VERBS

NON-FINITE VERBS
(a) Infinitives (b) Gerunds (c) Participles
Verb
(i) Finite (ii) Non-Finite
FINITE AND NON-FINITE
1. Look at these sentences:
A boy plays cricket. (singular subject + singular verb)
Boys play cricket. (Plural subject + plural verb)
(i) A boy subject third person, singular number
verb plays singular verb subject
(ii) Boys subject third person plural number verb
play plural verb subject
(iii) finite verbs : plays play
Verb subject number person finite verb
2. Look at these sentences
A boy likes to play cricket.
Boys like to play cricket.
(i) to play verb (unchanged) subject A boy
singular number subject boys plural number
(ii) to play
(iii) to play non-finite verb
Verb subject number, gender person non-finite verb
Verb 5 forms I, II form finite verb III, IV V form non-finite verb

KIND OF NON-FINITE
Non-finites
(i) Infinitive
(ii) Gerund
(iii) Participle

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 INFINITIVE
(Form and Use)
(A) Form
Verb base form infinitive verb to

I want to go. Let him go.

(B) Infinitive
1 (i) Present infinitive : (to + infinitive) to go, to do
(ii) Negative infinitive): (not + infinitive) not to go, not to do
2. Present continuous infinitive: (to be + ….ing) to be going, to be doing
3. Perfect infinitive: (to have + past participle) to have gone, to have done
4. Perfect continuous infinitive: (to have been + …….ing) to have been going, to have been doing
5. Present infinitive passive: (to be + past participle) to be gone, to be done
(C) Full infinitive and bare infinitive
1. Look at these sentences:
It is easy to sing .(to + verb)
We want to go home.(to + verb)
Full infinitive : to + verb to sing, to go full infinitive
2. Look at these sentences:
Let me tell you a story .
We saw him break the lock.
(i) Tell break infinitive to :
(ii) to to infinitive bare plain infinitive
(iii) Bare infinitive verb come, go
(D) Uses of the infinitive
(i) Infinitive with to
Infinitive with to
(a) Infinitive as subject to the verb
1. Look at these sentences :
To advise is easy.
To steal is wrong.
To err is human.
To act like that is childish.

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 Infinitive (to advise, to err, to steal, to act) subject
Note:
(i) Introductory It infinitive
To advise is easy. = It is easy to advise.
To steal is wrong. = It is wrong to steal.
(ii) Infinitive –ing form verbs subjects
To advise is easy. = Advising is easy.
To steal is wrong. = Stealing is wrong.
To learn Chinese is not easy. = Learning Chinese is not easy.
(b) Infinitive as object to the verb
2. Look at these sentences
We hope to start tomorrow. She forgot to write to Ravi.
He promised to marry her. They decided to see the principal
(i) Verb-hope, promised, forgot, decided infinitive with to, to start, to
marry, to write, to see
(ii) Verbs infinitive with to
Agree attempt care fail hope like plain
Remember afford arrange decide forget learn manage
Prepare seem aim choose demand happen long
Neglect promise try appear claim determine hesitate
Love offer refuse want
(c) verb + how / what / when / where / which/ why + infinitive
3. Look at these sentences
I wonder how to invite.
Tell me when to pay.
Show me what to do.
We don’t know where to stay.
I know how to swim.
Do you know how to do it ?
(i) verbs question word how/when + to infinitive
verbs
Discover decide find learn know remember show think

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(D) Verb + Object + Infinitive
4. Look at these sentences:
She told him to wait.
I requested her to sing.
I advised her to work hard.
He allowed him to go.
I told you to be careful.
(i) verbs-told, requested, allowed, advised object + Infinitive with to

(ii) verbs object + to infinitive

Advise encourage instruct order remind tell warn
Allow force invite permit request tempt compel
Forbid oblige persuade teach urge
(E) verb + infinitive / verb + object + infinitive
5. Look at these sentences:
Verb + infinitive Verb + object + infinitive
I asked to leave. I asked him to leave.
I want to go home. I want you to go home.
He likes to eat well. He likes him to eat well.
(i) Verbs patterns :
(a) verb + infinitive (b) verb + object + infinitive
(ii) verbs patterns
Ask expect help love mean wish beg
Hate intend like prefer want
(F) verb + object + to be
6. look at these sentences:
We know him to be honest.
I consider him to be the best teacher.
He thought her to be the best singer.
(i) Verbs object + to be
(ii) verbs
Assume believe feel suppose understand

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(G) Infinitive after certain adjectives
7. Look at these sentences:
She was anxious to go.
I am sorry to disturb you.
I was glad to see him.
I am pleased to see you.
(i) adjectives (anxious, glad, sorry, pleased) infinitive with to

(ii) adjectives infinitive with to

Angry eager fortunate happy keen lucky pleased
Sorry difficult easy glad inclined likely nice
Ready surprised
(H) Infinitive after certain nouns
8. Look at these sentences:
I have no wish to change.
She has a plan to go abroad.
He made an attempt to stand up.
I told her about my decision to leave.
(i) nouns infinitive with to
(ii) nouns :
Attempt decision demand desire effort failure promise
request Ambition anxiety offer scheme ability willingness
(I) Infinitive of purpose
9. Look at these sentences:
We eat to live ( ) Not live to eat ( )
I go there to see ( ) Not to praise ( ) her
(i) Infinitive with to (purpose)
(ii) infinitive with purpose for + gerund
Correct Incorrect
I came to see you. I came for seeing you.
Give me a book to read. Give me a book for reading.
We should eat to live. We should eat for living.
He went there to buy a pen. He went there for buying a pen.
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(J) Infinitive after too and enough
10. Look at these sentences:
The box is too heavy to lift.
He was strong enough to pull the box.
The shirt is too dirty to wear.
She is intelligent enough to solve the problem.
Too enough adjective / adverb + infinitive with to
(ii) Infinitive without to
Infinitive without to
(A) Modal auxiliary verbs
1. Look at these sentence:
I can speak English. I may go home.
We shall meet him it. It might rain tonight.
I will help you. We must go now.
(i) can, shall, will, may, might must modal auxiliary verbs
(ii) Infinitive to
(iii) modal auxiliary verbs infinitive to bare infinitive
Can may shall will must dare could
Might should would need
Note: (i) Dare need bare infinitive negative interrogative

I daren’t go.
I needn’t wait.
Note: dare principle verb infinitive with to

He dares to go there.
He dared to defy me.
I don’t dare to do so.
He dared to oppose her.
(ii) Ought used infinitive with to
We ought to obey our teachers.
I used to play football at school.

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(B) Let, make, hear, feel, etc. + Object + bare infinitive.
2. Look at these sentences:
Let us go now.
I saw him come.
What makes you laugh?
I observed him go out.
She heard him cry.
We watched him jump.
He didn’t notice you speak.
(i) verbs objects infinitive without to
(ii) verbs
Feel know make please overhear watch hear
Let notice observe see
3. Look at these sentences:
Active Passive
I made him sing. He was made to sing.
We saw him leave. He was seen to leave.
I helped him climb the tree. He was helped to climb the tree.
Passive voice verbs infinitive with to
(C) Had better, would rather, sooner than etc.
4. Look at these sentences:
You had better stop.
They had sooner run than walk.
I would rather starve than beg.
Bare infinitive
Better had rather would sooner cannot but had better
Had sooner would rather need hardly
(D) Help, know
5. Look at these sentences:
Infinitive without to
Infinitive without to Infinitive with to
I helped him mend his bicycle. I helped him to mend his bicycle.
I have never known him lose his temper.I have never known him to lose his temper.

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(i) help know full infinitive bare infinitive
(ii) Infinitive without to
It is perhaps best for the foreign students always to use the form with to since that is never incorrect.
(E) And, or , except, but, than
6. Look at these sentences:
There is nothing to do but wait.
She did no more than weep.
I want you to stand beside me and hold the torch.
Do you want to eat now or wait till evening?
I had nothing to do except look at the garden.
Infinitive and, or, except, but, than infinitive to

Note: Infinitive to

All we can do is (to) write to him

(F) Why, why not
7. Look at these sentences:
Why hire a taxi? Why not write to him
Why worry about this? Why not ask him to help you?
(i) Why + infinitive without to (The point of the question
is usually to suggest that it is stupid or pointless to do something)
(ii) Why not + infinitive without to
8. Look at these sentences:
Incorrect Correct
What to do? What shall we do?
Who to pay? Who should I pay?
How to tell her? How shall I tell her?
Direct question: What to …..? Who to….? How to….? Shall
should + Infinitive without to
(iii) The infinitive represented by its to
9. Look at these sentences:
Will you buy a scooter? Yes, I want to (= buy a scooter)
Do you smoke? No, but I used to (smoke)

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Can the boys go home? Yes, if they wish to (= go home)
Have you fed the dog? No, but I’m Just going to (= feed the dog)
(i) (repetition) infinitive to
verb anaphoric to
(ii) to
(a) Verbs: hate, hope, intend, mean, make (Passive)
Play try want would like/love
(b) Auxiliaries: be able to, be going to, have need, ought to, used to
(iv) Split infinitive
10. Look at these sentences:
It is difficult to easily understand it
It would take ages to really master this subject
It is time to immediately put the work in hand
(i) Adverbs – easily, really, immediately to infinitive verb
split infinitive
(ii) Infinitive, to to infinitive verb
to understand, to master, to put
(iii)
It is difficult to understand it easily
It would take ages really to master this subject
It is time to put the work in hand immediately
(iv) grammarians, split infinitive modern
grammarians
(v) Introductory infinitive phrases
11. Look at these sentences:
To be honest, I just don’t like her.
To be frank, I have done my duty.
To tell you the truth, I don’t have any money.
(i) Infinitive phrases modify Introductory Infinitive phrases

(ii) common phrases

To speak strictly to be fair (to him)
To use the correct expression
To be honest to take a simple example
To cut a long story short
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(vi) Negative infinitive
12. Look at these sentences:
Try not to be late.
I want not to do this work.
He decided not to study medicine.
She wishes not to speak to him
Not to negative infinitive
(vii) The continuous infinitive
Form: to be Present participle:
He seems to be following us.
He appeared to be listening.
(viii) The Perfect infinitive
Form: to have + past participle:
He should have helped her. (but he didn’t)
She would have gone there. (but she didn’t)
You might/could have told me. (but you couldn’t)
(ix) The passive infinitive
Form: to be + past participle:
He ought to be told it. This door must be repaired today.
I didn’t expect to be invited. There is a lot of work to be done.

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 GERUND
(Form and use)
(A) Form
Verb –ing noun gerund speaking,
running, working.
Gerund present participle
(B) Gerund and Participle
1. Look at these sentences:
Swimming is a good exercise. (Gerund)
We went to the swimming pool. (Participle)
(i) verb + ing = gerund: verb + ing = present participle
(ii) swimming gerund noun
(iii) swimming present participle adjective pool

(C) uses of gerund (-ing form)

(a) Gerund (-ing form) as subject
2. Look at these sentences:
Singing is her hobby.
Reading is a good habit
Smoking is dangerous
Sleeping is necessary to life
(i) singing, smoking, reading sleeping gerunds
(ii) gerunds verb subject
(iii) gerunds singular verb
(b) Gerund (-ing form) as complement
3. Look at these sentences:
Seeing is believing.
My favourite activity is reading
The best kind of rest is sleeping
What I most detest is smoking
(i) believing, sleeping, reading smoking gerunds
(ii) gerunds verb complement
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(c) Gerund (-ing form) after certain verbs
4. Look at these sentences:
I like swimming.
She loves driving
We hate smoking
He enjoys travelling
(i) swimming, smoking, driving travelling gerund
(ii) verbs gerund (-ing form)
Admit defer dislike finish miss recollect
Risk appreciate delay enjoy forgive postpone
Remember stop avoid deny escape involve
Prevent resent suggest consider detest excuse
Mind propose resist understand
Examples of verb + gerund (-ing form) sentences
Let us go swimming
We stopped advising others.
Do you enjoy teaching?
He wants to avoid meeting me.
We missed seeing the test matches.
He practiced singing every day.
I could not help laughing.
Do you mind closing the door?
I love driving a car fast.
He kept complaining.
I finish writing that letter.
Children like watching football matches
5. Look at these sentences:
This book is worth buying.
We could not help being late.
It is good learning essays by heart.
-ing form
It is worth It’s no good
Didn’t help Can’t help
It’s no use What’s the point of
Can’t bear There’s no point in

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6. Look at these sentences:
Your hair need cutting. (= needs to be cut.)
Your suit requires pressing. (…..needs to be pressed)
The scooter wants servicing. (=……needs to be serviced)
Passive need, require want –ing form
(d) Gerund (-ing form) after preposition
7. Look at these sentences:
He saved me from drowning.
You can’t live without eating.
She fond of dancing.
They were punished for coming late.
Proposition ( by, of, without, for, at from, on, in, off, up, before ) gerund (-ing form)

8. Look at these sentences:

He prefers reading to writing.
I look forward to hearing from you.
I am not used to getting up early.
to
(i) to infinitive verb I want to go
(ii) to preposition noun/pronoun verb Mr. Sinha
went to Delhi/him
Preposition to verb –ing form I object to
working on Sundays
(e) Infinitive and gerund constructions
9. Look at these sentences:
Infinitive Gerund
They began to work They began working
We prefer to go by air We prefer going by air
I propose to leave soon I propose leaving soon
I like to climb mountains I like climbing mountains.
(i) Verbs Infinitives (to + verb) gerunds (-ing form)
(ii) Verbs infinitives (to + verb) gerunds (-ing form)

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Advise begin dislike intend mean permit
Start allow bear fear love need
Prefer stop agree continue forget like
Neglect regret try require cease hate
Learn propose remember want.
Some more examples:
Infinitive Gerund
She learning to dance She learnt dancing
He started to run He started running
She hates to do it She hates doing it
We fear to go there We fear going there
She forgot to write to him She forgot writing to him
They continue to live there They continue living there
He stopped to watch TV He stopped watching TV
10. Look at these sentences:
Infinitive Gerund
To gamble is a vice Gambling is a vice
To smoke is forbidden Smoking is forbidden
To see is to believe Seeing is believing
Can you teach me to paint? Can you teach me painting?
(i) infinitive gerund noun verb
(ii) Infinitive gerund gerund infinitive

(f) Gerund with possessive adjective or ‘s

11. Look at these sentences:
I don’t like your boasting.
Please excuse my leaving early.
I insist in his being present
We don’t approve of Ram’s going there.
(i) Boasting, being, leaving going gerunds nouns
(ii) Gerund (-ing form) pronoun ( I, we, you, he she, they, it )
Possessive adjective (my, our, his, her, their, its )
(iii) Gerund noun ( Ram, John ) possessive case (Ram’s John’s)

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12. Look at these sentences:
I don’t mind walking. I don’t mind you walking.
He disliked working late He disliked my working late.
(i) Patterns
(a) Verb + gerund (-ing form)
(b) Verb + possessive adjective/pronoun object + gerund
(ii) verb patterns
Like, dislike, stop, mind, resent, object to

PARTICIPLE
(Form and use)
Form: verb adjective , participle playing,
working, talking.
Verb + adjective = participle
1. Look at these sentences:
He told me an interesting story
He jumped into a running car
(i) Interesting running verbs interest run
(ii) Interesting running story car nouns interesting
running adjective
(iii) Interesting running participles
Kinds of participles
Participles
(A) Present Participle: (infinitive + ing)
(B) perfect Participle: (having + past Participle)
(C) Past Participle: (Infinitive + d/-ed/-t/-en/-n)
(A) Present Participle
(i) Form: infinitive + ing going, sitting, making.
Present participle
(B) Uses of present Participle
Present Participle uses
(a) To form continuous tense
2. Look at these sentences:
He is working She was reading
He is going I shall be writing
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Present Participle present continuous, past continuous Future continuous tenses

(b) Present Participle used as adjectives

3. Look at these sentences:
It was a tiring exercise The exercise was tiring.
It is an interesting film I shall be writing.
(i) tiring interesting present participles adjective
(ii) nouns (exercise / films) qualify adjective + noun.
(iii) present participle adjective (complement of the verb)
noun + adjective.
(C) Present participles used after some verbs
4. Look at these sentences:
She is busy packing.
I left him talking to monu.
We heard the dogs barking.
I found him standing there.
Verbs present participles
(i) See/hear/feel/smell+object + present participle
(ii) catch/find/leave + object + present participle
(iii) be busy + present participle
(D) present participle can combine main sentences
5. Look at these sentences:
He came out of the office.
He was smiling.
He came out of the office smiling.
They went into class-room.
They were laughing.
They went into the class-room.
(i) main/principle clauses
(ii) subject
present participle
6. Look at these sentences:
He opened the box.
He took out his shirt.
Opening the box, he took out his shirt.
I looked out of the window

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I saw a beggar
Looking out of the window, I saw a beggar.
Present participle

(E) A present participle can replace a subordinate clause

7. Look at these sentences:
As he knew that he was early, he went to the bookshop.
= Knowing that he was early, he went to the bookshop
Because / As / since he was a player, he was interested in games.
= Being a player, he was interested in games.
(i) As/ Because/Since + subject + verb subordinate clause
(ii) Subordinate clause present participle ( Knowing, being)
Subordinate clause present participle replace
8. Look at these sentences:
The pen which is lying on the table is mine.
The pen lying on the table is mine.
(i) Which is lying Subordinate clause
(ii) Subordinate clause present participle ( lying)

PERFECT PARTICIPLE
(Form and use)
(i) Form
Having + past participle
Having written, having done, having seen

(ii) uses of perfect participle

perfect participle uses
(a) Active voice having + past participle having done
(b) passive voice having been + past participle having been done
(a) Perfect participle help to combine sentences
1. Look at these sentences:
Ramu has failed three times. He doesn’t want to try again
Having failed three times, Ramu doesn’t want to try again.
Suresh has passed the SSC He wants to join college.
Having passed the SSC, Suresh wants to join college.
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(i) Subject perfect participle

(ii) Ramu has failed three times Ramu doesn’t want to try
again Ramu has failed three times perfect participle
having failed three times
(iii) perfect participle sentences
2. Look at these sentences:
The task was done. Then the boy went home.
= The task having been done, the boy went home
The boy was expelled, then he left the class room.
= Having been expelled, the boy left the class room
Perfect participle passive voice

PAST PARTICIPLE
Form and use
(A) form
Form: infinitive + -d/-ed/-t/-en/-n
Worked, burnt, stolen, broken, made, drunk past participles

(B) Use of past participle

Past participle uses
(a) Past participle to form perfect tense
1. Look at these sentences:
He has arrived. They had forgotten.
He has stolen my watch. They have completed the work.
Past participle perfect tenses
(B) Past participle as an adjective
2. Look at these sentences:
We gave a written complaint.
There were some fallen tree.
Past participle adjective Adjective + noun written fallen
complaint trees
3. Look at these sentences:
The worker were tired. The hut was burnt
The man looked worried He became discouraged
Past participle adjective noun + adjective.

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(C) Past participle help to combine sentences
4. Look at these sentences:
He enters. He is accompanied by his friend.
= He enters, accompanied by his friend.
The doctor was appointed to treat the patient. He started working hard.
= Appointed to treat the patient, the doctor started working hard.
(i) Past participle ( accompanied, appointed) subject + passive
verb (He is accompanied, the doctor was appointed)
(ii) Past participle
Dangling or unrelated participle
(i) Noun/pronoun participle qualify
finite verb subject
(ii) Participle subject dangling, participle / unrelated participle /
misrelated participle
Waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head.
Feeling sleepy, the book fell from his hands.

As I was waiting for a bus, a brick fell on my head

As he was feeling sleepy, the book fell from his hands.
Use of participle
Participle
1. Look at these sentences:
Walking along the street, Sonu gave me a book
Clauses
(i) Sonu was walking along the street Walking along the street.
(ii) (clauses) : Sonu gave me a book
(iii) clauses subject Sonu.
(iv) (clauses) subject (clauses) participle

Same subject in both clause = Participle + Principal clause

2. Look at these sentences:
While going to college, a dog jumped at Sonu.
(clauses)
(i) Sonu was going to college a dog jumped at Sonu.
(ii) Sonu was going to college While going to college.
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(iii) Sonu dog subjects participle unattached participle

(iv) participle clauses while

Sonu was going to college, a dog jumped at him.
(v) (clauses) subjects participle
clause (While + subject + verb) clause
participle unattached participle
Different subjects in both parts = Adv. Cl. (while) + p.c.
3.
Ploughing his field, Moti saw a big snake.
Ploughing his field, a scorpion stung him.
(i) Subject Moti participle subject attached
participle
(ii) Subject he scorpion
participle subject unattached participle
correct form
While he was ploughing his field, a scorpion stung him.

SOME IMPORTANT COLLOCATION

You use make with nouns referring to:
Plans: Appointment, arrangement, choice, decision, plan
Travel: Journey, tour, trip, visit
Talking and sounds: comment, noise, point, promise, sound, speech, suggestion
Food and drink: breakfast, a cup of tea, some coffee, a meal, a sandwich
Eg. Why are you making a noise?
You use have with nouns referring to:
Meals: breakfast, dinner, drink, lunch, meal, taste, tea.
Talking: chat, conversation, discussion, talk.
Washing: bath, shower, wash
Relaxation: break, holiday, rest
Disagreement: argument, fight, quarrel, trouble
Eg. We usually have breakfast at eight O’clock
You use take with these nouns:
Care Chance Charge decision
Interest Offence Photograph responsibility
Ask time trouble turns
Eg. He was prepared to take great risks.

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 MODALS

Will, Would, shall, should, Can, could, May, might, Must, ought to.
Modals are used in different ways, if the sense of the sentence is ability, possibility, duty and
suggestion.
Rule: I can do this work (×)
You should go there (×)
Modal are never use alone, it is always used with the help of main verb (V1)
S + modals + V1+OW A. V. (Present)
S + modals + Be + V3 + By + OW P. V. (Present)
S + modals + have + V3 + OW A. V. (Past)
S + modals + have + been +V3 + OW/by + O P. V. (Past)
Rule: You should to read English (×)
I will to go there (×)
After modals to is not used
Rule:
Ex. You should and must go there. ( )
You can must solve this problem (×)
Double modals should not be used together.
Note: and modal
Can:
Can is used with the sense of ability power and capacity
S + can + V1 + OW
Ex: I can beat you

S + has / have + power to + V1 + OW

S + can + V1 + OW S + has / have + capacity to + V1 + OW
S + has / have + ability to + V1 + OW
S + am / is / are + able to + V1 + OW
Ex. I can solve this problem
Rule: Can is used with the sense of possibility
S + can + be + N / ow 60% Possibility
Ex. He can be a doctor.
I can be there.
Rule: can is used with the sense of rough permission

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 Formal May + S + V1 + OW + ?
Permission Informal Can + S + V1 + OW + ?
Polite Could + S + V1 + OW + Please?
Would + S + Please + V1 + OW ?

Ex. Formal:
May I come in sir?
May I have a talk with you?
May I have your attention please?
Informal:
Can I come in sir? (×)
Can I come in? ( )
Can have a talk with you?
Polite:
Would you please lend me 5000 Rs.?
Could you me help me please.?

Could:
Rule: Could is used in the sense of polite request
Ex. Could I come in sir?
Could you help me please?
Could + S + V1 + OW + ?
Rule: could is use in the sense of less possibility
S + could + V1(be) + OW (N/OW) Possibility 1%
Ex. It could be a bomb.
Rule: could is used in the sense of past power, ability and capacity
When + S + was/were + N/OW, S + Could + V1 + OW
Ex. When I was young I could run 2 miles at a stretch
Rule:
Could

S+ could + V1+OW S + couldn’t + V1 + OW S + could + have + V3 + OW

I could meet him. I could have spoken English.
I couldn’t take to him. I could have solved this problem.
I couldn’t go there.

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May:
Rule: may is used with the sense of permission (Formal)
May + S + V1 + OW +?
Ex. May I use your pen please?
Rule: may is used with the sense of possibility.
S + may + V1 +OW Possibility 50%
Ex. It may rain today.
Bhavna may come today.
Rule: May is used with the sense of bless, curse or wish.
May + S + V1 + OW
Ex.
May you live long.
May he die soon.
May you be an IAS.
Rule 4: may is used with the sense of purpose

S + V1/5 + OW, Conj. S + May + V1 + OW

that so that in order that

Ex.
We study English in the DSL so that
We may get success in our life

Might:
Rule: might is use with the sense of less possibility
S + might + V1 + OW Present sense 20% possibility
S + might + have + v3 + OW Present sense 10%-20% possibility
Ex.
It might rain today.
She might come today.
He might have left his office.

Shall:
Rule: shall is used with first person to explain any future event.
S + shall + V1 + OW
I shall buy a car tomorrow.
58
Dharmendra Kumar
Rule: shall is use with 2nd & 3rd person if the sense of the sentence is threat, promise and strong
determination.
S+Shall +be + V3+OW
Ex. He shall be killed tomorrow

Should:
Rule: Should is used with the sense of give or take advice
S + Should + V1 + OW
S + Should + have + V3 + OW
Ex.
I Should have joined the DSL.
You should go your home.
He should read this book.
Rule: should is used in the sense of duty or obligation
S + should + V1 + OW
Ex. We should love our country
Rule: should is used with the sense of formal information
S + should + V1 + OW
Ex. Candidates should answer all the questions.
Rule: should is used with the sense of less possibility with conditional sentences.
If + S + should + V1 + OW......
Should + S + V1 + OW......
Ex.
If he should come, ask him to wait for me.
Rule: Should is used with the word lest.
Lest………should ( )
Lest sentence start
Negative word (No/Not )
(S)+V+OW, lest + S + Should + V1 + OW
Ex: hurry up, lest it should be evening
Run fast, lest you should miss the train

Will:
Rule: will is used with 2nd and 3rd person to explain any future event
S+will +V1+OW
Ex. She will meet me tomorrow

Dharmendra Kumar 59
Rule: will is used with 1st person if the sense of the sentence is promise, threat and strong
determination.
Ex.
I will kill you, if you do it again.
I will kill you lot of money tomorrow.
Rule 3: Will is used with 1st, 2nd and 3rd person if the sentence refer to assertion.
Ex. I will meet you tomorrow.
Would:
Rule: would is used with the sense of polite request
Would+S+V1+OW?
Ex. Would you please help me?
Would you lend me thousand rupees?
Rule: would is used with the sense of would like to
S + would like to + V1+OW
Ex.
I would like to love you from dusk to dawn
I would like to meet you tomorrow
Rule 3: Would is used with the sense of past habit.

Past habit

Regular Irregular
S + used to + V1+OW S + Would +V1+OW
Sometimes – Rarely
Used to Usually – Daily
Often – Everyday

Ex.

He used to drink alcohol.

I used to drink milk.

He would sometimes drink alcohol.

I would go to temple daily.

60
Dharmendra Kumar
 l ar S + used to +V1+OW
R eg u
When + S + was/were +N/OW Irregular
S + would +V1+OW
Norm
al S+V2+OW
Ex.

When I was in America, I used to take tea with breakfast.

When I was in America, I would, often take tea with breakfast.

When I was in America, I took tea with breakfast.

Rule 4: would is used with the sense of conditional sentences.

If + S + V2 + OW, S + Might /would/could + V1+OW

Conditional
If + S + V2 + N + OW , S+would + V1 + OW
Ex.
If you came to me, I would help you
If I were the PM of India, I would solve the problem of Kashmir

If + S + had + V3+OW, S + could /would/might + have + V3+OW

If
Had + S + V3 + OW, S + would/could/might + have + V3+OW
Ex. If you had come to me, I would haw taught you English
Had the police come a little before, the criminal would not have run away

Must:
Must is used with the sense of certainity, necessary compulsion and strong determination
S + must + V1+OW ( / Persent)
S + Must + be + N/OW (Possibility-80%)
S + must + have + V3+OW ( Past sense possibility-80%)
Ex.
You must read this book
You must apologise your mistake
You must have gone your home
She must be a nurse
She must have left her office

Dharmendra Kumar 61
Ought to:
Rule: ought to is used with the sense of moral duty or moral advice
S + ought to /should + V1+OW (Present)
S+ought to + V3+OW (Past)
Ex.
You ought to obey your parents
You ought to have respected your teacher.
SEMI MODALS:

Defective verb (Need/Dare)

Used as an A.V Used as an M.V

to (×) to ( )
(To need/dare+to+V1)

Int. Neg.

Ex.
I want to go to America
I need/dare to go to America
Neg. I don’t need to go to America
Need/dare used as A.V.
Ex. I don’t go to America
Neg. I need not go to America
Int. Need I go to America?

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Dharmendra Kumar
 Verb
Practice Set 1
Direction: In the questions given below, some 14. Much to our regret the train left (A)/ before
of the sentences have grammatical or idiomatic we reached (B)/ the station last night. (C)/
errors and some don’t.0 Find out which part of No error (D)
the sentence has an error. If there is no mistake, 15. I would like him to go (A)/ to a university
the answer is ‘No error. but I can’t (B)/ make him to go. (C)/ No
1. Three kilometres beyond (A)/ that pasture error (D)
was seen (B)/ thousands of cattle and some 16. The unscrupulous nature (A)/ of Mr. Bajaj
horses. (C) / No error (D)
was (B)/ upset everybody. (C)/ No error (D)
2. Behaving in a calm and serious way, (A)/
17. School offers many opportunities of
even in a difficult situation, (B)/ make
meeting helpful people, (A)/ reading helpful
people respect you. (C)/ No error (D)
books and (B)/ to obtain information about
3. This change of time table (A)/ will mean
careers. (C)/ No error (D)
us to leave (B)/ much earlier every day. (C)/
18. information on (A)/ waste their time (B)/
No error (D)
fails in exams. (C)/ No error (D)
4. Let us go to the cafe (A)/ when the movie
(B)/ will be over. (C)/ No error (D) 19. If I would be a millionaire (A)/I would not
be wasting my time (B)/ waiting for a bus.
5. He insisted (A)/ on (B)/ to go there. (C)/
(C)/ No error (D)
No error (D)
6. I will not move (A)/ from here (B)/ until 20. Indigenous medicines, which have little
you will get back. (C)/ No error (D) side-effects, (A)/ are cheaper and distinctly
superior than (B) / modern allopathic drugs
7. By the next August (A)/ he will write his
(B)/ second book on Thermodynamics. (C)/ in certain respects. (C)/ No error (D)
No error (D) 21. There is no denying (A)/ that he enjoys (B)/
8. The request of the workers’ union (A)/ that to listen to the radio. (C)/ No error (D)
their wages should be increased (B)/ were 22. Unless you do not take (A)/ care of your
supported by a vast majority. (C)/No error (D) health (B)/ you will continue to suffer. (C)/
9. The government has failed (A)/ to provide No error (D)
financial aid to (B)/ those affected by the 23. In a bid to making a complete overhaul (A)/
floods. (C)/ No error (D) of the school education, the government is
10. An airplane with several passengers on working (B)/ towards setting up a state
board (A)/ made unscheduled landings as education board. (C)/ No error (D)
the airport to which it was heading (B)/ was 24. The bill was drafted (A)/ by the
covered with thick fog. (C)/ No error (D) International Labour Organisation and
11. We shall wait (A)/ until he writes (B)/ his submit (B)/ to the government a few months
next book. (C)/ No error (D) ago. (C)/ No error (D)
12. They will not plant (A)/ the cotton until the 25. We are working closely with India (A)/ to
rain (B)/ will fall. (C)/ No error (D) find ways to (B)/ promoting the transition
13. Please excuse (A)/ me coming (B)/ late. (C)/ to a low carbon, clean energy future. (C)/
No error (D) No error (D)

Dharmendra Kumar 63
 PRACTICE SET 2 13. You can’t consider (A)/ to buy a new car
(B)/ before selling the old one. (C)/ No
Direction: In the questions given below, some error (D)
of the sentences have grammatical or idiomatic
14. We saw him to walk (A)/ in the park (B)/
errors and some don t. Find out which part of
on the way home. (C)/ No error (D)
the sentence has an error. If there is no mistake,
the answer is ‘No error’. 15. We will pack not only (A)/ the material
property but will also deliver it (B)/ to your
1. Whether you should get married now (A)/
or whether you should remain single all (B)/ valued customers. (C)/ No error (D)
your life are your personal problem. (C)/ 16. Those who deceives (A)/others are (B)/
No error (D) deceived in return. (C)/ No error (D)
2. It is newspapers (A)/ that gives (B)/ us news 17. We should be strong enough (A)/ to
(C) / No error supporting our family (B)/ in times of need.
3. He is serving under me for (A)/ the last (C)/ No error (D)
several years but (B)/I cannot claim even 18. He said that his briefcase (A)/ had been
today that I have understood him thoroughly. stolen and that (B)/ he was lefted without
(C) / No error (D) any money. (C)/ No error (D)
4. She never (A)/ minds the children (B)/ to 19. He seemed to me (A)/ to be the embodiment
play in the garden. (C)/ No error (D) of strength and courage (B)/ far above all
5. My sister likes (A)/ to read crime novels the men I saw. (C) / No error (D)
(B)/ but hates criminals. (C)/ No error (D) 20. The prisoners walked slowly (A)/ for they
6. You had better to stop (A)/ your work for knew that as soon as they cross (B)/ the gate
some time and listen (B)/ to what I say (C)/ the jailor would to ask them to jog. (C)/No
No error (D) error (D)
7. I will come (A)/ to see you (B)/ if I will 21. He never recollected (A)/ his grandfather
have time. (C)/ No error (D) to say (B)/ that his job was odd. (C)/ No
8. The teachers faces the same problems (A)/ error (D)
in their day to day lives (B)/ as does an
22. By adopting an agitational approach the
ordinary man in our society. (C)/ No error (D)
Association of resident doctors have (A)/
9. Deemed universities charge huge fees, (A)/
lost the goodwill of the government (B)/
but has not been successful (B)/in providing
and the sympathy of the people. (C)/ No
quality education to our students. (C)/ No
error (D)
error (D)
23. Mr. Anand kept me (A)/ to wait for a long
10. Each faculty member as well as (A)/ most
time before answering (B)/ my question.
of the students were of the view that (B)/
(C)/ No error (D)
new courses should be introduced. (C)/ No
error (D) 24. During the course of the investigation, (A)/
11. He always (A)/ likes seeing them (B)/ to the police learned that the house (B)/ was
play together and running about. (C)/ No deliberately set on fire. (C)/ No error (D)
error (D) 25. The radio broadcasted last night (A)/ that
12. I learnt from my father (A)/ that honesty the temperature in Kashmir valley (B)/
was (B)/ the best policy. (C)/ No error (D) would go below the freezing point. (C) /No
error (D)
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Dharmendra Kumar
 PRACTICE SET 3 14. Do you mind me to see (A)/ your photos
(B)/ again. (C)/ No error (D)
Direction: In the questions given below, some
15. My father asked me (A)/ where had I kept
of the sentences have grammatical or idiomatic
my clothes before (B)/ taking a dip in the
errors and some don’t. Find out which part of
the sentence has an error. If there is no mistake, river. (C)/ No error
the answer is ‘No error’. 16. After a while, keep the ever growing (A)/
1. The publisher says that there is (A)/ many organisation under control becomes (B)/ the
important details to attend to (B)/ before primary challenge. (C)/ No error (D)
this book gets printed. (C)/ No error (D) 17. Only one dispute has been settled (A)/ and
2. The news of (A)/ the tragedy were (B)/ the others left to (B)/ the disputing parties
brought by him. (C)/ No error (D) to settle. (C)/ No error (D)
3. It is easy (A)/ distinguishing (B)/ this house 18. I fear the country will (A)/ plunge into a
from that. (C)/ No error (D) civil war (B)/ unless steps are taken to
4. I will write (A)/ to you (B)/ when I leave suppressing it. (C)/ No error (D)
Australia. (C)/ No error (D) 19. You (A)/ cannot forbid (B)/ him coming.
5. I will come (A)/ to see you (B)/ before I (C)/ No error (D)
leave for Denmark. (C)/ No error (D) 20. I can play the piano (A)/ to you now (B)/
6. Do not (A)/ get down the bus (B)/ till it but I am afraid of to annoy you. (C)/ No
will stop. (C)/ No error (D) error (D)
7. Can anyone (A)/ imagine me (B)/ to wear a 21. What we (A)/ wanted were not large houses
red or blue tie? (C)/ No error (D) with (B)/ modern conveniences but small
8. If I was you, (A)/1 would not (B)/ stand cottages. (C)/ No error (D)
this humiliation. (C)/ No error (D) 22. The Management Committee has requested
9. We should not forget that we have (A)/ me (A)/ to not take any action unless and
certain rights but at the same time, each of until (B)/I don’t see all the documents. (C)/
us (B)/ have to remember our duties also. No error (D)
(C)/ No error (D)
23. Most of the rivers (A)/ in Bihar and West
10. Many a girl (A)/ have seen (B)/ the movie. Bengal (B)/ have overflown their banks.
(C)/ No error (D)
(C)/ No error (D)
11. If (A)/ it snowed tomorrow (B)/ we’ll go
24. The audience still flock to his concerts (A)/ to
skiing. (C)/ No error (D)
hear him to sing as (B)/ they perceive a sense
12. Had you informed me earlier (A)/1 would
of purity in his music. (C)/ No error (D)
have certainly purchase (B)/ the laptop from
25. He seated in this (A)/ examination five
you.(C) / No error (D)
times but (B)/ he could not clear it. (C)/ No
13. He dreads (A)/ taking examinations (B)/ for
error (D)
fear of to fail. (C)/ No error (D)

Dharmendra Kumar 65
 PRACTICE SET 4 (c) Had you been
(d) No improvement
Direction: In each of the following questions,
5. This season’s style is an eclectic mix of
either whole or a part of the sentence is italicised.
fashions from past decades, from the range
Below each sentence are given possible
of the empire- waist dresses of the 1960s to
substitutions for the italicised part. If one of them
the legwarmers of the 1980s.
is better than the italicised part, indicate your
response against the corresponding letter. If none (a) from ranging the
of the substitutions improves the sentence, (b) ranging from the
indicate ‘No improvement’ as your answer. (c) and ranging from the
1. The blue whales was thriving in all of the (d) No improvement
world’s oceans until the turn of the century, 6. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric
at which time they became hunted to the Admini-stration has urged coastal residents
point of extinction. to develop a family evacuation plan,
(a) The blue whale was thriving in all of the organize important documents and valuables,
world’s oceans until the turn of the century creating a disaster supply kit for use in the
(b) Blue whales were thriving in all of the car and at the evacuation destination.
world’s oceans until the turn of the (a) to create a disaster supply kit for use
century (b) creating a disaster supply kit for using
(c) The blue whale had been thriving in (c) and create a disaster supply kit for use
all of the world’s oceans until the turn (d) No improvement
of the century 7. It was a week since he came to work.
(d) No improvement (a) shall be a week
2. Never before so many graduates been (b) has been a week
unemployed as today
(c) had been a week
(a) Never before have
(d) No improvement
(b) Never before has
8. All the allegations levelled against him
(c) Have never before were found to be baseless.
(d) No improvement (a) levelled for (b) level against
3. It has become a fashion to talk about (c) levelling with (d) No improvement
exercise restraint.
9. We are quite sure that he will have proved
(a) restraining exercises his merit in any forthcoming competition.
(b) exercising restraint (a) will have to prove
(c) Exercise without restraint (b) will be prove
(d) No improvement (c) will prove
4. If you would have been careful, you could (d) No Improvement
have avoided the accident. 10. Five years ago today, lam sitting in a small
(a) If you have been Japanese car, driving across Poland towards
(b) Would you had been Berlin.
66
Dharmendra Kumar
 (a) was sitting (a) was beginning (b) had begun
(b) have been sitting (c) has had begun (d) No improvement
(c) sat 16. I told him clearly that he hadn’t ought to do
(d) No improvement that to me.
11. It is easier walking than run. (a) ought not have done
(a) easier walking to running (b) ought not done
(b) easier to walk than to run (c) hasn’t ought to do
(c) easier walking than running (d) No improvement
(d) No improvement 17. Scientists believe that all domestic dogs
12. Unlike Freud’s belief that the unconscious originally have descended from three dogs
was solely a storehouse of repressed that lived in China over 15,000 years ago.
memories, Jung asserted that the unconscious (a) descended by three dogs that lived in China
also contained creative reservoirs. (b) descended from three dogs that lived
(a) Freud and his belief that the in China
unconscious was solely a storehouse (c) have descended from three dogs living
of repressed memories in China
(b) the belief of Freud that states the (d) No improvement
unconscious is solely a storehouse of 18. All the members of the club were assembled
repressed memories to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the club.
(c) Freud, who believed that the (a) were assembling to celebrate
unconscious was solely a storehouse (b) assembled to celebrating
of repressed memories
(c) had assembled to celebrate
(d) No improvement
(d) No improvement
13. The social worker has championed the
19. He cordially enquired how was my health.
cause for the weak and oppressed for the
(a) my health was
last four decades.
(b) my health had
(a) has championed the cause of
(c) my health is
(b) had championed the cause for
(d) No Improvement
(c) has been championing the cause of
20. Many a man have been going to the circus
(d) No improvement
lately
14. When the chief guest will arrive, the band
(a) Many a men have been
will play the National Anthem.
(b) Many a man are
(a) arrives
(c) Many a man has been
(b) will be arriving
(d) No improvement
(c) has arrived
21. The car which is stopped by the policemen
(d) No improvement
contained smuggled goods.
15. When we reached the theatre, the film
(a) The car that was stopped
began already.

Dharmendra Kumar 67
 (b) The car that has been stopped
(c) The car which had been stopped
PRACTICE SET 5
Direction:- (1 to 60) in the following questions,
(d) No improvement some of the sentences have errors and some
22. We have been look forward to the arrival nave none. Find out which part of a sentence
for the new machinery for two weeks. has an error corresponding to the appropri-
(a) looked forward for ate letter (a, b, e) If there is no error, your
(b) looked forward at answer will be, No error (d).
(c) looking forward to 1. The situation compelled me (a)/ writing
(b)/ the book, (c)/ No error (d)
(d) No improvement
2. We want (a)/ nothing but (b)/ earn
23. The criminal as well as his accomplice was money, (c)/ No error (d)
arrested.
3. She was not ready (a)/ appearing (b)/ at
(a) is arrested the examination, (c)/ No error (d)
(b) were arrested 4. My wife cannot (a)/ to allow (b)/ drink-
(c) has arrested ing here, (c)/ No error (d)
(d) No improvement 5. I did not allow her (a)/ watching (b)/ the
24. While global warming had already made the film, (c)/ No error (d)
Hudson River a seeming fragile ecosystem, 6. The old woman has (a)/ some food (b)/
the introduction of invasive species has the to eat. (c)/ No error (d)
potential to destroy nearly all of the aquatic 7. She dares (a)/ oppose (b)/ her husband,
plants and animals that inhabit the river. (c)/ No error (d)
(a) While global warming has already 8. She is pleased (a)/ meeting (b)/ her lover,
(c)/ No error (d)
made the Hudson River a seemingly
fragile ecosystem 9. Let us (a)/ to go (b)/ to the cinema, (c)/
No error (d)
(b) Global warming had already made the
10. You were invited (a)/ participating (b)/
Hudson River a seemingly fragile
in the marriage ceremony, (c)/ No error
ecosystem
(d)
(c) Global warming has already made the
11. The news is (a)/ too good (b)/ to true,
Hudson River a seeming fragile (c)/ No error (d)
ecosystem;
\%. My mother wants to come (a)/ and to talk
(d) No improvement (b)/ to her grand son. (c)/ No error (d)
25. This disease has eradicated in most of the 13. I forbade my brother (a)/ doing (b)/ that
third world nations. work, (c)/ No error (d)
(a) is eradicated 14. Anshu was (a)/ made (b)/ weeping, (c)/
(b) has been eradicated No error (d)
(c) has been eradicating 15. She was seen (a)/ reading (b)/ the
Ramayana. (c)/ No error (d)
(d) No improvement
16. The teacher always encourages (a)/ the
students (b)/ work hard, (c)/ No error (d)

68
Dharmendra Kumar
17. The strikers held a meeting (a)/ discuss- 33. Being a cold morning I decided not (b)
ing (b)/ the terms of the employers, (c)/ to go for (b)/ my morning walk (c)/ No
No error (d) error (d)
18. Mr. Pathak sent his son (a)/ to Germany 34. By virtue of his great abilities he (a)/ has
(b)/ to be educated, (c)/ No error (d) been able (b)/ to got various positions
19. You had better to stop (a)/ taking medi- (c)/ No error (d)
cine (b)/ which has harmful side-effects, 35. He being the best student in the class (a)/
(c)/ No error (d) Nitin was chosen (b)/ to participate in
21. Do you know (a)/ to play (b)/ the the competitior (c)/ No error (d)
harmonium? (c)/ No error (d) 36. Children visiting the park are amused (a)/
22. The teacher instructed (a)/ the students at the monkey's (b)/ play in the cages (c)/
(b)/ to go. (c)/ No error (d) No error (c
23. She dare not to tell me (a)/ what-hap- 37. Jaya does not know to swim (a)/ so she
pened (b)/ last night, (c)/ No error (d) is (b)/ afraid of water (c)/ No error (d)
24. Mr. Thakur told the students (a)/ main- 38. He forgot that he should (a)/ bring a (b)/
tain (b)/ silence, (c)/ No error (d) pen (c)/ No error (d)
25. He said that (a)/ he would die (b)/ rather 39. He informed me that he (a)/ knew to play
than to beg. (c)/ No error (d) (b)/ on the harmonium (c)/ No error (d)
26. Do you feel like going to a film (a)/ or 40. I had better gone (a)/ than stay (b)/ here
would you (b)/ rather to stay at home (c)/ (c)/ No error (d)
No error (d) 41. Having deserted-by her husband, (a)/ she
27. Ashish keeps to ask me the time and (a)/ committed (b)/ suicide (c)/ No error (d)
1 keep telling him (b)/ to buy himself a 42. You must not held in high esteem (a)/
watch (c)/ No error (d) those who are (b)/ dangers to our soci-
28. Shree rushed out of the room without (a)/ ety (c)/ No error (d)
given me (b)/ a chance to explain (c)/ 43. Do you doubted about the success of this
No error (d) boy (a)/ who is used to working (b)/ hard
29. That is far too heavy for one person to in all circur stances (c)/ No error (d)
carry (a)/ let me (b)/ to help you (c)/ No 44. Being a rainy day Manish decided to stay
error (d) (a)/ at home and work (b)/ further on the
30. If you can't remember his number (a)/ problem (c)/ N error (d)
you had better (b)/ to look it up (c)/ No 45. Having had reached the station, you (a)/
error (d) may buy your ticket and wait (b)/ for the
31. I can't help sneezing, I caught a cold (a)/ train for Ne* : Delhi (c)/ No error (d)
yesterday from sit (b)/ in a drought (c)/ 46. If you apologise for having fail in keep-
No error (d) ing your promises, (a)/ your friends will
32. He could make them accepted his pro- forgive (b)/ to be sure (c)/ No error (d)
posal (a)/ because he was quite (b)/ fa- 47. You must to read your book if you (a)/
miliar with their practice (c)/ No error want to obtain good (b) marks in the ex-
(d) amination (c)/ N: error (d)

Dharmendra Kumar 69
48. When the crowds became furious dur- 55. He saw the robber (a)/ to snatch the chain
ing (a)/the concert the police (b)/ started from a lady while (b)/ she was crossing
fire at them (c)/ No error (d) the road (c)/No error (d)
49. They were carried before the judge but 56. Well I see your point but I am unable
they (a)/ denied to know (b)/ anything (a)/ to extending any help (b)/ to you in
about the burglar (c)/ No error (d) this regard (c)/ N error (d)
50. Painting is something that (a)/1 really 57. The shopkeeper (a)/ wanted the customer
(b)/ enjoy to do (c)/ No error (d) for purchase (b)/ the costly dinner set (c)/
51. Amresh planned to not go (a)/ on a va- No error (d)
cation (b)/ this year (c)/ No error (d) 58. Although the driver applied (a)/ the
52. Despite he being a well built person (a)/ brakes he could not prevent the bus (b)/
John could not (b)/ lift the sack (c)/ No from hit the tree (c) No error (d)
error (d) 59. He was about to telling (a)/ the investi-
53. It was a nice day (a)/ so we decided go- gators the truth (b)/ when his compan-
ing for (b)/ a walk (c)/ No error (d) ion suddenly interrupted him (c)/ No er-
54. A college offers many opportunities of ror (d)
meeting (a)/ students, reading useful 60. We would think nothing of walk (a)/ six
magazines (b)/ and I obtain information or more kilometers (b)/ to post a letter
(c)/ No error (d) (c)/ No error (d)

by

O fflin e B a tc h T im e :

70
Dharmendra Kumar
 4. (c)’ to play’ should be changed to playing’
ANSWER: SET-1 5. (b) ‘to read’ should be ‘reading’
1. (b) Replace ‘was’ with ‘were’ 6. (a) Delete ‘to’ before ‘stop’ ‘to’ infinitive
2. (c) Replace ‘make’ with ‘makes’ is omitted with verbs like ‘would rather’,
3. (b) ‘to leave’ should be ‘leaving’ ‘had better’ etc.
4. (c) Replace ‘will be over’ with ‘is over’/ 7. (a) Delete ‘ will’ before ‘ have’ No verb in
’ends’ future tense can come after temporal
5. (c) Replace ‘to go’ by ‘going’ conjunctions.
6. (c) ‘you will get back’ should be ‘you get 8. (a) Replace ‘faces’ with ‘face’
back’ 9. (b) Replace ‘has not been’ with ‘have not
7. (b) Replace ‘will write’ with ‘will have been’
written’ 10. (b) Replace ‘were’ with ‘was’
8. (c) Replace ‘were’ with ‘was’ 11. (c) ‘to play together’ should be ‘playing
9. (d) No error together’.
10. (b) Replace ‘unscheduled landings’ with ‘an 12. (b) Replace ‘was’ by ‘is’ With universal
unscheduled landing’ truths, verb is used in present tense.
11. (d) No error 13. (b) ‘to buy a new car’ should be ‘buying a
12. (c) Replace ‘will fall’ with ‘falls’ new car’
13. (b) Replace ‘me’ by ‘my’ 14. (b) ‘him to walk’ should be ‘him walking’
14. (a) Change ‘left’ to ‘had left’ 15. (a) Place ‘not only’ before ‘pack’ instead of
15. (c) Delete ‘to’ before ‘go’ after ‘pack’
16. (b) Remove ‘was’ 16. (a) Replace ‘deceives’ with ‘deceive’
17. (c) Replace ‘obtain’ with ‘obtaining’ 17. (b) Replace ‘supporting’ with ‘support’
18. (c) Replace ‘fails’ with ‘fail’ 18. (c) Replace ‘lefted’ with ‘left’
19. (a) Replace ‘would be’ by ‘were’ 19. (c) Replace ‘saw’ with ‘had seen’
20. (b) The correct form is ‘...cheaper than and 20. (b) Change ‘cross’ to ‘crossed’
distinctly superior to...’ 21. (b)‘his grandfather to say should be his
21. (c) ‘To listen’ should be ‘listening’. The verb grandfather saying
‘enjoy’ is followed by gerund. 22. (a) Replace ‘have’ with ‘has’
22. (a) Remove ‘do not’ 23. (b) Replace ‘to wait’ by ‘waiting’
23. (a) Replace ‘making’ with ‘make’ 24. (b) Replace ‘learned’ with ‘learnt’
24. (b) Replace ‘submit’ with ‘submitted’ 25. (a) Replace ‘broadcasted’ with ‘broadcast’
25. (c) Replace ‘promoting’ with ‘promote’ ANSWER: SET-3
ANSWER: SET-2 1. (a) Replace ‘is’ with ‘are’
1. (c) Replace ‘are’ with ‘is’ 2. (b) Replace ‘were’ with ‘was’
2. (b) Replace ‘gives’ with ‘give’ 3. (b) Replace ‘distinguishing’ with ‘to
3. (a) Change ‘is serving’ to ‘has been serving’ distinguish’ Infinitive should be used
here.

Dharmendra Kumar 71
4. (d) No error
5. (d) No error
ANSWER: SET-5
6. (c) Change ‘will stop’ to ‘stops’ No future 1. (b) writing to write
tense is used after temporal conjunction. very-compel object + infinitive
‘Till’ is a temporal conjunction. with to
7. (c) ‘to wear’ should be ‘wearing’ Eg. We like to play in the evening but our
8. (a) Replace ‘was’ with ‘were’ uncle compel us to study.
9. (c) Replace ‘have’ with ‘has’ 2. (c) earn money to earn money
10. (b) Replace ‘has seen’ with ‘have seen’ Nothing but do, does did
11. (b) Change ‘snowed’ to ‘snows’ verbs nothing
12. (b) Change ‘purchase’ to ‘purchased’ but Infinitive with ‘to’
13. (c) ‘to fail’ should be ‘ of failing ‘ Given sentence nothing but
14. (a) ‘me to see’ should be ‘my seeing’ The Infinitive with ‘to’ Given
verb ‘mind’ is followed by gerund and sentence nothing but want
by infinitive. to earn money
15. (b) Change ‘had I’ to ‘ I had’
16. (a) Replace ‘keep’ with ‘keeping’ 3. (b) appearing to appear
17. (b) Replace ‘others left to’ with ‘others have
been left’ 4. (b) to allow allow
18. (c) Replace ‘suppressing’ with ‘suppress’ Modal Auxillary Verb-can
19. (d) Change ‘coming’ to ‘come’ Infinitive with ‘to’
20. (d) ‘to annoy’ should be ‘annoying’ Gerund 5. (b) watching to watch
should be used after verbs ending in gerund. allow-verb Object + Infinitive
21. (b) Replace ‘were’ by ‘was’
22. (c) Replace ‘don’t see’ by ‘have seen’
Eg. I will allow you to leave the room now.
23. (c) Replace ‘overflown’ with ‘overflowed’
6. (d) No error.
24. (b) Remove ‘to’ before ‘sing’. The sentence
7. (b) Oppose to oppose
should be ‘.. .to hear him sing as...’
dare Main verb
25. (a) Replace ‘seated’ with ‘sat’
Infinitive with to
ANSWER: SET-4
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. b 6. c 8. (b) Meeting to meet
7. b 8. d 9. c 10. a 11. b 12. c Pleased Adjective Adjective
13. c 14.a 15. a 16. a 17. b 18. c Adjective Infinitive with ‘to’
19. a 20. c 21.a 22. c 23. d 24. a Eg. She was pleased to meet her
friend.
25. b
9. (b) To go go
Let object
Infinitive with to

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Dharmendra Kumar
 Eg. Let me see what happen. rather than Infinitive with to
10. (b) Participating to participate
verb-Invite Infinitive with 26. (c) Rather to stay rather stay
‘to’ had better, would rather,
11. (c) To true to be true would sooner... bare infinitive (V5)
12. (b) To talk talk use
Verb-forbid Infinitive with ‘to’ 27. (a) Keeps to ask Keeps asking

13. (b) Doing to do 28. (b) without given without giving

verb-forbid Infinitive with ‘to’ Prep V1 + ing (Gerund)
29. (c) Let me to help Let me help
14. (c) Weeping to weep Let + object case + bare
Make-verb Passive style infinitive
sentence Infinitive 30. (c) had better to look up had
with ‘to’ better look up had better,
15. (b) Reading to read would rather, would sooner.... bare
Verb-see Passive style infinitive (V5) use
sentence Infinitive 31. (b) From sit from sitting
with ‘to’ Prep V1 + ing (Gerund)
16. (c) Work hard to work hard 32. (a) Make them accepted make
verb-encourage Infinitive with them accept
‘to’ 33. (b) Being a cold morning It being
17. (b) Discussing to discuss a cold morning
34. (c) Able to got Able to get
18. (d) No error.
19. (a) To Stop stop Had 35. (d) No error
better Infinitive with ‘to’ 36. (c) Monkey’s play monkey’s
playing
20. (b) To not go on not to go on 37. (a) Knew to swim Knew how
to swim
21. (b) To play how to play 38. (d) No error.
22. (d) No error 39. (b) Knew to play Knew how to
23. (a) To tell tell dare play
not Infinitive with to 40. (a) Had better gone had better
go
24. (b) Maintain to maintain 41. (a) Having deserted having been
25. (c) To beg beg Would deserted P.V.

Dharmendra Kumar 73
43. (a) Do you doubted do you doubt 51. (a) Planned to not go Planned
not to go
44. (a) Being a rain day It being a 52. (d) No error
rainy day 53. (b) Decided going decided to
45. (a) Having has reached having go
reached 54. (c) and obtain and obtaining
46. (a) Having fail having failed
55. (b) To Snatch Snatching
47. (a) Must to read must read
56. (b) Unable to extending Unable
48. (c) Started fire started firing to extend
57. (b) For purchase for purchasing
49. (b) Denied to know denied Prep V1 + ing (Gerund)
knowing 58. (c) from hit from hitting
50. (c) Enjoy to do enjoy doing
60. (a) Of walk of walking
Pre. V1 + ing (Gerund)

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Dharmendra Kumar