1/9/25, 4:02 PM How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

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How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates

How to Write a Literature Review | Guide,

Examples, & Templates
Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes. Revised on October 22, 2024.

What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a

specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify
relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to
your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic.

There are five key steps to writing a literature review:

1. Search for relevant literature

2. Evaluate sources
3. Identify themes, debates, and gaps
4. Outline the structure
5. Write your literature review

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A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes, and
critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.

Tip

We’ve also compiled a few examples, templates, and sample outlines for you below.

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 Table of contents

1. What is the purpose of a literature review?

2. Examples of literature reviews
3. Step 1 – Search for relevant literature
4. Step 2 – Evaluate and select sources
5. Step 3 – Identify themes, debates, and gaps
6. Step 4 – Outline your literature review’s structure
7. Step 5 – Write your literature review
8. Free lecture slides
9. Other interesting articles

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10. Frequently asked questions

Introduction Quick Run-through Step 1 & 2 Step 3 Step 4

Step 5

What is a Literature Review? Explained with a REAL Example | Scribbr 🎓

What is the purpose of a literature review?

When you write a thesis, dissertation, or research paper, you will likely have to conduct a
literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review
gives you a chance to:

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 Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
 Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
 Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
 Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
 Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the
scholarly debates around your topic.

Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate
school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can
follow below.

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Examples of literature reviews

Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look
at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.

Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical
Literature” (Theoretical literature review about the development of economic
migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An
overview and guidelines” (Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary
knowledge acquisition and production.)
Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning:
A Literature Review” (Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on
language acquisition.)
Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in
English Language Learning: A Literature Review” (Chronological literature review
about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)

You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines
at the links below.

 Download Word doc  Download Google doc

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Step 1 – Search for relevant literature

Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic.

If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will
search for literature related to your research problem and questions.

Literature review research question example

What is the impact of social media on body image among Generation Z?

Make a list of keywords

Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the
key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms.
You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature
search.

Keywords example

Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok

Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth

Search for relevant sources

Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for
journals and articles include:

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Your university’s library catalogue

Google Scholar
JSTOR
EBSCO
Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
EconLit (economics)
Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)

You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.

Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question.
When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other
relevant sources.

Step 2 – Evaluate and select sources

You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic,
so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research
question.

For each publication, ask yourself:

 What question or problem is the author addressing?

 What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
 What are the key theories, models, and methods?
 Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
 What are the results and conclusions of the study?
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 How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add
to, or challenge established knowledge?
 What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?

Make sure the sources you use are credible, and make sure you read any landmark studies
and major theories in your field of research.

You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using.
Click on either button below to download.

 Download Word doc  Download Google doc

Take notes and cite your sources

As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later
incorporate into the text of your literature review.

It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism. It can be
helpful to make an annotated bibliography, where you compile full citation information and
write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what
you read and saves time later in the process.

Tip

You can use Scribbr’s free APA citation generator or MLA citation generator to quickly
create correct and consistent citations. Want to check your literature review for
plagiarism? Try Scribbr’s Plagiarism Checker for students.

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Step 3 – Identify themes, debates, and gaps

To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you
understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on
your reading and notes, you can look for:

Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become
more or less popular over time?
Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the
direction of the field?
Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be
addressed?

This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable)
show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.

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Example of trends and gaps

In reviewing the literature on social media and body image, you note that:

Most research has focused on young women.

There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram
and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.

Step 4 – Outline your literature review’s structure

There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on
the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for
example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed
chronologically).

Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you
choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.

Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of
the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.

Thematic
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review
into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.

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For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes,
key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal
status, and economic access.

Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research
methods, you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from
different approaches. For example:

Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research

Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical
scholarship
Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources

Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework. You can use it to
discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.

You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various
theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.

Tip

AI tools like ChatGPT can be effectively used to brainstorm ideas and create an outline for
your literature review. However, trying to pass off AI-generated text as your own work is a
serious offense. This will be recognized by your university’s plagiarism checker or AI
detector.

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Visit our AI writing resources page to learn how to use these tools responsibly.

Step 5 – Write your literature review

Like any other academic text, your literature review should have an introduction, a main
body, and a conclusion. What you include in each depends on the objective of your
literature review.

Introduction
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.

Tip

If you are writing the literature review as part of your dissertation or thesis, reiterate your
central problem or research question and give a brief summary of the scholarly context.
You can emphasize the timeliness of the topic (“many recent studies have focused on the
problem of x”) or highlight a gap in the literature (“while there has been much research on
x, few researchers have taken y into consideration”).

Body
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into
subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological
approach.

As you write, you can follow these tips:

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 Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and
combine them into a coherent whole
 Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers—add your own
interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to
the literature as a whole
 Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
 Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to
draw connections, comparisons and contrasts

We also recommend trying QuillBot’s Word Counter for useful metrics like the readability
level and word count of your literature review.

Conclusion
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the
literature and emphasize their significance.

Tip

Be sure to show how your research addresses gaps and contributes new knowledge, or
discuss how you have drawn on existing theories and methods to build a framework for
your research.

When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread
thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional
proofreading services!

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Free lecture slides

This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students
about writing a literature review.

Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.

Open Google Slides Download PowerPoint

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Other interesting articles

If you want to know more about the research process, methodology, research bias, or
statistics, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and
examples.

 Methodology  Statistics  Research bias

Sampling methods Null hypothesis Optimism bias

Simple random Statistical power Cognitive bias
sampling Probability Implicit bias
Stratified sampling distribution Hawthorne effect
Cluster sampling Effect size Anchoring bias
Likert scales Kurtosis Explicit bias
Reproducibility Poisson distribution

Frequently asked questions

What is a literature review? 

What is the purpose of a literature review? 

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Where does the literature review go in a dissertation? 

What is the difference between a literature review and an annotated 

bibliography?

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite
this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation
Generator.

McCombes, S. (2024, October 22). How to Write a Literature Review | Guide,

Examples, & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved January 9, 2025, from Cite this article
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Shona McCombes
Shona has a bachelor's and two master's degrees, so she's an expert at
writing a great thesis. She has also worked as an editor and teacher, working
with students at all different levels to improve their academic writing.

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