk iz;ksx lgh gksxkA
22. (c) it will rain ds cnysit rains dk iz;ksx
D;ksafd
the victim tried to tell us.
gksxk] D;ksafd tc
Future dh nks ?kVukvksa
;g okD;ka'kPast Tense esa gSA nwljh dk ftØ gks rks Conditional Clause
133
 esaSimple Present Tense dk iz;ksx None of my friends was/were
gksrk gS] tSlsµ there.
(i) What will you do in case you fail. 27. (b) 'has died' ds cnys 'died' dk iz;ksx
simple present gksxk] D;kasafd
part (C) esa'last week'
Note: Conditional clause ds 'kq: dk iz;ksx gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd ^mlds
esa inin case, if, when, before, firk ds ejus* dk dke Hkwrdky(past) esa
after, as long as vkfn ls 'kq: gksrs gSaA gqvk gSA
23. (b) No error Note: ;kn j[ksa fd fdlh okD; esa Past
24. (b) rains ds cnysrained dk iz;ksx gksxk] lwfpr djus okykTime Expression
D;ksafd tcReporting verb Past (tSls Yesterday, the day before
Tense esa gks Reported
rks Speech esa yesterday, last week, last
HkhPast Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ month, last year vkfn) dk iz;ksx
(i) He said that he would write to me. gks rks ml okD; dks Simple Past esa
(ii) Niharika thought that she j[kk tkrk gS] tSlsµ
could do all this. (i) Sunita came here last week.
25. (d)Sentence is correct. (u fd has come)
26. (c) 'arrived' ds cnys has arrived ;k (ii) They went there the day
have arrived dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd before yesterday.
yet dk use tc up to now (vc rd) 28. (a)'you are starting' ds cnys 'you
ds vFkZ esa gks rks blds lkFk
Present started' dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd orZeku
Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk ds unfulfilled wish, condition,
gS] tSlsµ desire vkfn dks O;Dr djus ds fy,
It
(i) Has Tom left yet? is time, It is high time, I wish,
(ii) Have the children gone to If, As if vkfn ds lkFk
Simple Past
school yet? dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ
è;ku nsa%
None of ds ckn Singular ;k It is time you reached the
plural verb dk iz;ksx gks ldrk gSA vr,o] station.
(i) None of then has arrived. Simple past
(ii) None of them have arrived. 29. (b) 'had' ds cnys 'have' dk iz;ksx gksxk]
bu nksuksa dk iz;ksx gks ldrk gS] ns[ksa% D;ksafd iwjh ?kVuk esa O;Dr Hkko
Present

After none of the verb may be

dk gS] tSlsµ
singular or Plural. but (i) He seems to be happy because
competitive exam ds fy, sing. his father has sent him a suit.
verb T;knk lgh ekuh tkrh gSA (ii) You are happy because you
have got a job.

134
30. (a)'he teaches' d s c nys he is Note: Appear vU; vFkks± esa gksus okys iz;ksxksa
teaching' dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd orZekudks ns[ksaµ
ds fdlh LFkk;h dk;Z ds fy,
Present (a) appear dk vFkZ ^izdkf'kr gksuk*
(to be
Continous dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA published) gks rks bldk iz;ksx
These days temperature Continuous Tense esa gksrk gS] tSlsµ
31. (b) 'he is getting up' ds cnys'he gets My next book is appearing this
up' dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd orZeku dh vknrmonth.
(present habit) crkus ds fy, (b) appear dk iz;ksx tc come before
Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ the public ds vFkZ esa gks rks bldk iz;ksx
(i) He returns before sunset. Continuous Tense esa gksrk gS] tSlsµ
Simple present Now an eminent artist is
(ii) They often come to see me. (u appearing on the stage.

fd came to see me) 35. (a)you are coming ds cnysyou come

32. (a)'who is hating' ds cnys 'who dk iz;ksx gksxkA è;ku j[ksaµorZeku dh vknr
hates' dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
Universal (Present habit) crkus ds fy,

Truth (lkoZHkkSfed lR;) ds fy, Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ

Simple Present dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ(i) Whenever she weeps nobody asks he the reason.

Simple Present Simple Present

(i) A vegetarian is a person who
36. (a)'you will find' ds cnys 'you find'
never eats meat.
(ii) A theist is a person who dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd tc dh
Future
believes in God. nks ?kVukvksa dk ftØconditional
gks rks
33. (a)lived dh txg has lived gksxk D;ksafd clause Simple Present r F k k
Part (A) esa iz;qDr
'is sitting' rFkk Principal clause e sa Simple
Part (C) esa iz;qDr
'has never Future Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ
created' ls Li"V gS fd fn;k x;k okD; (i) Until comes I will wait for him

Present Tense dk gSA Simple Present Simple Present

34. (a)'It is appearing' d s c nys 'It 37. (b) will complete d h txg has
appears' dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd
appear completed dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
dk vFkZ tcseem (izrhr gksuk) gks rks Future time ds Hkko dks O;Dr djus
appear dk iz;ksx
Simple Tense esa ds fy, Simple present tense esa
gksrk gS u fd
Continuous Tense esaA he hopes to become dk iz;ksx gqvk

(i) It appears that he will fail in

gSA pw¡fd
officer cuus ds fy, igys

this exam. higher education izkIr djuk gS] vr%

Simple Present bl dk;Z ds fy, Present Perfect
tense dk iz;ksx gksxkA

135
 bl lanHkZA.S
esa Hornby ds fopkj ns[ksa% Past dh gSA iz'u esa fn, x, okD; esa
The Present and Present Past dh rhu ?kVukvksa dksls tksM+k
and
Perfect Tenses may indicate x;k gSA tSlsµ
future time in temporal or (i) She [arrived ... + did ... + called
conditional clause. ...]
I can't decide until I've
42. (a)has dh txg had dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
discussed the matter with my
tc Hkwrdky dh nks ?kVukvksa dk ftØ gks
wife.
r ks after o k yk Clause, Past
38. (b) okD; 'kq¼ gSA
Perfect esa gksrk gSmain
rFkk clause
39. (a)'made' ds cnysmakes dk iz;ksx gksxk]
Simple Past esa] tSlsµ
D;kskafd
Universal truth ds fy,
(i) Sunit got disappointed after
Simple present Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk
she had made two futile
gSA attempts.
Note: Arithmetic d s e qr k fc d (ii) I returned home after I had
singular verb ds iz;ksx dks csgrj ekuk spent five hours here.

ds 43. (d)No error D;ksafd

tkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd iz'uPart unfulfilled hope,
(B) esa'Two and two' ds fy, makes expectation vkfn ds fy, hope,

ds iz;ksx dk lq>ko fn;k x;k gSA bl laca/ expect vkfn ds lkFkPast Perfect

esaPaul Roberts dk fopkj gS% tense dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vr% fn,
x, Problem esaI had hoped dk iz;ksx
When the subject is a
Bhd gSA bl laca/ esa fuEufyf[kr rF; dks
preposition in arithmetic, the
singular is rather more ns[ksa%
common, though the plural is The Past Perfect Tense is used
sometimes used. with such Verbs as hope,
40. (a)has ds cnyshad dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd expect, think, intend, mean,
suppose and want to indicate
Part (A) esaPast dh ?kVuk gS tcfd
that a past hope, expectation,
Part (B) esaPast of the past dh intention, desire, etc. was not
ftlds fy, Past Perfect Tense dk realised.
iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ (i) We had hoped that you would
be able to visit us.
(i) I did not know When he had come
(ii) I had meant/intended to call
Past tense Past perfect
on you, but was prevented from
41. (b) 'has called' ds cnys'called' dk iz;ksx doing so.
gksxk] D;ksafd
Part (A) esaarrived dk
44. (a)'you have taken' ds cnys 'you
iz;ksx gqvk gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd ?kVuk took' dk iz;ksx gksxkA

136
 è;ku j[ksa%It is time, It is high (i) Here he comes.
time, It is about time ds lkFk (ii) There she goes!
Present time unfulfilled wish, (iii) Here comes the bus!
condition, desire vkfn dks O;Dr djus (iv) There goes the bell!
ds fy, Simple Past Tense dk iz;ksx48. (a)told ds cnystell dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
gksrk gS] tSlsµ Universal Truth ds fy, Simple
(i) It is time you took breakfast. Present Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA okD;
Past tense dk Subject 'News paper' plural
45. (a)'has had' ds cnys 'will have' dk gS vr%verb Hkhplural gh gksxkA vr%
iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd fdlh dk;Z ds fy, tks okD; esa
tell dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Hkfo"; esa iwjk gks pqdk jgsxk 49. (b) grew ds cnysgrowing dk iz;ksx gksxk
Future
Perfect Tense dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tSlsµ D;ksafd Continuous Tense esaam/
(i) By this time tomorrow he will is/are+V1 + ing dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk
have reached Patna. gS] tSlsµ
(ii) She will have finished the (i) We are growing day by day
work by next year. are V1+ing
46. (d)No error 50. (b) have ds cnysdid dk iz;ksx gksxk] D;ksafd
47. (a)'is coming' dh txg comes dk iz;ksx Past event/time tkuus ds fy,
gksxk] D;ksafd
here, there ls 'kq: gksus iz'u o kpd o k D ; (Intrrogative
okys okD;ksa esa Present dk iz;ksx
Simple Sentence) esaSimple Past dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA ns[ksa% gksrk gSA tSls%
The Simple Present Tense is (i) When did he go there? (u fd
also used in exclamatory
has he gone)
sentences beginning with here
and there. (ii) What did he say? (u fd has he
said )

137
 Time & Tense Advance [Exercise-3]
Direction:- (1 to 30) in the following 12. If I had not slipped, (a)/1 will have
questions, some of the sentences have won (b)/ the race, (c)/No error (d)
errors and some have none. Find out 13. The match will start (a)/ as soon
which part of a sentence has an error as (b)/ the chief guest will arrive,
corresponding to the appropriate letter (c)/ No error (d)
(a, b c) If there is no error, your 14. If he confessed his crime, (a)/ the
answer will be, No error (d). judge would have (b)/ acquitted
1. Had you been to Kolkata, (a)/1 him. (c)/ No error (d)
would also go (b)/ with you. (c)/ 15. He will die (a)/ If he will take (b)/
No error, (d) the overdose of sleeping pills, (c)/
2. Had you worked hard in time, (a)/ No error (d)
you would certainly succeed (b)/ in 16. If you saw (a)/ the movie, (b)/ you
the examination (c)/ Nc error, (d) would have liked it (c)/No error (d)
3. The speaker would have cut a 17. If I would have realized (a)/ the
sorry figure (a)/ if he did not come nature of the job earlier, (b)/1
(b)/well prepared, (c)/No error, (d would not have accepted it. (c)/
4. I would overpower the thief (a)/ if No error (d)
he had not jumped (b)/ over the 18. As’soon as (a)/1 will get my salary,
wall, (c)/ No error, (d) (b)/ I will repay your loan, (c)/ No
error (d)
5. He talks (a)/ as if (b)/ he was my
boss, (c)/ No error, (d) 19. If I am (a)/ the prime Minister of
India, (b)/ I would work wonders,
6. If he will apologize, (a)/ he will
(c)/ No error (d)
(b)/ be excused, (c)/ No error, (d)
20. If you will work hard, (a)/ you will
7. I shall be very angry (a)/ if you
get through (b)/ your exam, (c)/
will break (b)/ any more plates, No error (d)
(c)/ No error, (d)
21. You would have succeeded, (a)/ if
8. The candidates will be (a)/ you acted upon (b)/ my advice, (c)/
selected (b)/ as they are found fit. No error (d)
(c)/ No error, (d)
22. Had he come (a)/ even a moment
9. I had no chance of (a)/ getting a earlier (b)/ he would found me
job, (b)/ if you had not backed me. there, (c)/ No error (d)
(c)/ No error, (d) 23. If the bus (a)/ had not broken down
10. When I will go to Nepal, (a)/1 will (b)/we will be (c)/at home now. (d)
purchase (b)/ a watch for my 24. If you would have read (a)/ the
younger brother, (c)/ No error, (d) instructions carefully (b)/ you
11. I will hit (a)/ him hard (b)/ if he would not have (c)/ answered the
will provoke me. (c)/ No error (d) question wrongly, (d)

138
25. Had he not reached in time (a)/ 4. (a) Would overpower ds LFkku ij
he will have missed (b)/ a golden would have overpowered dk iz;ksx
opportunity which comes (c)/ once
gksxkA
in a while, (d)
26. John would have told (a)/ you the Eg. If I had known you were
truth (b)/ if you had asked him coming I would have baked a
(c)/ No error, (d) cake.
27. Had I realized (a)/ that it was (b)/ 5. (c) Was ds LFkku ij
were dk iz;ksx gksxk
such a long way I would take a D;ksafd
conditional sent. esa lHkh
taxi, (c)/ No error, (d) subject ds lkFkwere dk iz;ksx gksrk
28. If I would have realized (a)/ what gSA D;ksafd
if + sub. + V2 + .... would
a bad driver you were (b)/1 would + bare infinitive
not have come with you. (c)/ No
Eg. If I were you, I would resign
error, (d)
at once.
29. If you would have completed (a)/
6. (a) Will dk iz;ksx ugha gksxk o
apologize
the assignment (b)/I would have
granted you leave, (c)/No error (d) dks apologizes esachange djsaxsIf
30. John would have told (a)/ you clause esamodal dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
truth (b)/ if you had asked him Eg. If it rains in California,
(c)/ No error, (d) everybody always gets gloomy.
Answer with Explanation-3 7. (b) Will dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
1. (b) I would also go ds LFkku Iijwould
8. (c) As ds LFkku if
ij dk iz;ksx gksxkA
have also gone dk iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd
9. (a) Had no chance of ds LFkku would
ij
had+V3-would have V3 dk iz;ksx
have no chance of dk iz;ksx gksxkA
fd;k tkrk gSA
10. (a)Will dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
Eg. If you had warned me, I
11. (c) Will provoke ds LFkku ij
provokes
would not have told your father
about that party. dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
If okys okD; esa

2. (b) Would certainly succeed ds LFkku Modal dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA

ij would have V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Eg. If you play well, you will win
the match.
Eg. If I had found her address.
I would have sent her an 12. (b) Will have ds LFkku ij
would have
invitation. dk iz;ksx gksxkA
If had + V3 .... would
3. (b) Did not come ds LFkku ij
had not + have + V3 dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
come dk iz;ksx gksxkA Eg. I would have been happy if
Eg. If I had worked harder I you had called me on my
would have passed the exam. birthday.

139
13. (c) Will dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA
as soon as, 22. (c) Would found ds LFkku ijwould
unless, if okys okD; esa
modal dk have found dk iz;ksx gksxkA had
D;ksafd
iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA + V3 would have V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k
14. (b) Would have ds LFkku ij
would dk tkrk gSA
iz;ksx gksxk D;ksafd
if + sub. + V2 + ... Eg. If it had rained, you would
would + bare infinite. have gotten wet.
15. (b) Will take ds LFkku takes
ij dk iz;ksx23. (c) Would be ds LFkku ij
would have
gksxkA found dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
had+V3
Eg. If this thing happens, that would have V1 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
thing will happen. Eg. If you had given me your e-
16. (c) Would have ds LFkku had
ij dk iz;ksx mail, I would have written to
gksxkA you.

Eg. If I had known you were in 24. (a)Would have read ds LFkku ij
had
hospital, I would have visited read dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
had + V3
you. would V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
17. (a)Would have ds LFkku had
ij dk iz;ksx Eg. I would have bought you a
gksxkA present if I had known it was
your birthday.
18. (b) Will get ds LFkku get
ij dk iz;ksx gksxkA
25. (b) Will have ds LFkku ij would have
Eg. If you don’t hurry, you will
miss the train.
dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
had + V3 would
have V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
19. (a)Am ds LFkku ij were dk iz;ksx gksxkA
D;ksafdif + sub + V2 + .... would You would have passed your
+ bare infinitive. exam if you had worked harder.

Eg. If you brought my school 26. (d)No error.

supplies for me, I might be able 27. (c) Would take ds LFkku would
ij have
to go to the park. taken dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd
had +
20. (a)Will work ds LFkku work
ij dk iz;ksx V3 would have V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k
gksxkA tkrk gSA
Eg. If it rains today, you will get Eg. If you had worked harder,
wet. you would have passed your
21. (a)Will have succeeded ds LFkku ij exam.
would succeed dk iz;ksx gksxkA D;ksafd I would have believed you if you
if + sub. + V2 + .... would + bare hadn’t lied to me before.
infinitive If you hadn’t lied to me before,
I would have believed you.

140
28. (a)Would have ds LFkku had
ij dk iz;ksx Eg. If I had worked harder I
gksxkA D;ksafd
had + V3 would have might have passed the exam.
V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA You could have been on time if
you had caught the bus.
Eg. If I’d known you were in
30. (a)No error.
hospital, I’d have visited you.
Eg. If Sachin had played well,
29. (a)Would have ds LFkku had
ij dk iz;ksx
India would have won the
gksxkA D;ksafd
had + V3 would have match.
V3 dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

141
 PUNCTUATION AND THE USE OF
7 CAPITAL LETTERS

fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk esa

Punctuation dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA fdlh;k Passage esa vFkZ
sentence
dh Li"Vrk ;k leqfpr fojke ds fy, fu/kZfjr fpUgksa ds iz;ksx dhPunctuation
fof/ dks dgrs gSaA
Punctuation Marks dh lgk;rk ls okD;ksa dks i<+us] cksyus vkSj muds vFkZ dks le>us esa lqxerk gksrk
English esa eq[;Punctuation Marks bl izdkj gSa&
1. Semicolon ( ; )
2. Full Stop ( . )
3. Comma ( , )
4. Inverted Commas (" ..............") ;k (' ........ ')
5. Colon ( : )
6. Question Mark ( ? )
7. Exclamation Mark ( ! )
8. Hyphen ( - )
9. Dash ( _ )
10. Apostrophe ( ' )
vc bu fpUgksa vkSj buds iz;ksx ij fopkj djsaA
1. Semicolon ( ; )
1. Comma dk iz;ksx ogk¡ gksrk gS tgk¡ de Bgjus dh t:jr gksrh gSAdk iz;ksx ogk¡ gksrk gS
Full Stop
tgk¡ vf/d Bgjus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA ogha
Semicolon dk iz;ksx ogk¡ gksrk gS tgk¡ ls dqN
Comma
vf/d rFkk Full Stop ls dqN de Bgjus dh t:jr iM+rh gSA
2. ,sls constructions ftuds Hkhrj
Comma iz;qDr gks] mUgsa
Semicolon }kjk tksM+k tkrk gSA tSls&
He was a brave, large hearted man; we all honoured him. If you are a
master, sometimes be blind; If you are a servant, sometimes be deaf.
2. Full Stop ( . )
1. Interrogative, Optative rFkkExclamatory Sentences dks NksM+dj fdlh Hkh rjg ds iw.kZ
okD; ds var esa
Full stop dk iz;ksx gksrk gSAShe
tSls&
is a Girl.
Go there.
Don't do this.

142
2. vktdy Dr, Mr, Mrs, St(Saint) ds cknFull stop dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd vc ;s iwjs 'kCn
dh Hkk¡fr iz;qDr gksrs gSa] laf{kIr 'kCnksa dh Hkk¡fr ughaA
3. vktdy cgqr lkjs izpfyrAbbreviations ds ckn Hkh
Full Stop dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
OUP, VIP, UNO, MLA, BBC
4. :i;s&iSls] MkWyj&'ksaV] ikSaM&f'kfyax rFkk ?kaVk&feuV
Full Stop dk iz;ksx
ds chpgksrk
esa gSA tSls&
Rs. 20.50 (read as twenty rupees and fifty paise)
6.40 a.m. (read as six-forty or forty past six)
$ 2.30 (read as two dollars and thirty cents)
5. vxj dksbZ okD;
Abbreviation ls var gksrk gS] rks okD; ds var esa ,d gh
Full Stop fn;k tkrk gS]
nks ughaA tSls&
Come at 6 p.m.
He is an I.A.S.
I am an M.L.A.
3. Comma ( , )
1. vxj okD; esa ,d ghPart of Speech ds rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d 'kCn ,d ds ckn ,d vkrs gSa] rks
muds chpComma fn;k tkrk gS] tSls fd bu mnkgj.kksa ls Li"V gS&
Sohan, Ram, Mohan and Gopal are my friends.
I know Hindi, English, Urdu and Panjabi.
Meena, Gita or Sita can do this.
He is tall, gentle and handsome.
He is always eating, drinking and dancing.
2. ;fn fdlh 'kCn dks nksgjk;k tk,] rks muds chp dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Comma
Go, go; I don't need you.
Try, try again.
3. dHkh&dHkh okD;Words
esa nksbl izdkj jgrs gSa ftUgsa vyx&vyx dqN :ddj i<+us dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA ,sls nks 'kCnksa ds chp
Comma dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rkfd nksuksa 'kCnksa dks xyrh ls ,d gh
lkFk u i<+ fy;k tk,A
What he is, is known to me.
What he does, does not suit me.
What he did, was quite clear.
He who can, does; he who cannot, teaches.
What should be done, should be done.

143
4. okD; esa iz;qDr
Apposition in ds igys vkSj ckn esa
Comma dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj
Apposition in nksCommas ds chp esa vk tkrk gSA
I, Shyam, am a student.
Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, was a great man. He, the
son of a rich man, is very proud.
5. dqN okD;ksa esa of address dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ;fn ;g okD; ds vkjaHk esa vk,] rks Bhd blds
words
cknComma yxk,¡A ;fn ;g okD; ds chp esa vk,] rks bldh nksuksa
Commacxy yxk,¡A tSls&
Go out, Ram.
May I go out, sir?
Sohan, where are you going?
Ladies and gentlemen, listen to me attentively.
I know, Mukesh, that only you can do this.
What are you doing, Girls?
6. dHkh&dHkh okD; ds chp esawords/phrases/clauses
ckgj ls dks j[k fn;k tkrk gS ftUgsa vxj
fudky Hkh nsa rks okD; ds
construction esa dksbZ varj ugha vkrkA ,sls
words/phrases/clauses
dh nksuksa Comma
rjiQ dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
You will, I hope, agree with me.
His life was, in several ways, fruitless.
He, however, passed the examination.
I, therefore, request you to grant me leave.
He is, after all, my friend.
7. vxj okD; esain fact, in short, for example, therefore, however, of course, too
moreover, for instance, on the contrary, by the way tSlsexpressions iz;qDr jgrs
gSa] rks bUgsa Hkh}kjk okD; ds 'ks"k Hkkx ls vyx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
Comma
In fact, he is a good singer.
I, too, have been to Paris.
I love you, too.
I have been to Paris, too.
8. Yes/No ds cknComma dk iz;ksx vo'; gksrk gS] tc blds ckn dksbZ okD; vkrk gSA tSls&
Yes, I will help you.
No, You can't.
9. Dates ds lkFkComma dk iz;ksx bl izdkj gksrk gS&
July 20, 1990
20 July, 1990

144
 ;fn dsoy eghuk vkSj o"kZ nsukComma
gks] rksns Hkh ldrs gSa] ugha HkhA
He was born in March, 1957.
He was born in April 1967.
10. i=k esa vfHkoknu
(salutation) rFkk fonkbZ
(words of leave-taking) ds cknComma fn;k
tkrk gSA tSls&
Dear Mother, Yours affectionately,
Dear Suresh, Yours faithfully,
Yours sincerely, Sincerely yours,
Dear Mary, Yours truly,
11. dqN okD;ksa esa tc dk yksi gks tkrk gS] rc oSlh voLFkk
Verbs esa ds ckn ,d Comma
Subject
vkrk gSA tSls&
I like fish; my friend, chicken.
I am going today; she, tomorrow.
He will succeed; you, never.
He is a Rajput; she, a Brahmin.
12. Question Tag dksMain Clause ls vyx djus ds fy, Comma dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
You will go tomorrow, won't you?
He is ready, isn't he?
Bring a glass of water, will you?
13. okD; esa iz;qDr
Direct Speech dks okD; ds 'ks"k Hkkx ls vyx djus Comma
ds fy, dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls&
He said, "I am ready."
She said to me, "When will you come?"
"I don't know her," she said.
"You know," said she, "that I don't like him."
Reporting Verb vk,] rks vHkh"V
Direct Speech ds cknComma dk iz;ksx ugha gksxkA tSls&
"Where are you going?" he asked me.
"Well done!" he said.
14. ;fn okD; ds 'kq: esa
Adverbial Clause jgs ;k Non-finite/verbless Construction jgs]
rks blds ckn
Comma dk iz;ksx gksxkA tSls&
If he comes to me, I shall Help him.
When I was a bachelor, I lived by myself.
As soon as he saw the tiger, he fled away.

145
 To be sure of getting there on time, he left an hour early.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.
15. okD; esa iz;qDr
Adverbial Phrase, Participle Phrase ;k Absolute Phrase ds ckn
Comma dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
The sun having set, we all went home.
At present, I have nothing to care for.
At last, he succeeded.
Having worked hard, he felt tired.
4. Inverted Commas (".............")
Inverted Commas dksQuotation Marks Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Inverted Commas single
('......') Hkh gks ldrk gSdouble
vkSj ("........") HkhA vki nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA buds
iz;ksx bl izdkj gSa&
1. Inverted Commas dk iz;ksx
Quotation vkSjDirect Speech dks ?ksjus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA tSls&
He said, "What are you doing?"
Shakespeare says, "Sweet are the uses of adversity."
2. Inverted Commas dk iz;ksx iqLrd] dgkuh] dfork] ys[k] v[kckj vkfn ds uke ds lkFk Hkh gksrk
gSA tSls&
Have you read "Hamlet"?
'Ode on Solitude' is a famous poem.
I read 'The Times of India' everyday.
3. okD; esa iz;qDrwords/phrases
,sls dks Hkh
Inverted Commas ds Hkhrj j[kk tkrk gS ftuij
fo'ks"k ?;ku
(special attention) nsus dh t:jr gS ;k tks
context esaunusual gSaA tSls&
The word 'please' is a very useful word.
5. Colon ( : )
1. Colon dk iz;ksx fdlh lwph
(list) ;k mnkgj.k
(example) dks vkjaHk djus ds fy, gksrk gSA tSls&
The following words are nouns: cat, cow, boy and girl.
I want the following: books, pens and notebooks.
2. Direct Speech rFkkQuotation ds igys Colon dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&
He said: "I will do it."
Once Mrs Indira Gandhi said: We must do ......
3. Dialogue esa oDrk ds uke ds Colon
ckn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
Teacher: What are you doing?
Ram: Sir, I am doing my lessons.
146
 6. Question Mark ( ? )
1. Interrogative Sentence ds var esa
Question Mark dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
What is your name?
"What do you know?" asked he.
He said to me, "What are you doing?"
Who are you?
2. Question Tag ds cknQuestion Mark dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
You are going tomorrow, aren't you?
Come tomorrow, will you?
7. Exclamation Mark ( ! )
1. Optative sentence rFkkExclamatory Sentence ds var esa
Exclamation Mark dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
How lovely she looks!
May God help you!
What a beautiful scene it is!
What a good luck!
2. Interjections rFkk ,slsPhrases/Sentences ftuls vkdfLed Hkko O;Dr gks] muds ckn
Exclamation Mark dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
Oh dear! Oh! Enough!
What fun! Well done!
Alas! Hello!
Oh! Good Heavens!

8. Hyphen ( - )
1. vxj fdlh okD; dk dksbZ 'kCn iafDr ds var esa txg ds vHkko ds dkj.k iwjk ugha vkrk gS] rks ml viw.k
'kCn ds ckn
Hyphen fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ml 'kCn ds 'ks"k Hkkx dks vxyh iafDr ds vkjaHk esa fy[kk tkrk gS
2. fdlh 'kCn dksyllable iwjk gks tkus ds ckn gh nsaA tSls
Hyphen beau-ti-ful, im-me-di-ate.
vxj beautiful okD; ds var esa fy[kuk gks vkSj iwjkbeau
u vk,]ds
rks
cknHyphen nsa ;k
beauti
ds cknHyphen nsaA
3. English esa cgqr lkjs
compound vkSjcomplex words gSa ftuds
formation esa
Hyphen dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls&
brother-in-law self-made non-Indians
sister-in-law vice-president non-violence

147
 9. Apostrophe ( ' )
1. Contractions (laf{kIr 'kCnksa) esa yqIr v{kj ;k la[;k dsApostrophe
LFkku ij dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls&
Ma'am for Madam I'll for I will
can't for cannot It's for it is
I'm for I am '82 for 1982
2. Noun ds Possessive Form esaApostrophe dk iz;ksx gksrk gSARam's
tSls& cow, the
cow's milk, the boys' names.

148
 8 SILENT LETTERS IN WORDS

Silent Letters In Words (vuqPpfjr v{kj)

vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa dqN o.kZ vuqPpfjr vFkkZr~
silent ) gksrsewd
gSaA
( ijarq fons'kh Hkk"kk gksus ds dkj.k ;s f'k{kkfF
ds fy, ,d leL;k cu tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ muesa ls dqN 'kCnksa ds ,sls jkspd <ax ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gS fd vki vè;k;
ds }kjk ,sls 'kCnksa ij
Mastery izkIr dj ldsaxsA
B Silent
M ds ckn rFkk
t ls iwoZ dk
b izk;%
silent jgrk gS] tSls%
Bomb (ckWe) ¾ ce Tomb (VkWe) ¾ lekf/Comb (dkWe) ¾ da?kkLamb (ySe) ¾ eseuk
Dumb (Me) ¾ xwaxk
Debt (MSV) ¾ ½.k Thumb (Fke) ¾vaxwBk
Doubt (MkmV)lansg
¾
P Silent
N rFkks ls iwoZ vk;k
P silent jgrk gS
Pneumonia (U;weksfu;k) ¾ fueksfu;k Pneumatics (U;weSfVDl) ¾ ok;q'kkL=k
Psalm (lke) ¾ Hktu Psychology (lkbdkWyksth) ¾ euksfoKku
M Silent
M ds i'pkr~n silent jgrk gS
Autumn (vkWVe) ¾ ir>M+ Column (dkWye) ¾ i`"B dk Hkkx
Condemn (daMse) ¾ fuank djuk Hymn (fge) ¾ Lrks=k
L Silent
m, f, k ,oa d ls iwoZ
'l' silent jgrk gS tSls
Palm (ike) ¾ gFksyh
Calm (dke) ¾ 'kkar Psalm (lke) ¾ Hktu Balm ( cke) ¾ eyge
Half (gkiQ) ¾ vk/k Calf (dkiQ) ¾ cNM+k
Talk ( VkWd
) ¾ckrsa djuk Folk (iQkWd)
¾ tulewg
Would oqM ¾
Will dk past tense Could dqM ¾
can dk past tense
K Silent
n ls iwoZ vk;k
K silent jgrk gS
Know (uks) ¾ tkuuk Knife (ukbiQ) ¾ pkdw
Knot (ukWV) ¾ xkaB
Knock (ukWd) ¾ [kV[kVkuk Knight (ukbV) ¾ ;ks¼k

149
G Silent
n ls iwoZ vk;k
g silent jgrk gS
Gnat (uSV) ¾ ePNj Sign (lkbu) ¾ fpg~Uk Resign (fjtkbu) ¾ R;kx&i=k nsuk
Reign (jhu) ¾ 'kklu Design (fMtkbu) ¾ jpuk
H Silent
Hour (vkoj) ¾ ?kaVk Honour ( vkW
uj) ¾ bTtr Heir (,vj) ¾ mÙkjkf/dkjh
C Silent
Scent (lSaV) ¾ b=k Science ( lkbal
) ¾ foKku Scene (lhu) ¾ n`';
U Silent
Guard (xkMZ ¾ pkSdhnkj Guess (xsl) ¾ vuqeku yxkuk
Guest (xsLV ¾ vfrfFk Churn (puZ) ¾ eFkuk
W Silent
Wrap (jSi) ¾ yisVuk Wrong (jkWx) ¾ xyr
Answer (vkalj) ¾ mÙkj Sword (lksMZ) ¾ ryokj
Gh Silent
;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esa
gh, ght ns j[kk gksgh
rksizk;%
Silent jgrk gS] tSls
High (gkbZ) ¾ mQapk Fought (iQkV) ¾ yM+k Sigh (lkbZ) ¾ vkgsa Hkjuk
Taught (VkWV) ¾ i<+k;k Thigh (FkkbZ) ¾ tka?k Fight (iQkbV) ¾ ;q¼
Though (nks) ¾ ;|fi Bright (czkbV) ¾ pedhyk Through (Fkzw) ¾ ls
Delight (fMykbV) ¾ vkuanBought (ckWV) ¾ [kjhnk Slight (LykbV) ¾ rfud&lk
Caught (dkWaV) ¾ idM+sMight x, (ekbV) ¾ 'kfDr Brought (czkWV) ¾ yk;k
Knight (ukbV) ¾ ;ks¼k Laugh (ykiQ) ¾ galuk Thought (FkkWV) ¾ fopkj
D Silent
;fn g ls iwoZ
d ns j[kk gksdrks
izk;%silent gks tkrk gS] tSls
Edge (,st) ¾ fdukjk Grudge (xzt) ¾ bZ";kZ Hedge (gSt) ¾ >kM+h
Budget ( ctV) ¾ ys[ kk&tks
[ kk Ledger ( yStj) ¾ cgh [kkrk Bridge (fczt) ¾ iqy
T Silent
;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esa
ten ns j[kk gksTrks
izk;%silent jgrk gS] tSls
Hasten (gslu) ¾ tYnh djuk Listen (fylu) ¾ è;ku ls lquuk
Often (vkWiQu)¾ vDlj] izk;% Soften (lkWiQu)¾ dksey gksuk
uksV%Q dHkh vdsyk ugha vkrkA
Q+u lnSo ^Do* dh èofu nsrk gS] tSls
Quick (fDod) ¾ 'kh?kz Quill (fDoy) ¾ dkaVk
Queen (Dohu)¾ jkuh Quilt (fDoYV) ¾ jtkbZ

150
 Rules for Spellings
Rule 1.
Q ds lkFk lnSo
u vkrk gS tSlsqueen,
% quarrel, quite, quiet, quick, quality, quench,
question.
Rule 2.
(a) ;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esa ^ * tksM+k tk,]full
Full rksdk ,d ^ l* de gks tkrk gS tSls%
Faith + full = Faithful Harm + full = Harmful
Cheer + full = Cheerful Truth + full = Truthful
(b) ;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esay &
gks] rks 'kCn ds var
fullesa
tksM+rs le;y &
dks &
i esa cny nsrs gSa_ tSls
Duty + full = Dutiful Beauty + full = Beautiful
(c) ;fn fdlh 'kCn ds ckn] ftlds var esa
"ll" gks] dqN tksM+k tk,] rks dsoy
'l' jg,dtkrk gS_ tSls
Well + come = Welcome Skill + full = Skilful
All + most = Almost All + ready = Already
viokn% Will + Being = Well-being
(d) ;fn fdlh 'kCn ds ckn] ftlds var esa
"l" gks] vkSj
'l' ls iwoZ dksbZ
'Vowel' gks] rks
Suffix yxkrs le;
'l' dksdouble dj fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls%
Label + ed = Labelled Quarrel + ed = Quarrelled
Travel + ed = Travelled Level+ed = Levelled
viokn% Parallel+ed = Paralleled, Legal+ise = Legalise
Quarrel + some = Quarrelsome
Rule 3.
;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esa
'well' ;k 'will' tksM+k tk,] rks l,d
* de
^ ugha gksxk_ tSls
Fare+well = Farewell Un+well = Unwell Good+will = Goodwill
Rule 4.
(a) ;fn fdlh 'kCn esa
&i vkSj&e feydj &ee (bZ) dh èofu ns rks
&i igys vk,xk rFkk
&e ckn esa_
tSls%believe, relieve, niece, yield, siege
viokn% Heir, neither etc.
Rule 5.
(a) ;fn fdlh verb ds var esa
&e gks rks mlesa
'-ing' tksM+rs le;
&e gVk fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls%
Come + ing = Coming Bite + ing = Biting
Write + ing = Writing Abuse + ing = Abusing
viokn% Be+ing = Being

151
(b) ;fn fdlh verb ds var esa-ee
^ *] ^-oe*] ^-ye* gks rks mlesa
-ing*^ tksM+rs le; dksbZ ifjorZu ugha
&gksrk_ tSls
Agree + ing = Agreeing See + ing = Seeing
Shoe + ing = Shoeing Eye + ing = Eyeing
(c) ;fn verb ds var esa-ie^* gks rks ^ * yxkrs le; -ie dk -y gks tkrk gS_ tSls
-ing
Die + ing = Dying Lie + ing = Lying
(d) ;fn verb ds vafre v{kj(w, k, y dks NksM+dj
) ds igysSingle vowel gks] rks
'-ing' c<+krs le;
vafre v{kj nks ckj fy[kk tkrk gS_ tSls
Sit + ing = Sitting Bid + ing = Bidding
Run + ing = Running Swim + ing = Swimming
Skip + ing = Skipping Beg + ing = Begging
vion% Pardoning, ironing, opening, burning
(e) ftu verb ds var esa
w, r ;k y gks rFkk mulsvowel
iwoZ gks] rks
'-ing' tksM+rs le; vafre v{kj nks
ckj ugha fy[kk tkrk gS_ tSls
Blow + ing = Blowing Answer + ing = Answering
lay + ing = Playing Water + ing = Watering
Rule 6.
ftu verb ds var esa
c gks rks muds lkFk
'-ed' vFkok'ing' tksM+rs le;
-k c<+k fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls%
Frolic + ed = Frolicked Mimic + ed= Mimicked
Frolic + ing = Frolicking Mimic + ing = mimicking
Rule 7.
;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esa
y gks vkSj
y ls iwoZ dksbZ
Consonant gks rks
Suffix 'ous' dks NksM+dj dksbZ Hkh
Suffix yxkrs le; y dksi esa cny fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls
Dry + ed = Dried Deny + al= Denial
Lady + es = Ladies Merry + er = Merrier
Merry + ly = Merrily Merry + ment = merriment
Busy + ness = Business Busy + est = Busiest
Rule 8.
;fn fdlh 'kCn ds var esa
e gks rks mlds lkFk
Suffix 'able'; 'ous' 'age' vFkok'-ish' yxkrs le; e
dks gVk fn;k tkrk gS_ tSls
Move + able = Movable Like + able= Likable
Virtue + ous = Virtuous Mile + age = Milage
Blue + ish = Bluish
152
viokn%ijarqge vFkokce ij lekIr gksus okys 'kCnksa-able
ds lkFk
;k -ous yxkrs le; e ugha gVk;k tkrk
gS_ tSls&
Courage+ous = Courageous,
Change+able = Changeable,
Peace+able = Peaceable
Rule 9.
-sy vkSj-se ij lekIr gksus okys 'kCn
Verbs gksrs gSa-cy
rFkk
vkSj-ce ij lekIr gksus okys 'kCn
noun
gksrs gSa_ tSls%

Rule 10.
'us' ij lekIr gksus okys 'kCn
Nouns gksrs gSa]'ous'
ijarqij lekIr gksus okys 'kCn
Adjective gksrs gSa_ tSls%

Gensus  Jealous 
 
Genius   Nouns Tremendous  Adjectives
Phosphorus Unanimous 

viokn% Promise
Rule 11.
ftu Nouns ds var esa
-o gks vkSj buls iwoZ dksbZ gks] rks
Consonant Plural cukrs le; -es c<+k;k tkrk
gS_ tSls%
Mango=Mangoes, Hero = Heroes, Buffalo = buffaloes
viokn%Photo = Photos, Piano = Pianos, Canto = Cantos

153
 9 CONVERSATION IN DAILY LIFE

See all things in their own peculiar place, and know that order is the greatest grace -
Dryden
;gk¡ ge vkidks nSfud okrkZyki esa iz;ksx gksus okys izeq[k okD;ksa ds fo"k; esa crk;saxs bu okD;ksa dks c
djds vki vaxzsth esa okrkZyki djus esa l{ke gks ldrs gSaA
Speaking euq"; esa prqjkbZ iSnk djrh GoodgSA
Speaking esa fuEufyf[kr nks xq.k gksrs gS%&
i. f'k"Vrk(Politeness) ii. vck/rk (Fluency)
f'k"Vrk dh ckrsacksyus
% ds <ax dks lH;vkd"kZd
vkSj cukus ds , fuEufyf[kr
fy kCnksa
' dk iz;ksx
pkfg,A
djuk
1. Thanks (FkSaDl)%
(a) ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkidk dksbZ dke djrk gS vFkok vkidh lgk;rk djrk gS vFkok vkidks dksbZ
oLrq nsrk gS] rks vkidks mldk vkHkkj izdV djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ ,d dguk pkfg,A
(i) Thanks (FkSaDl)
(ii) Thank you (FkSaDl ;w)
(iii) Thank you very much. (FkSad ;w oSjh ep)
(iv) Thanks a lot. (FkSaDl v ykWV)
(b) ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkidks dksbZ oLrq nsrk gS] ijarq vki mls ysus dks rS;kj ugha gSa] rks vkidks fu
'kCnksa esa ls dksbZ ,d dguk pkfg,A
(i) No thanks (uks] FkSaDl)
(ii) No, thank you (uks] FkSad ;w)
(c) ;fn vkius fdlh dk dksbZ dke fd;k ;k lgk;rk dh vkSj mlus vkHkkj izdV djus ds fy, vkidks
Thanks ;k Thank you dgk] rks vki f'k"Vrk ds ukrs mlds fy, fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ ,d
vo'; dgsaA
(i) That's all right. (nSV~l vkWy jkbZV)
(ii) So nice of you (uks ukbZl vkWiQ ;w)
(iii) So kind of you (lks dkbZaM vkWiQ ;w)
(iv) No mention, please (uks eSa'ku Iyht)
(v) Mention not (eSa'ku ukWV)
(vi) It's my pleasure (bV~l ekbZ Iystj)
154
2. Please (Iyht+)%;g f'k"V Hkk"kk dk egRoiw.kZ 'kCn gSA ;fn vkius fdlh O;fDr ls dksbZ oLrq ys
gks ;k mlls
dksbZ dke djokuk gks ;k mlls dksbZ ckr djuh gks] rks vko';drkuqlkj fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh
,d dk iz;ksx djsaA
(i) Please give me your book (Iyht fxo eh ;ksvj cqd)
(ii) Please, help me (Iyht+ gSYi eh)
(iii) Please listen to me (Iyht fyflu Vq eh)
(iv) Please be seated (Iyht ch lhfVM)
3. With great pleasure (fon xzsV Iystj)%
;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkils fdlh ckr dh vkKk pkgrk
gS vkSj vki vkKk nsus dks rS;kj gSa] rks ml le; vkidks dguk
Withpkfg,
great&pleasure
^fon xzsV Iystj*A ;fn vki pkgsa
by allrks
means ^ckbZ vky ehUt* vFkok
O, yes ^vks ;l* Hkh
dg ldrs gSaA
4. Same to you (lse Vq ;w)%
;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkidks
Happy Dewali (gSih fnokyh) vFkok
Happy New Year (gSih U;w b;j) dgrk gS] rks f'k"Vrko'k vki dg ldrs gSa&
Same to you (lse Vw ;w)A
5. Welcome (oSYde)%
;fn vkidks dksbZ fe=k fj'rsnkj vFkok dksbZ Hkh lTtu vkids ;gk¡ vkrk gS]
rks mlds Lokxr ds fy, vkidks fuEufyf[kr esa ls dksbZ ,d dg ldrs gS%
(i) Welcome (oSYde)
(ii) Most Welcome (eksLV oSYde)
(iii) You are welcome (;w vkj oSYde)
6. Please allow me (Iyht vyko eh)% ;fn vki dqN O;fDr;ksa dh laxr
(Company) esa cSBs
gksa vkSj ogk¡ ls tkuk pkgrs gks rks vFkok vki dksbZ ckr djuk pkgrs gSa] rks vkidks ;s 'kCn iz;k
pkfg, - Please allow me (Iyht vyko~ eh)A
7. Please excuse me (Iyht ,sDlD;wt eh)%;fn vkils dksbZ xyrh gks tk,] rks Hkwy lq/kjus ds
fy, vkidks bl NksVs& ls okD; dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A blds vfrfjDr ;fn dksbZ O;fDr vkids ekxZ
esa [kM+k gks vkSj vki ogk¡ ls xqtj u ldrs Excuse
gksa] vkids
me (,sDlD;wt eh) dgus ij og
O;fDr Lo;a gh jkLrk NksM+ nsxk
8. Sorry (lkWjh)% ;fn vkils dksbZ xyrh gks tk, rks]Sorry
rqjar(lkWjh) dk 'kCn dg nhft,A ,slk
dgus ij nwljk O;fDr vkidh xyrh dks {kek dj nsrk gSA dHkh&dHkh dksbZ O;fdr ,slh oLrq ekax cS
gS] ftls vki nsuk ugha pkgrs gksa] rks(lkWjh)
Sorry mls dgdj Vky ldrs gSaA tc dqN O;fDr vkil
esa ckrsa dj jgs gksa] rks fuEufyf[kr okD; dgdj vki mudh ckr dks dqN nsj ds fy, jksddj viuh
ckr dg ldrs gSaA
(i) Sorry to disturb you. (lkWjh Vq fMLVcZ ;w)
(ii) Sorry to interrupt you. (lkWjh Vq baVªIV ;w)

155
9. Pardon (ikMZu)%
;fn dksbZ O;fDr brus /hes Loj esa cksyrk gS fd vki mldh ckr le> ugha ik
jgs] rks bl voLFkk esaPardon
vki (ikMZu) dk 'kCn iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ftldk vfHkizk; gS fd
^ÑI;k nqckjk dfg,*A
dHkh dHkh& ge le; ls igys fdlh ls tkuk pkfgrs gSa vFkok fdlh ls vyx gksuk pkgrs gSa rks
Pardon (ikMZu) 'kCn dk iz;ksx bl izdkj djsaxs&
I beg your pardon (vkbZ cSx ;ksvj ikMZu)A
10. After you (vkÝVj ;w)%
;fn vki vius fe=k ds lkFk dgha tk jgs gSa rks jsy ds fMCcs esa ;k cl ij
p<+us
ds fy, vkidh bPNk ;gh gksxh fd vkidk fe=k igys tk,A bl voLFkk esa vki dgAfter
ldrs gSa&
you (vkÝVj ;w)A

f'k"Vkpkj laca/h dqN okD;

1- {kek dhft,] eq>s vkus esa nsj gks xbZA
Excuse me for being late.
(,sDlD;wt eh vkWj chabx ysV)
2- xyrh ls ,slk gks x;k] {kek dhft,A It was by mistake. Please excuse me.
bV okt ckbZ feLVsdA Iyht ,sDlD;wt eh
3- esjh vksj ls {kek ek¡x yhft,A Beg my apologies. cSx ekbZ vikWyksthtA
4- vki FkksM+k f[kldsaxs\ Would you mind moving a bit (little)?
oqM ;w ekbaM eqfoax v fcV (fyfVy)\
5- bls viuk gh le>saA It's all yours. bVl~ vkWy ;kstZA
OR
Feel at home here. iQhy ,sV gkse fg;jA

vfHkoknu
le;kuqdwy vfHkoknu laca/h okD;
izkr% dky dh ueLrs
nknh th] ueLdkj Good Morning. Grand'ma. xqM ekWfu±x] xzk.MekA
nknk th] uEkLdkj Good morning grand'pa. xqM ekWfu±x] xzk.MikA
firk th] ueLdkj Good morning. father. xqM ekWfu±x] iQknjA
ekrk th] ueLdkj Good morning, mother (mummy). xqM ekWfu±x enj (eEeh)A
pkpk] ekek] iwQiQk]Good
rkmQ]
morning, uncle. xqM ekWfu±x vadyA
ekSlk th ueLdkj
pkph] ekeh] cqvk] rkbZ]
Good morning, aunty. xqM ekWfu±x] vkaVhA
ekSlh th uEkLdkj
156
nksigj dh ueLrs%
nknk th] ueLrs Good afternoon, grand'pa. xqM vkÝVjuwu] xzk.MikA
ekrk th] ueLrs Good afternoon, mother. xqM vkÝVjuwu] enjA
ueLrs] csVh Good afternoon, dear. xqM vkÝVjuwu] fM;j
lk;adky ds i'pkr~
pkpkth] ueLdkj Good evening, uncle. xqM bZofuax] vadyA
HkkbZ lkgc] ueLdkj Good evening, brother. xqM bZofuax] cznjA
ueLrs] csVs Good evening, my son. xqM bZofuax] ekb luA
fonkbZ ds le; jkr esa%
'kqHk jkf=k Good night. xqM ukbV
feyus ds le;%
vkils feydj [kq'kh gqbZ
Glad to meet you. XySM Vw ehV ;w
fonkbZ ds le;%
vPNk fonk] fiz; cPpksa
Good bye, dear children. xqM ckbZ] fM;j fpYMªuA
rqe lc dks fonk Good bye to all of you. xqM ckb Vw vkWy vkWiQ ;wA
pysa] fiQj feysaxs Let's go. Hope to meet again ySV~l xks] gksi Vq ehV vxsuA
vPNk fiQj feysaxs See you again. lh ;w vxsuA
fiQj vkb,xk Do come again. Mw de vxsuA

A few exclamations (foLe;kfncks/d@Hkkocks/d 'kCn@okD;ka'k)

bu okD;ksa dks cksyus dk vH;kl djksA voljkuqlkj budk iz;ksx djds vki viuh cksypky esa LokHkkfodrk
ldrs gSaA
vjs ¾ Oh! vksg
gjs jke ¾ Oh God! vksg xkWM
lqfu, ¾ Hello! gSyks
vk'p;Ztud ¾ Wonderful! oaMjiqQy
fu'p; gh ¾ Definitely! MsfiQfuVyh
vPNk ¾ O.K.! vks- ds-
vPNk pysa ¾ Ta-Ta! Vk&Vk
fdruk I;kjk ¾ How Sweet! gkm LohV
esjs bZ'oj ¾ My Goodness! ekbZ xqMuSl

157
 vkids LokLF; ds fy, ¾ To your good health! Vw ;ksvj xqM gSYFk
vo'; ¾ Certainly! lVsZuyh
'kkck'k ¾ Well done! Bravo osYMu@czSoks
lpeqp ¾ Really! of course! jh;yh vkWiQ dkslZ
vyfonk ¾ Good bye! xqM ckbZ
cgqr vPNk ¾ Very well! osjh osy
fcYdqy Bhd ¾ Quite so! DokbV lks
vPNh ckr ¾ All right! vkWy jkbV
vfr lqUnj ¾ Beautiful! C;wVhiqQy
vgk! ¾ Hurrah! gqjkZ
;g fnu ckj&ckj vk;s ¾ Many happy returns of the day
eSuh gSIih fjVuZl vkWiQ n MsA
viuh Speaking esa vck/rk iSnk djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr fo"k;&oLrq dks dBLFk djsa vkSj ;kn fd;s x;s
sentences dks vius fe=kksa ds lkeus cksyus dh djsa vkSj ;g rks vki tkurs gh gS
Practice fd
Practice
makes a man perfect.
Forms of Small Speeches (cksypky ds NksVs&NksVs okD;)
eSa vHkh vk jgk gw¡w\ Just coming tLV dfeaxA
cgqr vPNkA Very Well oSjh oSyA
vPNh ckr gSA All right vkWy jkbVA
tSlh vkidh ethZA As you like ,t ;w ykbZdA
vkSj dqN\ Anything else. ,sfufFkax ,YlA
vkSj dqN ughaA Nothing more (else) ufFkax eksj (,Yl)A
FkksM+k&lk Hkh ughaA Not a bit ukWV , fcV~A
;g cgqr gSA It is too much bV bt Vq epA
gk¡] vo';A Yes, by all means. ;l] ckbZ vkWy ehalA
ugha] dHkh ughaA No, Never ukS] uSoj
dksbZ ckr ughaA Never mind uSoj ekbaMA
dksbZ [kkl ckr ughaA No mention ukS eSa'kuA
Hkjkslk j[ksaA Rest assured jsLV v';ksMZA
gk¡] tukcA Yes, sir ;l] ljA
ugha] tukcA No, sir uks] ljA
158
ueLrs Good morning/afternoon/ xqM ekWfu±x@vkÝVjuwu@
evening/night bofuax@ukbV
vPNk pysaA Ta-ta! Vk&Vk!
:dksA Stop LVkWi!
cksykA Speak Lihd!
lquksA Listen fyluA
;gk¡ BgjksA Stand (Stay) here LVSaM (LVs) fg;jA
b/j vkvksA Come here de fg;jA
b/j ns[kksA Look here yqd fg;jA
;g yksA Take this VSd fnlA
ckgj izrh{kk djksA Wait outside osV vkmVlkbMA
mQij tkvksA Go up xks viA
uhps tkvksA Go down xks MkmuA
mrj tkvksA Get down xsV MkmuA
rS;kj gks tkvksA Be (get) ready ch jsMhA
pqi jgksA Be silent ch lkbySaVA
/hjs pyksA Walk slowly okWd LyksyhA
tYnh&tYnh pyksA Walk fast okWd iQkLVA
tYnh djksA Make haste esd gsLV
pys tkvksA Go away xks vosA
eq>s rax er djksA Do not trouble me Mw ukWV Vªcy ehA
fpark er djksA Don't worry MksaV ojh

159
 SOME IMPORTANT WORDS OF THE
10 FOLLOWING TOPICS

Colours (jax)
Azure vT;ksj vklekuh
Black CySd dkyk
Blue CY;w uhyk
Brown czkmQu Hkwjk
Crimson fØelu xgjk yky
Dusky MLdh [kkdh
Grey xzs LysVh
Golden xksYMu lqugjk
Green xzhu gjk
Indigo bafMxks uhyk
Lemon ySeu gYdk ihyk
Maroon eS:u xgjk lw[kZ
Mauve eko xqykch (jax)
Orange vkWjsat larjh
Pink fiad xqykch
Pale isy gYdk ihyk
Purple iiZy cSaxuh
Rosy jksth xqykch
Red jSM yky
Saffron lkizQu dslfj;k
Scarlet LdkjySV xgjk yky
Violet ok;ySV tkeuh
Vermilion ofeZyu flanwjh
White ÞokbV lisQn
Yellow ;syks ihyk
160
 Parts of Body ('kjhj ds vax)
Abdomen ,sCMkseu mnj] isV
Ankle ,ady V[kuk
Arm vkeZ ck¡g
Anus ,sul xqnk
Artery vkVZjh /euh
Armpit vkeZfiV dka[k
Brain czsu fnekx
Bile ckby fiÙk
Belly cSyh isV (ckgjh Hkkx)
Back-bone (cSd&cksu) jh<+ dh gM~Mh
Breast czSLV Nkrh (L=kh dh)
Beard fc;MZ nk<+h
Back cSd ihB
Bone cksu gM~Mh
Blood CYkM jDr
Cartilage dkfVZyst mikfLFk] uje gM~Mh
Chest pSLV Nkrh (iq:"k dh)
Collar-bone dkWyj cksu galyh dh gM~Mh
Cheeks phd~l xky
Chin fpu BqM~Mh
Embryo ,Ecz;ks Hkzw.k
Face isQl psgjk
Fist fiQLV eqV~Bh
Gullet xqysV xyk
Gum xe elw<+k
Hand gSaM gkFk
Heart gkVZ fny
Heel ghy ,sM+h
Hair gs;j cky
161
 Intestine bUVSLVkbu vkar
Index finger baMSDl fiQxaj rtZuh
Jaw tkW tcM+k
Joint tkWbaV tksM+
Knee uh ?kqVuk
Kidney fdMuh xqnkZ
Lap ySi xksn
Liver fyoj ftxj
Little finger fyVy fiaQxj dkuh@NksVh vaxqyh
Eye vkbZ vk¡[k
Ear-drum bZ;j&Mªe d.kZiVy
Eye-lid vkbZ&fyM vk¡[k dk <Ddu (iyd)
Eye-lash vkbZ&yS'k cjkSuh
Ear bZ;j dku
Elbow ,Ycks dksguh
Eye-ball vkbZ cky vk¡[k dh iqryh
Eye-brow vkbZ&czks HkkSag
Finger fiQaxj gkFk dh vaxqyh
Foot iqQV iSj
Forehead iQksjgSM yykV] ekFkk
Phalange iSQySat vaxqyh dk iksj
Pore iksj jksedwi
Palm ike gFksyh
Pulse iYl ukM+h] uCt
Penis iSful iq:"k dk fyax
Rump jEi pwrM+
Ring-finger fjax fiQaxj vukfedk
Rib fjc ilyh
Shoulder 'kksYMj da/k
Soul lksy vkRek
Snout LukmV FkwFku
162
Skull Ldy [kksiM+h
Stomach LVkWed vkek'k;
Sole lksy iSj dh ryok
Spleen LIyhu Iyhgk
Skin fLdu peM+k
Saliva lykbok ykj
Lip fyi vksB
Lung yax isQiQM+k
Muscle eLly iqV~Bk] ek¡lis'kh
Moustache ekmLVsp ew¡N
Middle-finger feMy fiQaxj eè;fedk
Mouth ekmQFk eq¡g
Neck uSd xnZu
Navel usoy ukfHk
Molar-teeth eksyj VhFk nk<+
Nose ukst ukd
Nipple fuIIy Lrukxz] Lru
Nostril ukWfLVªy uFkquk
Nail usy uk[kwu
Palate iSysV rkyw
Thigh FkkbZ tk¡?k
Toe Vks iSj dh vaxqyh
Trachea VªSfd;k 'okl uyh
Throat FkzksV xyk
Tooth VwFk nk¡r
Tongue Vax thHk
Thumb Fke~ vaxwBk
Trunk Vªad /M+
Urinary bladder ;wfjujh CySMj ew=kk'k;
Uterus ;qfVjl xHkkZ'k;
163
 Vagina oSftuk Hkx] ;ksfu
Vein osu ul
Waist osLV dej
Whiskers foLdlZ ew¡N
Womb owe xHkZ
Wrist fjLV dykbZ
Ailments and Body Condition (jksx ,oa 'kkjhfjd n'kk,¡)
Ague ,X;w daiToj
Acidity ,flfMVh isV dh xSl
Asthma vLFkek nek
Acne ,Dus eksgklk
Albino ,fYcuks lwjteq[kh O;fDr
Anorexia ,ukWjsfDl;k Hkw[k u yxuk
Bronchitis czkWUdkbfVl isQiQM+s dh lwtu
Beri-beri csjh&csjh ikSf"Vdrk dh deh
Boil ckW;y iQksM+k
Bald ckYM xatk
Blind CykbaM va/k
Bile ckby fiÙk
Breath cSzFk lakl
Bleeding CyhfMax jDr dk cguk
Cough diQ [kk¡lh
Coryza dksfjtk tqdke
Abortion ,ck'kZu xHkZikr
Anaemia ,usfe;k [kwu dh deh
Fistula fiQLVqyk ukM+hcz.k] uklwj
Flu Ýyw Ýyw
Gland XySaM fxYVh] xzafFk
Gripping fxzfIiax ejksM+
Giddiness fxMhuSl pDdj vkuk
164
Hunch-backed gap&cSDM dqcM+k
Hurt gVZ pksV
Hunger gaxj Hkw[k
Hiccup fgDdi fgPkdh
Hernia gfuZ;k vkar mrjuk
Hoarseness gkslZuSl xyk cSBuk
Headache gSMsd flj dk nnZ
Hepatitis gSikVkbfVl ;Ñr 'kksFk
Itch bp [kqtyh
Cataract dSVjSDV eksfr;kfcUn
Constipation dk¡fLVis'ku dCt
Cancer dSalj uklwj
Chill fpy BaM
Cholera dkWyjk gStk
Consumption datEi'ku {k;jksx
Diarrhoea Mk;fj;k vfrlkj
Dropsy MªkWIlh tyksnj
Dandruff MSuMªiQ flj dh [kq'dh
Diabetes Mk;fcVht e/qesg
Dislocation fMLyksds'ku tksM+ dk mrjuk
Dumb Mac xwaxk
Dysentery Mk;lSaVªh isfp'k
Diphtheria fMiQFkhfj;k xys dk laØked jksx
Dengue MSaX;w yaxM+k cq[kkj
Debility MSfcfyVh detksjh
Eczema ,Xthek [kkt
Epilepsy ,ihySIlh fexhZ
Fracture izQSDPkj gM~Mh VwVuk
Fainting isQafVax csgks'kh
Fever iQhoj Toj
165
 Pimple fiEiy iqQalh] eq¡gklk
Phlegm Ýyse cyxe] diQ
Prickly heat fizdyh ghV vykbZ] ?keksjh
Pain isu nnZ
Pneumonia fueksfu;k fueksfu;k
Piles ikbYl coklhj
Paralysis iSjkykbfll ydok
Pyorrhoea ik;fj;k nkarksa esa ihi iM+uk
Rheumatism :esfVTe xfB;k
Ring-worm fjax&okeZ xksy Ñfe
Indigestion baMkbtS'ku cngteh
Itches bpst [kqtyh
Inflammation bUÝyses'ku lwtu
Insomnia bUlksfEu;k uhan u vkuk
Influenza bUÝyq,Utk 'khr Toj
Jaundice tkWfUMl ihfy;k
Lean yhu nqcyk
Leucorrhoea fydksfj;k iznj
Lame yse yaxM+k
Lunacy Y;wuslh ikxyiu
Leprosy ysizkslh dks<+
Measles ehlYl [kljk
Mumps eEIl duisQM+s
Mad eSM ikxy
Mole eksy eLlk] fry
Malaria eysfj;k ekSleh cq[kkj
Nausea ukSfl;k th epykuk
Obesity vksfcflVh pchZ c<+uk
One-eyed ou&vkbM dkuk
Ottorrhoea vkVksfjgw;k dku cguk
Plague Iysx Iysx
166
Short-sight 'kkVZ&lkbZV fudV n`f"Vnks"k
Small-pox Leky&ikWDl pspd] cM+h ekrk
Stool LVwy VV~Vh] ey
Sprain Lizsu eksp
Sun-stroke lu&LVªksd yw yxuk
Sore eye lksj vkbZ vk¡[k nq[kuk
Typhus VkbiQl dkyk Toj
Tumour V~;wej xk¡B
Tuberculosis V~;wcjD;qykWfll {k; jksx
Tonsil Vk¡fly xqfVdk
Typhoid VkbiQkbM vka=k Toj
Stomach-ache LVked&,d isV dk nnZ
Scabies LdScht [kqtyh
Stone LVksu iFkjh
Swelling LoSfyax lwtu
Sweat LoSV ilhuk
Ulcer vYlj van:uh iQksM+k
Urine ;wfju ew=k
Vomit oksfeV d;@myVh djuk
Wound okmUM ?kko
Yawning ;kWfuax tEHkkbZ] mcklh ysuk
Relation (laca/ vkSj fj'rs)
Aunt vkWUV cwvk] ekSlh] pkph
Adopted daughter ,MksIVsM MkWaVj nÙkd dU;k
Adopted-son ,MksIVsM lu nÙkd iq=k
Client DykbaV vklkeh] eksofDdy
Daughter MkWVj iq=kh
Daughter-in-law MkWVj&bu&ykW iq=ko/w
Disciple fMlhiy psyk
Father iQknj firk
Friend izQSaM fe=k] lgsyh
167
 Father-in-law iQknj&bu&ykW llqj
Grand -son xzkaM lu iksrk
guest xSLV esgeku
Grand mother xzkaM enj nknh
Bride-groom czkbZM&xzwe nwYgk
Bride czkbZM nqYgu
Brother cznj HkkbZ
Customer dLVqej xzkgd
Concubine dkWuD;wckbu j[kSy
Mamma eEek vEek
Nephew uSÝ;w Hkrhtk] Hkkatk
Niece uhl Hkrhth] Hkkath
Own vksu lxk
Patient is'kSaV jksxh
Pupil I;wfiy f'k";
Preceptor izhlSIVj xq:
Pleader IyhMj odhy
Relative fjysfVo fj'rsnkj
Son lu csVk
Sister flLVj cgu
Step-daughter LVSi MkWVj lkSrsyh csVh
Grand-daughter xzkaM&MkWVj iksrh
Heir gsvj okfjl
Husband gLcSaM ifr
Lover yoj izseh
Landlord ySaMykWMZ tehanj
Mother-in-law enj&bu&ykW lkl
Maternal grand-father eSVuZy xzakM iQknj ukuk
Maternal uncle eSVuZy vady ekek
Mistress feLVªSl mi&iRuh
Mother enj ek¡

168
Maternal sister eSVuZy flLVj ekSlh
Meternal grand-mother eSVuZy xzkaM enj ukuh
Maternal aunt eSVuZy vkaV ekeh
Step-son LVSi&lu lkSrsyk iq=k
Step-father LVSi&iQknj lkSrsyk cki
Step-mother LVsi&enj lkSrsyh ek¡
Step-brother LVSi&cznj lkSrsyk HkkbZ
Step-sister LVSi&flLVj lkSrsyh cfgu
Son-in-law lu&bu&ykW nkekn] ?kjtekbZ
Teacher Vhpj vè;kid
Uncle vady pkpk
wife okbiQ iRuh
Sister-in-law flLVj&bu&ykW HkkHkh] lkyh] uun] tsBkuh] nsojkuh
Professions and Occupations (is'ks vkSj O;olk;)
Actor ,DVj uk;d
Agriculturist ,xzhdypfjLV Ñ"kd
Artist vkfVZLV dykdkj] fp=kdkj
Astrologer vLVªksykWtj T;ksfr"kh
Auctioneer vkWD'kuh;j uhykeh djus okyk
Advocate ,MoksdsV odhy
Accountant vdkmVSaV equhe
Author vkWFkj ys[kd
Auditor vkWfMVj fglkc dh iM+rky djus okyk
Artisan vkfVZlu f'kYidkj
Agent ,tsaV equhe
Blacksmith CySdfLeFk yksgkj
Baker csdj fcLdqV] Mcy jksVh cukus okyk] ukuckbZ
Bakery csdjh fcLdqV ;k McyjksVh cukus dk dkj[kkuk
Brokerage czksdjst nykyh
Banker cSadj lkgwdkj

169
 Book-binder cqd&ckbaMj ftYnlkt
Butler cVyj ukSdj
Boatman cksVeSu ukfod
Beggar cSxj fHk[kkjh
Bake csd idkuk
Broker czksdj nyky
Butcher cqpj dlkbZ
Barber ckjcj ukbZ
Bankrupt cSadjIV fnokfy;k
Bookseller cqdlSyj iqLrd foØsrk
Brasier czsfl;j BBsjh
Confectioner dUiSQD'kuj feBkbZ cukus okyk
Chemist dSfeLV nokb;k¡ cspus okyk
Contractor dkWUVªsDVj Bsdsnkj
Cook dqd jlksb;k
Clerk DydZ fyfid] ys[kd] eqa'kh
Constable dkaLVscy flikgh
Chauffeur 'kkSiQj dkj pykus okyk
Carpenter dkjiSUVj c<+bZ
Carpentry dkjiSUVjh c<+bZ dk dke
Carrier dSfj;j okgd] ys tkus okyk
Conductor daMDVj laokgd
Coachman dkspeSu xkM+hoku
Compounder daikmaMj vkS"kf/ la;kstd
Cobbler dkWcyj eksph
Cloth-merchant DykWFk eps±V diM+s cspus okyk
Compositor dEiksthVj izsl esa v{kj tksM+us okyk
Cashier dSf'k;j jksdfM+;k] [ktkaph] dks"kkè;{k
Cleaner Dyhuj e'khu lkiQ j[kus okyk
Carder dkMZj /qfu;k
Coolie dqyh dqyh
170
Doctor MkWDVj fpfdRld
Draftsman MªkÝV~leSu uD'kkuohl
Darner MkuZj jiwQxj
Dentist MSfUVLV nkarksa dk MkWDVj
Dramatist MªkekfVLV ukVddkj
Draper MªSij jaxlkt] yykjh
Druggist MªfxLV nokbZ cspus okyk
Driver Mªkboj pkyd
Drummer Mªej rcyph
Enameller buseyj ehukdkj
Editor ,fMVj laiknd
Examiner ,Xt+kfeuj ijh{kd
Engineer bathfu;j vfHk;ark
Fisherman fiQ'kjeSu eNqok
Farmer iQkeZj fdlku
Grocer xzkWlj ialkjh
Gatekeeper xsVdhij n~okjiky
Groom xzwe nwYgk
Gardener xkMZuj ekyh
Green-grocer xzhu&xzkWlj lCth cspus okyk] dqatM+k
Goldsmith xksYMfLeFk lqukj
Glazier Xysft;j 'kh'kk yxkus okyk
Hawker gkWdj isQjhokyk
Inspector baLiSDVj fujh{kd
Inkman badeSu L;kghokyk
Jeweller ToSyj tkSgjh
Juggler txyj enkjh
Lawyer ykW;j odhy
Landlord ySaMykWMZ tehankj
Milkman feYdeSu Xokyk] nwf/;k
Milk-maid feYdesM Xokfyu

171
 Massenger eSlastj nwr] lans'kokgd
Mid-wife feMokbZiQ nkbZ
Merchant epsZUV lkSnkxj
Manager eSustj eSustj] izca/drkZ
Miner ekbZuj [kku [kksnus okyk
Mason eslu jktxhj
Magician eSftf'k;u tknwxj
Musician E;wftf'k;u laxhrdkj
Novelist ukWofyLV miU;kldkj
Nurse ulZ ulZ@lsfodk
Oilman vkW;y eSu rsyh
Peon ihvu pijklh
Porter iksVZj dqyh
Priest izhLV iqjksfgr
Perfumer ijÝ;wej brj cspus okyk
Pedlar iSMyj isQjh okyk
Painter isUVj jaxlkt
Postman iksLVeSu Mkfd;k] i=kokgd
Pilot ikbyV ok;q;kupkyd
Potter ikWVj dqEgkj
Physician fiQft'ku gdhe
Pleader IyhMj odhy
Proprietor izksijkbVj ekfyd
Photographer izQksVksxzkiQj iQksVks [khapus okyk
Prose-writer izkst&jkbZVj xn~; ys[kd
Poet iks;V dfo
Publisher ifCy'kj izdk'kd
Principal fizafliy iz/kukpk;Z
Retailer fjVsyj [kqnjk O;kikjh
Sculptor LDyIVj iRFkj dkVus okyk
172
Shoe-maker 'kw&eSdj eksph
Stamp-vendor LVSEi oSUMj LVkai cspus okyk
Sanitary Inspector lSuhVjh baLiSDVj liQkbZ fujh{kd
Sailor lsyj eka>h
Shop-keeper 'kkWi dhij nqdkunkj
Shepherd 'kSiQMZ xM+fj;k
Stamp LVSEi Mkd fVdV
Sweeper Lohij liQkbZ okyk
Scavanger LdSfoUtj esgrj] lM+d dk dwM+k gVkusokyk
Surgeon ltZu 'kY; fpfdRld
Seeds-man lhM~l&eSu cht foØsrk
Tanner Vsuj peZ'kks/d
Tailor Vsyj nthZ
Tenant VsuSUV fdjk;snkj
Tin-man fVu&eSu dybZ djus okyk
Treasurer Vªstjj [ktkaph
Teacher Vhpj vè;kid
Trader VªsMj O;kikjh
Tutor V~;wVj ?kj ij i<+kus okyk
Turner VuZj VuZj
T. T. E. Vh-Vh-bZ- jsy ds fVdV ns[kus okyk
Watchman okpeSu pkSdhnkj
Washerman ok'kjeSu /ksch
Wholsale dealer gksylsy Mhyj Fkksd foØsrk
Writer jkbVj ys[kd
Watch-maker okp&esdj ?kM+hlkt
Water-carrier okVj&dSfj;j ty okgd
Waiter osVj ukSdj
Weaver ohoj tqykgk
173
 Stationery (LVs'kujh)
Almirah vyfejk vyekjh
Blank-paper CySad&isij lknk dkxt
Blotting-paper CykWfVax isij lks[krk dkxt
Bench cSap cSap
Bodkin ckWMfdu Nsn djus dk lqvk
Cork dkWdZ dkWdZ
Card dkMZ dkMZ
Copying pencil dkWfiax iSafly udy djus dh iSafly
Call-bell dkWy&cSy iqdkjus dh ?kaVh
Compass daikl fn'kk lwpd ;a=k
Clip fDyi fpeVh
Crayon Øs;u [kfM+;k iSafly
Carbon-paper dkcZu isij dkcZu dkxt
Counterfoil dkmQaVjiQkWby vk/h jlhn] v/iUuk
Drawing-pin Mªkbax&fiu Mªkbax fiu
Divider fMokbMj fMokbMj
Dictionary fMD'kujh 'kCndks"k
Daily-paper Msyh&isij nSfud i=k
Eraser bjstj jcM+
Easy-chair bth ps;j vkjke dqlhZ
Exercise-book ,Dljlkbt cqd vH;kl iqfLrdk
File iQkby iQkby
Glue Xyw ljsl] xksan
Gum xe xksan
Holder gksYMj gksYMj
Ink bad L;kgh
Ink-pot bad&ikWV nokr
Ink-pad bad&iSM L;kgh iSM
Ledger yStj ys[kk cgh
Magazine eSxthu if=kdk
Map eSi uD'kk
174
Nib fuc fuc
Paper isij dkxt
Packing-paper iSfdax isij yisVus dk dkxt
Pen iSu dye
Paper-cutter isij&dVj dkxt dVj
Pin fiu vyfiu
pin-cushion fiudq'ku vkyfiu yxkus dh xíh
Punch iap fNnz.k e'khu
Pencil iSafly iSafly
Paper-weight isij&osV dkxt nkc
Protractor izksVªsDVj pkank] dks.kekid
Ruler :yj 'kkld
Receipt book fjlhV cqd jlhn cgh
Register jftLVj jftLVj@iath
Rubber-stamp jcM+ LVSEi jcM+ dh eksgj
Slate LysV LysV
Seal lhy lhy
Tracing Cloth Vªsflax DykFk ekseh diM+k
Tape Vsi iQhrk
Tag VSx tksM+uk
Tracing paper Vªsflax isij dkjcu dkxt
Writing pad jkbfVax iSM fy[kus dh iV~Vh
Waste-paper basket osLV isij ckLdsV jíh dh Vksdjh
Days (fnu)
Monday eaMs lkseokj
Tuesday V~;qt~Ms eaxyokj
Wednesday osM~uslMs cq/okj
Thursday FklZMs xq:okj
Friday izQkbZMs 'kqØokj
Saturday lSVjMs 'kfuokj
Sunday luMs jfookj

175
 Months (ekl@eghuk)
January tSuqvjh tuojh
February iSQczqvjh iQjojh
March ekpZ ekpZ
April vizSy vizSy
May es ebZ
June twu twu
July tqykbZ tqykbZ
August vkWxLV vxLr
September lSIVsEcj flrEcj
October vkWDVwcj vDVwcj
November uoEcj uoEcj
December fMlSacj fnlaEcj
Seasons (½rq,¡)
Autumn vkWVe ir>M+
Spring fLizax olar
Summer lej xzh"e
Rainy Season jsuh lhtu cjlkr
Winter foaVj 'kjn~@lnhZ
Directions (fn'kk,¡)
North ukFkZ mÙkj
East bZLV iwoZ
South lkmFk nf{k.k
West osLV if'pe
North-east uksFkZ&bZLV mÙkj&iwoZ
North-west ukWFkZ&osLV mÙkj&if'pe
South-east lkmFk&bZLV nf{k.k&iwoZ
South-west lkmFk&osLV nf{k.k&if'pe
176
 Time (le;)
Second lSfd.M lSfd.M
Minute feuV feuV
Hour vkoj ?kaVk
Day Ms fnu
Dawn MkWu mQ"kkdky] izHkkr
Morning ekWfu±x izkr%
Noon uwu nksigj
After-noon vkÝVj&uwu eè;kÉksÙkj
Dusk MLd laè;k
Evening bZofuax 'kke
Night ukbV jkf=k
Mid-night feM&ukbV v¼Zjkf=k
Week ohd lIrkg
Fortnight iQkWVZ ukbV i[kokM+k
Month eUFk eghuk
Quarter DokVZj frekgh
Half year gkiQ bZvj v¼Z o"kZ
Year bZvj o"kZ
Decade fMdsM nl o"kZ@n'kd
Century lSUpqjh lkSo"kZ@'krkCnh
Zodiac (jkf'kpØ)
Aries ,vjht es"k
Cemini tsfefu feFkqu
Leo fyvks flag
Libra fyczk rqyk
Sagittarius lSftVsfjvl /uq
Acquarious vDosfj;l daqHk
Taurus VkWjl o`"k
Crab ØSc ddZ

177
 Virgo oxksZ dU;k
Scorpio LdkWjfivks o`f'pd
Capricorn ØSfizdkWuZ edj
Pisces ikblht ehu
Planets (xzg)
Mercury edZfj cq/
Venus ohul 'kqØ
Earth vFkZ i`Foh
Mars eklZ eaxy
Jupiter tqihVj c`gLifr
Saturn lsVuZ 'kfu
Uranus ;wjsul v:.k
Neptune usIP;wu o:.k
Police Terminology (iqfyl ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh)
I. G. (Inspector General of Police) ¾ egkfujh{kd
S. P. (Superitendent of Police) ¾ iqfyl vèkh{kd
Inspector ¾ v/h{kd
Sub-Inspector ¾ Fkkusnkj
Assistant Sub-Inspector ¾ mi v/h{kd
Kotwal ¾ dksroky
Armed Police ¾ gfFk; kjcan i qfyl
Flying Squad ¾ mM+u nLrk
Control Room ¾ fu;a=k.k d{k
Theft ¾ pksjh
Thief ¾ pksj
Smuggler ¾ rLdj
Stabbing ¾ Nqjk ?kksaiuk
Security ¾ lqj{kk
Investigation ¾ tk¡p iM+rky
C.I.D. (Criminal Investigation ¾ dsUnzh; [kqfiQ;k

178
Department) iqfyl
Tear Gas ¾ vk¡lw xSl
Smuggling ¾ pksjh ls eky ykuk&ys tkuk
On Bail ¾ tekur ij
D.I.G. (Deputy Inspector General) ¾ miegkfujh{kd
D.S.P. (Deputy Superintendent of Police) ¾ i fyl
q mivèkh{kd
Police Station ¾ iqfyl Fkkuk
Constable ¾ flikgh
Traffic Police ¾ ;krk;kr O;oLFkk iqfyl
Dogs Squad ¾ 'oku ny
Warrant ¾ vkns'k fxjÝrkjh
Robbery ¾ Mkdk
Dacoity ¾ ywV&[klksV
Pick-pocket ¾ tscdrjk
Murder ¾ gR;k
Cheating ¾ /ks[kknsgh
Challan ¾ pkyku
Under Police Custody ¾ iqfyl dh fgjklr esa
C.B.I. (Central Bureau of ¾ dsUnzh; [kqfiQ;k
Investigation) tk¡p foHkkx
Firing ¾ xksyh pykuk
Remand ¾ iwNrkN ds fy,
vnkyr ls vof/ ysuk
Gang ¾ ny
Hospital Terminology (vLirky ls lacaf/r 'kCnkoyh)
Hospital ¾ fpfdRlky;
Clinic ¾ (izkbosV) vkS"k/ky;
Doctor ¾ MkWDVj
Nurse ¾ ulZ
Operation theatre ¾ phj&iQkM+ dk dejk

179
Children ward ¾ cPpksa dk d{k
Bleeding ¾ jDr cguk
Medicines ¾ vkS"kf/;k¡
Pills ¾ xksfy;k¡
Powders ¾ iqfM;k¡] pw.kZ
Blood pressure ¾ jDrpki
Urine test ¾ ew=k ijh{kk
Blood test ¾ jDr ijh{kk
Compounder ¾ nokb;k¡ nsus okyk
Patient ward ¾ jksxh d{k
Emergency ward ¾ vkikRkdkyhu d{k
Ladies ward ¾ fL=k;ksa dk d{k
Dead body ¾ yk'k
Injection ¾ Vhdk
Mixture ¾ nzo feJ.k
Temperature ¾ rkieku
Stool test ¾ VV~Vh dk tk¡p
Sputum test ¾ cyxe ijh{kk
Ambulance ¾ jksxh okgu
Dose ¾ nokbZ dh [kqjkd
Thermometer ¾ FkekZehVj] rkieku ;a=k
Bandage ¾ iV~Vh
Bottle ¾ 'kh'kh
Wheel chair ¾ ifg;ksa okyh dqlhZ
Orthopaedic ¾ gM~fM;ksa ls lacaf/r
Physician ¾ fpfdRld
Specialist ¾ fo'ks"kK
E.C.G. ¾ ân; dh ;kaf=kd ijh{kk
Fracture ¾ gM~Mh dk VwV tkuk
180
Dispensary ¾ fMLisaljh
Maternity home ¾ tPpk x`g
Cotton ¾ :bZ
Stretcher ¾ jksxh dks ysVkdj ys tkus dk lk/u
Plaster ¾ iyLrj
Surgery ¾ ltZjh
Surgeon ¾ phj&iQkM+ djus okyk ('kY; fpfdRld)
Ophthalmic ¾ vk¡[k laca/h foHkkx
X-ray ¾ ,Dl&js
O.P.D. (Out patient Department) ¾ ckg~; jksfx;ksa dk foHkkx
Unconscious ¾ ewfNZRk

181
 CRIES OF ANIMALS & THEIR YOUNG
11 ONES & THEIR VARIOUS SOUNDS

Cries of Animals (tkuojksa dh vkoktsa)

Asses-bray ¾ x/s jsadrs gSA
Apes-Gibber ¾ yaxwj xqjkZrs gSA
Bear-growl ¾ Hkkyw xqjkZrs gSA
Bees-buzz/hum ¾ efD[k;k¡ fHkufHkurh gSA
Birds-chirp/warble ¾ i{kh pgpgkrs gSaA
Bulls-bellow ¾ cSy jaHkkrs gSaA
Camels-grunt ¾ mQaV xqM+xqM+krs gSaA
Cats-new ¾ fcfYy;k¡ E;kma E;km
djrh gSA
Cocks-crow ¾ eqxsZ ckax nsrs gSaA
Cows-low ¾ xk;sa jaHkkrh gSA
Crows-caw ¾ dkS, dkao&dkao djrs gSaA
Ducks-quack ¾ cÙk[k dSa&dSa djrh gSA
Dogs bark ¾ dqÙks HkkSadrs gSaA
Eagles-scream ¾ ckt ph[krs gSaA
Elephant-trumpet ¾ gkFkh fpa?kkM+rs gSA
Flies-buzz ¾ efD[k;k¡ fHkufHkukrh gSA
Foxes-yelp ¾ yksefM+;k¡ Hkwadrh gSA
Frogs-croak ¾ esa<+d VjkZrs gSaA
Goats-bleet ¾ cdfj;k¡ fee;krh gSaA
Hawks-scream ¾ ckt ph[krs gSaA
Hyenas-laugh ¾ ydM+cX?kk galrk gSA
Horses-neigh ¾ ?kksM+s fgufgukrs gSA
Hens-cackle ¾ eqfxZ
; k¡ dqdMq&dqdjrh gSA
Jackals-hawl ¾ xhnM+s@
gw&gw
jksr djrs gSA
182
 Lions-roar ¾ 'ksj ngkM+rs gSA
Lambs-bleat ¾ eseus cka cka djrs gSA
Mice-squeak ¾ pwgs pwa pw djrs gSA
Monkeys-chatter ¾ canj xqjkZrs gSA
Nightingales-sing ¾ cqycqysa xkrh gSA
Oxen-low ¾ cSy Mdjkrs gSA
Owls-hoot ¾ mYyw gwa gwa djrs gSA
Parrot-talk ¾ rksrs Vsa&Vsa djrs gSA
Rabbit-squeal ¾ [kjxks'k fdydkjrs gSaA
Pigeons-coo ¾ dcwrj xqVj xwa djrs gSA
Pigs-grunt ¾ lqvj ?kj?kqjkrs gSaA
Sheep-bleat ¾ HksMsa fefe;krs gSaA
Snake-hiss ¾ lkai iqQadkjrs gSaA
Sparrow-chirp ¾ fpfM+;k¡ pgdrh gSaA
Tigers-roar ¾ phrs ngkM+rs gSaA
Vultures-scream ¾ fx¼ ph[krs gSaA
Wolves-yell ¾ HksfM+;s ph[krs gSA
Animals and their young ones (tkuoj o muds cPpksa ds uke)
Ass x/k Foal
Bird i{kh Nestling
Bear jhN Cub
Bull cSy Calf
Butterfly frryh Caterpillar
Cow xk; Calf
Cat fcYyh Kitten
Dog dqÙkk Puppy
Duck cÙk[k Duckling
Elephant gkFkh Calf
Frog esa<+d Tadpole
Goat cdjh Kid
Hen eqxhZ Chicken

183
 Horse ?kksM+k Colt
Lion 'ksj Cub
Sheep HksM+ Lamb
Tiger phrk Cub

Various Sounds (dbZ èofu;k¡)

Jingling eqnzkvksa dh [ku[kukgV
Clapping djry èofu] rkfy;k¡
Whistling ok;q dh èofu] batu dh lhVh
Rustling iÙkksa dh >jejkgV
Thundering cknyksa dh vkokt
Pattering o"kkZ dh vkokt
Creaking twrksa dh pjejkgV
Clatter ?kksM+s ds iSjksa dh vkokt
Chattering nk¡rksa dh vkokt
Buzz VsyhiQksu dh vkokt
Banging njoktsa dh [kM+[kM+kgV
Beat <ksy dh vkokt

184
 12 IDIOMS AND PHRASES

Idioms and Phrases NksVs 'kCn lewg gksrs gsa ftUgsa fgUnh esa eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡ dgr
Hkh Hkk"kk esa budk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gS D;ksafd budk iz;ksx dj de 'kCnksa esa ckr dks jkspd o izokg
dqN dgk tk ldrk gSA eqgkojs dk vFkZ 'kkfCnd ugha cfYd fof'k"V gksrk gS tks eqgkojs ds 'kCn ds vFkZ
gksrk gSAbad
tSls blood
^ * dk vFkZ ^[kjkc [kwu* gksrk gS ijarq eqgkojs ds fo'k"k vFkZ ('k=kqrk) ds vk/kj ij b
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
To leave no stone unturned dksbZ dlj u NksM+uk
Within a stone's throw ,dne fudV gksuk
Add fuel to the flame vkx esa ?kh Mkyuk
Bell the cat fcYyh ds xys esa ?kaVh cka/uk
Build castles in the air gokbZ fdys cukuk
Neither head nor tail dqN le> u vkuk
To win one's purse iz'kalk izkIr djuk
To catch red handed jaxs gkFkksa idM+uk
Rain cats and dogs Hkkjh o"kkZ gksuk
Brain wash fopkjksa esa ekSfyd varj ykuk
Come with flying colours liQyrk izkIr djuk
To come of age ckfyx gksuk
To catch one's eye è;ku vkdf"kZr djukA
To die like a dog dqÙks dh ekSr djukA
By heart daBLFk
Bed of roses vkjkenk;d
Bag and baggage cksfj;k fcLrkj lesr
Break the news dksbZ [kcj nsuk
Better half choh
Hue and cry gaxkek

185
 Well and good cgqr vPNk
At the eleventh hour vafre {k.k esa
Wear and tear VwV&iqQV
Cold blooded murder funZ;rkiw.kZ gR;k
Fair weather friend t:jr ds le; lkFk u nsus okys fe=k
By hook or by crook fdlh Hkh rjg ls
At sixes and sevens vO;ofLFkr gksuk
Feather one's nest voS/ rjhds ls dekbZ djuk
Grease the palm fj'or nsuk
Keep in touch with fdlh ls lEidZ cuk, j[kuk
White collar people jÝrkj esa ukSdjh djus okys
Make both ends meet viuh vkenuh ds vanj xqtkjk djuk
Make a name viuk uke dekuk
Hold one's tongue viuh tcku lEHkkyuk
Get rid of ihNk NqM+kuk
Poke one's nose iQVs esa Vkax vM+kuk
Stand in good stead ykHk gksuk
Step in another man's shoes nwljs dh txg ysuk
Stand upon one's own legs vius iSjksa ij [kM+s gksuk
Pocket an insult vieku lguk
Then and there mlh oDr
The tug of war jLlkd'kh
A man of word Hkjkslsean
Out of pocket iSlk u gksuk
Apple of one's eye tku ls I;kjk
Cock and bull story eu ls jph dgkuh
French leave fcuk crk, NqV~Vh ysuk
Give a ring iQksu djuk
Make fun of fdlh dh galh mM+kuk
Red letter day Lo.kZ fnu
Take the law into one's hands dkuwu dks vius gkFkksa esa ysuk

186
 To and fro vkxs ihNs
Up to date vk/qfud
Sleeping partner og tks /a/s esa lfØ; :i ls Hkkx u ys
Keep an eye on fuxjkuh j[kuk
Shed crocodile's tears exjePN ds vkalw cgkuk
To poison one's ears fdlh ds dku Hkjuk
By leaps and bounds fnu nwuh jkr pkSxquh
Prose and cons i{k ,oa foi{k
Hen pecked husband L=kh dk xqyke
Hall mark mRÑ"Vrk dh fu'kkuh
Black market dkyk /a/k] xSj dkuwuh O;kikj
A man of letters ys[kd
Time and tide le; vkSj ygj
Important Collective Phrases (egRoiw.kZ lewgokpd okD;ka'k)
A bunch of keys pkfc;ksa dk xqPNk
A bouquet of flowers iwQyksa dk xqynLrk
A race of fighters yM+kdksa dk oa'k
A heap of stones iRFkjksa dk <sj
A hive of bees e/qefD[k;ksa dk lewg
A team of players f[kykfM+;ksa dk ny
A flock of sheep HksM+ksa dk >q.M
A galaxy of stars rkjksa dh vkdk'kxaxk
A set of ornaments xguksa dk lsV
A lock of hair ckyksa dh yV
A gang of thieves pksjksa dk ny
A catalogue of books iqLrdksa dh lwph
A chain of mountains igkM+ksa dh J`a[kyk
A herd of cattle eos'kh dk >q.M
A group of islands }hiksa dk lewg
A crowd of people yksxksa dh HkhM+

187
 A Troop of horses ?kksM+ksa dk lewg
A pair of shoes twrksa dh tksM+h
A flight of birds if{k;ksa dk >q.M
A gust of wind gok dk >ksadk
Idiomatic Comparisons (eqgkojsnkj miek,a)
As sharp as a razor bruk rst ftruk mLrjk
As round as a ball xsan tSlk xksy
As red as rose bruk yky ftruk xqykc
As brave as a lion bruk cgknqj ftruk 'ksj
As cunning as a fox bruk pkykdtSls yk
seM+
h
As green as grass bruk gjk ftruh ?kkl
As blue as the sky bruk uhyk ftruk vkdk'k
As dumb as any stone bruk xwaxk ftruk iRFkj
As light as a feather bruk gYdk ftruk ia[k
As busy as a bee bruk O;
Lr ft ruh eèkqeD[kh
As regular as a clock bruk fu;ec¼ ftruh?kM+h
As black as coal bruk dkyk ftruk kds;y
As brittle as glass bruk uktqdftruk dkap
As dead as stone iRFkj ftruk futhZo
As timid as a hare bruk Mj
i ksd ftr uk[ kjxks'k
As greedy as a wolf bruk ykyph tSlk HksfM+;k
As wise as soloman bruk cqf¼eku ftruk lqyseku
As cool as cucumber bruk 'khry ftruk [khjk
As sure as death bruk fuf'pr ftruhe`R;q
As stupid as a donkey bruk ew[kZ ftruk x/k
As Sweet as honey bruke/qjftruk 'kgn

188
 13 HOMES AND PLACES

Different objects: animals, persons, plants and games have separate names
for places where they are found, grown, stored, kept, made or played
A) Homes
(a) Persons Meaning Homes
Convict vijk/h Prison
King jktk palace
patient ejht hospital
Lunatic ikxy Asylum
Monk fHk{kq Monastery
Officer viQlj Bungalow
Nun fHk{kq.kh Convent
Parson iknjh Parsonage
Peasant fdlku Cottage
Prisoner dSnh Cell
Soldier flikgh Camp, barracks
(b) Creatures Meaning Homes
Dog dqÙkk Kennel
Horse ?kksM+k Stable
Mouse pwgk Hole
Spider edM+h Web
Pig lqvj Sty
Fox ykseM+h Lair
Lion 'ksj Den
Owl mYyw Barn, nest
Sheep HksM+ Pen
Tiger ck?k Lair
189
(B) Places
(a) Games Meaning Where Played
Badminton cSMfeaVu Court
Boxing ckWfDlax Ring
Cricket fØdsV Pitch
Foot-ball iqQVcky Ground
Gymnastic fteuWkfLVd Gymnasium
Hockey gkWdh Ground
Racing jsflax Track
Tennis VSful Court
Wrestling jSlfyax Arena
Horse-race gkWlZ jsl Race-course
(b) Things Where Stored
Aeroplanes Areodrome
Fruit trees Orchard
Grapes Vineyard
Motor-cars Garage
Clothes Wardrobe
Grain Granary
Luggage at Cloak room
railway station
(c) Creatures Where Kept

Birds Cage

Birds and animals Zoo

Caged wild animals Menagerie

Young children Nursery

(d) Things Where Made

Beer Brewery
Bread Bakery
Bricks Kiln
Films Studio

190
 Flour Mill
Food Kitchen
Manufactured Factory
Articles Workshop
Iron goods Smithy
Money Mint
Leather goods Tannery
Ships Dockyard
Paper Mill
(e) Things Where kept
Pictures Art gallery
Plays Theatre
Films Cinema-hall
Provisions for the house Pantry
Rubbish Filth depot, garbage depot
Water for the supply of a town Water-works, water-reservoirs
Weapons, Ammunition Arsenal
Young plants Nursery
Wares Godown
(f) Things Where kept
Creche Day nursery for children when their
parents are at work.
Primary/Nursery School A school where young children are
taught.
Middle School Where middle classes are taught.
High School A school for studies upto matric
College An institution for studies in higher
education.
University Highest institution for higher studies
of all subjects.
Dispensary A small medical unit for treatment of
patients.
Nursing Home Hospital specially for intensive care.
Lodge A place where visitors from outstations
stay.

191
 Hostel/Boarding House Where students stay during their
studies of training period.
Club A place of various types of recreation
and amusements like dancing. Music.
Playing etc.
Bus-stop Where buses stop to take and drop
passengers.
Railway Station Where trains stop to take and drop
passengers.

Idiomatic Use of Aminal Name

(tarqvksa ds uke dk eqgkojsnkj iz;ksx)

Phrases Idiomatic Meaning

eqgkojsnkj mfDr yk{kf.kd vFkZ
A bear ,s cs;j vf'k"V O;fDr
A drone , Mªksu fuBYyk O;fDr
A Dog , MkWx ?k`.kkLin O;fDr
A Goose , xwt+ ew[kZ O;fDr
A lamb , ySe vcks/ O;fDr
A Pig , fix isVw
A Viper , okbij /wrZ O;fDr
A Parrot , iSjWV jVus okyk O;fDr
A Cat , dSV pqM+Sy vkSjr
A Dotterel , MkWVsjsy ew<+ O;fDr
A Fox , iQkWDl /wrZ O;fDr
A Gull , xy HkkSanw balku
A Monkey , eadh udyph
A Scorpion , LdkWfiZ;u pkiywl
A Vixen , foDlu /wrZ efgyk
A Wolf , oqYiQ ykyph O;fDr

192
 A few Figurative Phrases
(dqN vyadkfjd mfDr;k¡)
Crocodile tears ØksdksMkb
y fVvlZ >wBs vk¡lw
Dirt-cheap MVZ&phi cgqr lLrk
Horse laugh gkWlZ ykiQ mQ¡ph Hkn~nh galh
Hen-pecked husband gSu iSDM gLcSaM
tks: dk xqyke

pig-headed man fix&gSfMM eSu ew[kZ vkSj tM+

Black-sheep CySd&'khi pfj=kghu O;fDr
Blue-stocking CY;w LVkWfdax fonq"kh
White-elephant gokbV&,sfyiQSaV fiQtwy [kpZ

193
 14 PROVERBS

gFksyh ij ljlks ugha terhA Rome was not built in a day

jkse okt ukWV fcYV bu , MsA
ns[kksa mQaV fdl djoV cSBrk gSASee which way the wind blows.
lh fOgp os n foaM CykstA
vius eq¡g fe;ka feV~Bw cuuk vPNkSelf-praise
ughaA is no recommendation
lSYiQ&izst bu uks fjdeaMs'ku
lgt ids lks ehBk gks;A Slow and steady wins the race.
Lyks ,.M LVSMh foUl n jsl
Hkkxrs pksj dh yaxksVh gh lghA Something is better than nothing.
lefFkax bu cSVj nsu ufFkaxA
MaMs dks fclkjk] cPps dks fcxkM+kA
Spare the rod, spoil the child.
Lis;j n jkWM] LikW,y n pkbYMA
rq>s ijkbZ D;k iM+h] viuh fucsM+Sweep
rwA before your own door.
Lohi fciQksj ;ksvj vksu MksjA
vHkh fnYyh nwj gSA There is many a slip between the cup and the lip.
ns;j bt eSuh , fLyi fcVohu n di ,.M n fyiA
igys rksyks] fiQj cksyksA First weith. then say
iQLVZ os] nSu lsA
x;k oDr fiQj gkFk ugha vkrkA Time once passed cannot be recalled.
Vkbe oal ikLM dSuukWV ch fjdkWYMA
nhid rys va/sjk The nearer the church, the farther from god.
n fu;jj n ppZ] n iQknZj izQkWe xkWMA
xM+s eqnsZ u m[kkM+ksA Let the dead past bury its dead.
ySV n MSM ikLV cjh bV~l MSMA

194
cank cuk,] jCc <k;sA Man proposes;Good disposes
EkSu izksikstsl xkWM fMLikstslA
mQ¡ph nqdku] iQhdk idoku Much cry. little wool.
ep ØkbZ] fyVy owyA
cw¡n&cw¡n ls rkykc Hkjrk gSA Many a little, makes a mickle
eSuh ,d fyVy] esDl , feDyA
nke cuk, dkeA Money makes the mare go
euh esDl n esvj xksA
foink;sa vdsyh ugha vkrhaA Misfortunes never come alone.
feLkiQkWjpwat uSoj de ,yksuA
vko';drk vkfo"dkj dh tuuh gSA Necessity is the mother of invention.
uSlsflVh bt n enj vkWiQ bUosa'kuA
pyrh dk uke xkM+h gSA Nothing succeeds life success.
ufFkax lDlhM~t ykbd lDlSlA
?kj dk tksxh tksxM+k] ckgj xk¡o dkNo
fl¼prophet is honoured in his own country.
uks izksisQV bt+ vkWuMZ bu fgt vksu daVªhA
vkt dk dke dy ij er NksM+ksA Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today
uSoj iqV vkWiQ fVy VqekWjks OgkV ;w dSu Mw VwMsA
vk¡[kksa ls nwj] fny ls nwj Out of sight, out of mind
vkmV vkWiQ lkbV] vkmV vkWiQ ekbaM
ukp u tkus vk¡xu Vs<+kA A bad workman quarrels with this tools.
v cSM odZeSu DokWjYt fon fgt+ VwYl!
fcuk jks;s ek¡ cPps dks nw/ ugha nsrhA
A closed mouth catches no flies.
v Dykst~M ekWmFk dSpsl ukS ÝykbtA
Mwcrs dks fruds dk lgkjkA A drowning man catches at a straw.
v Mªkmfuax eSu dSpl ,V , LVªA
fe=k ogh tks nq%[k esa dke vk,A A friend in need is a friend indeed.
v izQsaM bu uhM bt+ , izQsaM bu MhMA
pksj dh nk<+h esa frudk A guilty conscience accuses itself.
, fxYVh dalkbal ,D;qtsl bVlSYiQA
195
va/k D;k tkus clar dh cgkj A blind man is no judge of colours.
, CykbaM esu bt uks tt vkiQ dyjl
bykt ls ijgst csgrj gSA Prevention is better than cure.
fizosU'ku bt cSVj nSu D;ksjA
?keaM dk flj uhpk Pride hath a fall
izkbM gSFk v iQkyA
ukS udn u rsjg m/kjA A bird in hand is worth two in the bush.
v cMZ bu gSaM bt oFkZ Vw bu n cq'kA
var Hkyk lks Hkyk All is well that ends well.
vkWy bt oSy nsV ,sUMl~ oSyA
gkFkh ds nk¡r [kkus ds vkSj fn[kkus
Alldsthat
vkSjglitters is not gold
vky nSV fXyVlZ bt ukWV xksYMA
tks xjtrs gSa] os cjlrs ugha Empty vessels make much noise.
,EiVh oSlYkl esd ep ukW,tA
ijekRek dh yhyk U;kjh gSA Mysterious are the ways of god.
fefLVfj;l vkj n ost vkWiQ xkWMA
vc iNrk;s gksr D;k tc fpfM+;k¡ pqx xbZ
It is[ksrA
no use crying over spilt milk
bV bt uks ;wt Økbax vksoj fLiYV feYdA

196
 15 VARIOUS RANKS

Officers of the Civil Court (nhokuh vnkyr ds vf/dkjh)

District Judge (fMfLVªDV tt) ftyk U;k;k/h'k
Additional, joint of Assistant District Judge (,Mh'kuy] tkWbaV vkSj vfLkLVsaV fMfLVªDV tt)
vfrfjDr] la;qDr vFkok lgk;d ftyk U;k;kèkh'k
Civil Judge I Class flfoy tt izFke Js.kh
Civil Judge II class flfoy tuu f}rh; Js.kh
Munsif Magistrate eqafliQ eftLVªsV
Small Judges Court (LekWy ttst dkVZ) [kyhiQk tt
Panchayat (iapk;r) U;k; iapk;r
Note: tc ,d gh U;k;k/h'k dks nhokuh rFkk iQkStnkjh nksuksa izdkj ds eqdn~nes lquus dk vf/dkj gks] rk
District and sessions Judge (fMfLVªDV ,aM lS'ku tt) dgrs gSA

Officers of the Criminal Court (iQkStnkjh U;k;ky; ds vf/dkjh)

Officers of the Civil Court (nhokuh vnkyr ds vf/dkjh)
Sessions Judge lS'ku tt
Additional Sessions Judge vfrfjDr lS'ku tt
Megistrate I Class izFke Js.kh eftLVªsV
Megistrate II Class flfoy tt f}rh; Js.kh
Megistrate III class or munsif magistrate eqafliQ eftLVªsV
Panchayat (iapk;r) U;k;ky; iapk;r
Ranks of Officers Commissioned in the Indian Army in Descending
Order
A. ARMY (Fky lsuk)
Field Marshal iQhYM ek'kZy
General tujy
Lt. General ysÝVhusaV tujy
197
Major General estj tujy
Brigadier fczxsfM;j
Colonel duZy
Lt. Colonel ysÝVhusaV duZy
Major estj
Captain dSIVu
Lieutenant ysÝVhusaV
Subedar lwcsnkj
B. AIR FORCE (ok;q lsuk)
Marshal of the Air Force ,;j iQkslZ ek'kZy
Air Chief Marshal ,;j phiQ ek'kZy
Air Marshal ,;j ek'kZy
Air Vice Marshal ,;j okbl ek'kZy
Air Commander ,;j dekaMj
Group Captain xzqi dsIVu
Wing Commander foax dekaMj
Squadron Leader LDokMªu yhMj
Flt. Lieutenant ÝykbV ySÝVhusaV
Flying Officer Ýykbax vkWiQhlj
C. NAVY (ty lsuk)
Admiral of the fleet ukS lsuk dk ,Mfejy
Admiral leqnzh lsukifr
Vice admiral leqnzh milsukifr
Rear admiral fjvj ,Mfejy
Commodore ukSo lsuk dk mPpinLFk vf/dkjh
Captain dIrku
Commander dekaMj
Lt. Commander mi&dekaMj
Lieutenant ysÝVhusaV
Sub-Lieutenant lgk;d ysÝVhusaV

198
 Officers of the Revenue Court (eky vnkyr ds vf/dkjh)
Board of Revenue cksMZ vkWiQ jSosU;w
Commissioner (dfe'uj) vk;qDr
Collector (dysDVj) ftyk/h'k
Additional Collector (,Mh'kuy dysDVj) vfrfjDr ftyk/h'k
Assistant Collector (vfLkLVsaV dysDVj) lgk;d ftyk/h'k
Deputy Collector (MsiqVh dysDVj) mi&ftyk/h'k

Sub Divisional Officer (lc fMohtuy vkWfiQlj) ijxuk/h'k

Tehsildar rglhynkj
Naib Tehsidar uk;c rglhynkj

199
 16 FORMS OF VERBS

1. Present (1st form) 2. Past (2nd form) 3. Past Participle (3rd form)
GROUP - 1
1st Form vFkZ 2nd Form 3rd Form
Arise mBuk Arose Arisen
Awake tkxuk awoke awaken
Hide fNikuk@fNiuk Hid hidden
Hold Fkkeuk held held
Know tkuuk knew Known
Lie ysVuk lay lain
Ride lokjh djuk rode ridden
Ring ctuk@ctkuk rang rung
Rise mBuk@mxuk rose risen
See ns[kuk saw seen
Shake fgykuk shook shaken
Shine peduk shone shone
Shoot iQksVks fudkyuk@xksyh ekjuk)
Shot Shot
Shrink fldqM+uk shrank shrunk
Sing xkuk sang sung
Sink Mwcuk sank sunk
Sit cSBuk sat sat
Slay c/ djuk slew slain
Speak cksyuk spoke spoken
Spit Fkwduk spat spat
Stand [kM+k gksuk stood stood

200
Steal pqjkuk stole stolen
Stick fpiduk stuck stuck
Strike pksV ekjuk@gM+rky djuk
struck struck
Swear 'kiFk ysuk swore sworn
Swim rSjuk swam swum
Swing >wyuk swung swung
Take ysuk took taken
Tear iQkM+uk tore torn
Wear iguuk wore worn
Weave cquuk wove woven
Win thruk won won
Wind pkch yxkuk wound wound
Write fy[kuk wrote written
Wring fupksM+uk wrung wrung
Be gksuk was, were been
Bear tUe nsuk Bore born
Bear lgu djuk bore borne
Become cuuk became become
Begin vkjaHk djuk began begun
Bite nk¡r ls dkVuk bit bitten
Blow gok dk pyuk blew blown
Bind ck¡/uk bound bound
Bid vkKk nsuk@cksyh yxkuk
bade bidden
Break rksM+uk broke broken
Choose pquuk chose chosen
Cling fpiVuk clung clung
Come vkuk came come
Dig [kksnuk dug dug
Do djuk did done
Draw [khapuk drew drawn
Drink ihuk drank drunk
Drive pykuk drove driven
Eat [kkuk ate eaten
201
Fall fxjuk fell fallen
Find ikuk found found
Fly mM+uk] mM+kuk flew flown
Forbid euk djuk forbade forbidden
Forget Hkwy tkuk forgot forgotten
Freeze tekuk@teuk froze frozen
Get ikuk got got
Give nsuk gave given
Grind ihluk ground ground
Grow c<+uk] mxuk grew grown
Hang yVdkuk hung hung

GROUP - II

uhps fn, x, verbs esa2nd form ,oa 3rd form ,d tSls gSa vkSj
1st form esaed, en vFkokt
yxkdj 2nd ,oa 3rd form cuk, x;s gSaA
Present vFkZ Past P. Participle
Act dke djuk@vfHku; djuk acted acted
Abuse xkyh nsuk abused abused
Hear lquuk heard heard
Help lgk;rk djuk helped helped
Improve lq/kjuk@csgrj gksuk improved improved
Invite fuea=k.k nsuk invited invited
Join lkFk esa gksuk joined joined
Jump dwnuk jumped jumped
Keep j[kuk kept kept
Kill tku ls ekjuk killed killed
Knit cquuk knitted knitted
Kneel ?kqVuksa ds cy >qduk knelt knelt
Lay j[kuk@ vaMk nsuk laid laid
Lie >wB cksyuk lied lied
Laugh galuk laughed laughed
Learn ;kn djuk] lh[kuk learned learned
Leave NksM+uk left left

202
Lend m/kj nsuk lent lent
Lose [kksuk@gkjuk lost lost
Like pkguk liked liked
Listen lquuk (è;ku ls) listened listened
Look ns[kuk looked looked
Live jguk lived lived
Love izse djuk loved loved
Lead ekxZ fn[kkuk led led
Marry fookg djuk married married
Make cukuk made made
Mean vFkZ yxkuk meant meant
Meet feyuk met met
Move fgyuk moved moved
Melt fi?kyuk] fi?kykuk melted melted
Mend lq/kjuk mended mended
Mix feykuk] feyuk mixed mixed
Name uke j[kuk named named
Need vko';drk gksuk needed needed
Nip l[rh ls dqpyuk nipped nipped
Obey vkKk ekuuk obeyed obeyed
Open [kksyuk opened opened
Order vkns'k nsuk ordered ordered
Oppose fojks/ djuk opposed opposed
Pay pqdkuk paid paid
Add tksM+uk added added
Admire iz'kalk djuk admired admired
Advise mins'k nsuk advised advised
Allow vuqefr nsuk allowed allowed
Answer mÙkj nsuk answered answered
Appoint fu;qDr djuk appointed appointed
Appear izdV gksuk appeared appeared
Arrive igqapuk arrived arrived

203
Arrest fxjIrkj djuk arrested arrested
Ask iwNuk@dguk asked asked
Attack vkDzQe.k djuk attacked attacked
Bark HkkSaduk barked barked
Bathe Luku djuk bathed bathed
Beg Hkh[k ek¡xuk begged begged
Believe fo'okl djuk believed believed
Bleed [kwu cguk bled bled
Bless vk'khokZn nsuk blessed blessed
Break rksM+uk@VwVuk broke broken
Bring ykuk brought brought
Boil mckyuk boiled boiled
Boast Mhaxsa ekjuk boasted boasted
Borrow m/kj ysuk borrowed borrowed
Build [email protected] djuk built built
Burn tyuk@tykuk burnt burnt
Buy [kjhnuk bought bought
Call iqdkjuk called called
Carry ys tkuk carried carried
Catch idM+uk caught caught
Clean lkiQ djuk cleaned cleaned
Close can djuk closed closed
Change cnyuk changed changed
Check jksduk@tk¡p djuk checked checked
Climb p<+uk climbed climbed
Clap rkyh ctkuk clapped clapped
Copy udy djuk copied copied
Collect bdV~Bk djuk collected collected
Complain f'kdk;r djuk complained complained
Cook idkuk cooked cooked
Count fxuuk counted counted
Confuse my>u esa Mky nsuk confused confused

204
Sweep >kMw nsuk swept swept
Study i<+uk studied studied
Slip fiQlyuk slipped slipped
Talk ckr djuk talked talked
Tell dguk told told
Teach i<+kuk@fl[kkuk taught taught
Think lkspuk thought thought
Tie cka/uk tied tied
Touch Nwuk touched touched
Try iz;Ru djuk tried tried
Trust fo'okl djuk trusted trusted
Use bLrseky djuk used used
Understand le>uk understood understood
Walk pyuk walked walked
Wash /ksuk washed washed
Wait izrh{kk djuk waited waited
Weep jksuk wept wept
Work dke djuk worked worked
Watch fuxjkuh djuk watched watched
Wish pkguk wished watched
Wander ?kweuk wandered wandered
Waste u"V djuk Wasted wasted
Wed fookg djuk wedded wedded
Wound ?kk;y djuk wounded wounded
Worship iwtk djuk worshipped worshipped
Wonder gSjku gksuk wondered wondered
Wrap yisVuk wrapped wrapped
Yield >qduk@iSnk djuk yielded yielded
Play [ksyuk played played
Pray izkFkZuk djuk prayed prayed
Praise iz'kalk djuk praised praised
Preach mins'k djuk preached preached

205
Peep >k¡duk peeped peeped
Plant ikS/k yxkuk planted planted
Pluck rksM+uk(TkSls iQwy rksM+rs
pluckedgS) plucked
Prepare rS;kj djuk prepared prepared
Pull [khapuk pulled pulled
Prevent jksduk prevented prevented
Punish n.M nsuk punished punished
Prove fl¼ djuk proved proved
Promise opu nsuk promised promised
Push /Ddk nsuk pushed pushed
Plough [ksr tksruk ploughed ploughed
Quarrel >xM+uk quarrelled quarrelled
Rain o"kkZ gksuk rained rained
Reply tokc nsuk replied replied
Reach igq¡puk reached reached
Receive ikuk] izkIr djuk received received
Refuse badkj djuk refused refused
Rest vkjke djuk rested rested
Resign R;kxi=k nsuk resigned resigned
Repair ejEer djuk repaired repaired
Remember ;kn djuk remembered remembered
Return ykSVkuk] ykSVuk returned returned
Roar xjtuk roared roared
Say dguk said said
Seek vis{kk djuk@<w¡<uk sought sought
Sell cspuk sold sold
Save cpkuk saved saved
Saw vkjs ls phjuk sawed sawed
Send Hkstuk sent sent
Select pquuk (NkaVdj) selected selected
Sleep lksuk slept slept
Stand [kM+k gksuk stood stood

206
Stay Bgjuk stayed stayed
Spend [kpZ djuk spent spent
Stop jksduk stopped stopped
Consult lykg nsuk consulted consulted
Cover <+duk covered covered
Crow ckax yxkuk crowed crowed
Cross ikj djuk crossed crossed
Creep jsaxuk crept crept
Cry fpYykuk cried cried
Decorate ltkuk decorated decorated
Dance ukpuk danced danced
Deceive /ks[kk nsuk deceived deceived
Defeat gjkuk defeated defeated
Decide fu.kZ; djuk decided decided
Desire bPNk djuk desired desired
Discover [kkst djuk discovered discovered
Dip Mqcksuk dipped dipped
Die ejuk died died
Divide ck¡Vuk divided divided
Dream LoIu ns[kuk dreamed dreamed
Dry lq[kuk@lq[kkuk dried dried
Drown Mqckuk drowned drowned
Dye jaxuk dyed dyed
Earn dekuk earned earned
Enter izos'k djuk entered entered
Employ dke ij j[kuk employed employed
Explain le>kuk explained explained
Face lkeuk djuk faced faced
Fail vliQy gksuk failed failed
Fear Mjuk feared feared
Feed f[kykuk fed fed
Feel eglwl@vuqHko djuk felt felt

207
Fell fxjkuk felled felled
Flee Hkkxuk fled fled
Fight yM+uk fought fought
Finish lekIr djuk finished finished
Fine tqekZuk yxkuk fined fined
Float rSjuk (lrg ij) floated floated
Graze pjuk grazed grazed
Gather bdV~Bk djuk@gksuk gathered gathered
Have j[kuk@izkIr djuk had had
Hate ?k`.kk djuk hated hated
Hang iQkalh yxkuk hanged hanged

GROUP - III
uhps fn, x, verbs ds lHkhforms ,d tSls gSA
Present vFkZ Past P. Participle
Let djus nsuk Let let
Put j[kuk put put
Read i<+uk read read
Set vLr gksuk set set
Shed cgkuk@R;kx nsuk shed shed
Shut can djuk shut shut
Spread iQSykuk spread spread
Thrust Bw¡luk@Fkksiuk thrust thrust
Quit NksM+uk quit quit
Bid cksyh yxkuk bid bid
Bet 'krZ yxkuk bet bet
Burst iQVuk burst burst
Cast iQsaduk@Mkyuk cast cast
Cost ewY; yxkuk cost cost
Cut dkVuk cut cut
Hurt ihM+k igq¡pkuk hurt hurt
Read ,oa study esa varj gSA
Study dk vFkZ vè;;u djuk gS tcfdRead ge Magazine,
newspaper bR;kfn dks djrs gSA

208
 CONFUSING PAIR
1. Bear bore born - iSnk djuk
Bear bore borne - cnkZ'r djuk
2. Fall falled fallen - fxjuk
Fell felled felled - fxjkuk
3. See saw seen - ns[kuk
Saw sawed sawed/sawn - vkjh ls phM+uk@dkVuk
4. Wind wound wound - eksM+uk@yisVuk@pkch yxkuk
Wound wounded wounded - ?kk;y djuk
5. Fly flew flown - mM+uk
Flow flowed flowed - cguk
6. Find found found - ikuk
Found founded founded - LFkkfir djuk
7. Grind Ground Ground - ihluk
Ground grounded grounded - tehu ij ykuk@mM+ku Hkjus ij ikcanh yxk;k
8. Hang hanged hanged - iQkalh ij p<+kuk
Hang hung hung - Vkaxuk] yVdkuk
9. Lie lied lied - >wB cksyuk
Lie lay lain - ysVuk
10. Rend rent rent - phjuk@iQkM+uk
Rent rented rented - fdjk;s ij nsuk

words Confued With Verb / Noun / Adjective

1. Lose (verb) [kksuk@gkjuk
Loss (Noun) ?kkVk@gkfu
Loose (Adj.) <+hyk
2. Mitigate (verb) csgrj djuk
Militate (verb) izfrdwy gksuk
3. Pour (verb) mMsyuk
Pore (Noun) fNnz
4. Proceed (verb) vkxs c<+uk
Precede (verb) ls igys vkuk
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5. Pray (verb) izkFkuk djuk
Prey (verb) f'kdkj djuk(noun)f'kdkj
6. Rout (verb) vklkuh ls gjkuk
Route (noun) jkLrk
Root (noun) tM+
7. Censure (verb) fuank djuk
Censor (verb) ikcanh yxkuk
8. See (verb) ns[kuk
Look (verb/noun) rkduk@utj Mkyuk
Stare (verb) ?kwjuk
Peep (verb) >k¡duk] pqids ls ns[kuk
Glare/Glower (verb/noun) xqLls ls ns[kuk@xqLls ls Hkjh utj
Glance (verb/noun) ,d >yd ns[kuk@,d >yd
Glimpse (noun) ,d >yd ns[kuk@,d >yd
9. Light (adj/noun/verb) gYdk@jks'kuh@izTofyr djuk
Burn (verb/noun) tykuk @ tyk gqvk Hkkx ('kjhj dk)
10. Catch (verb/noun) fdlh xfr'khy dks idM+uk
Hold (verb/noun) Bgjh gqbZ pht dks Fkkeuk@idM+
11. Wave (noun/verb) ygj@ygjkuk
Waive (verb) NwV nsuk
12. Tow (verb) [khap dj ys tkuk
Toe (noun) iSj dh vaxqfy;k¡
Tiptoe (verb) iSj dh vaxqfy;ksa ij pyuk
13. Site (noun( fuekZ.k LFky)
Sight (noun) utkjk ;k n`f"V
Cite (verb) mYys[k djuk
14. Defuse (verb) ruko de djuk
Diffuse (verb) iQSykuk
15. Desert (noun/verb) jsfxLrku R;kx nsuk
Dessert (noun) Meals ds ckn dk sweetdish

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16. Sever (verb) dkV ds vyx dj nsuk
Severe (adj) rhoz
Sewer (noun) ukyk
17. Sink (verb) Mqcuk (futhZo dk)
Drown (verb) Mqckuk@Mqcuk
18. Cease (verb) :duk
Seize (verb) tCr djuk
19. Practice (noun) vH;kl
Practise (verb) vH;kl djuk
20. Advice (noun) lykg
Advise (verb) lykg nsuk
21. Complain (verb) f'kdk;r djuk
Complaint (noun) f'kdk;r
22. Affect (verb) vlj djuk
Effect (noun/verb) ifj.kke@cnyko ykuk
23. Assure (verb) rlYyh nsuk
Ensure (verb) lqfuf'pr djuk
Insure (verb) chek djuk
24. Hear (verb) lquuk
Listen (verb) è;ku ls lquuk
25. Heal (verb) Bhd gksuk
Heel (noun) ,sM+h
26. Prescribe (verb) lykg nsuk
Proscribe (verb) ikcanh yxkuk
27. Adopt (verb) (xksn ysuk)
Adapt (verb) <+kyuk
Adept (adj) fuiq.k
28. Allude (verb) ds lanHkZ esa mYys[k djuk
Elude (verb) ls cpuk
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29. Amend (verb) la'kks/u djuk
Emend (verb) v'kqf¼;k¡ fudky nsuk
30. Bought (v2 & v3 form of buy) [kjhnuk
Brought (V2 & V3 form of bring) ykuk
31. Compose (verb) cukuk
Comprise (verb) ls cuk gksuk
32. Deface (verb) fod`r djuk
Efface (verb) feVk nsuk
33. Deprecate (verb) ukilan djuk
Depreciate (verb) ewY; de gksuk
34. Excite (verb) mrsftr djuk
Incite (verb) HkM+dkuk
35. Flout (verb) mYya?ku djuk
Flaunt (verb) fn[kkok djuk
36. Hoard (verb) fNik dj tek djuk
Horde (noun) yksxksa dk lewg
37. Loathe (verb) ukilan djuk
Loath (adj) vfuPNqd
38. Refuse (verb) euk djuk
Deny/Refute (verb) [kaMu djuk
Decline (verb) vLohdkj djuk@de gksuk
39. Peddle (verb) ?kwe&?kwe ds lkeku cspuk
Pedal (noun/verb) lkbfdy esa ftl ij iSj j[k dj ?kqekrs gSA @ pykuk
40. Canvass (verb) ?kwe&?kwe ds oksV ekaxuk
Canvas (noun) eksVk diM+k (ftlls twrs ,oa VsaV curs gSa)
41. Ride (verb/noun) lSj@nksifg;s o tkuoj dh lokjh djuk
Drive (verb/noun) lSj @ pkj ifg;s dh lokjh djuk
42. Wither (verb) eqj>kuk
Weather (noun) fnu&izfrfnu dk ekSle
Whether (conj.) ;k--------;k uk
Whither (adj.) where (dgk¡) iqjkus dky dh vaxzsth Hkk"kk esa

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