NoTE MAKING AND SUMMARIZING

Passage 1
Where there's a will, there's a way', is an old
saying. He who resolves upon doing a thing, by that
very resolution overcomes the obstacles to it. It is so
in all the occupations of life at school, at college, or
in the world. To determine to succeed is the
surest
way to success. Difficulties disappear before an
unswerving resolution. This was well exemplified in
the life ofNapoleon. He threw his whole force
and mindupon his work. He was told that the ofbody
stood the way of hisarmies. There shall be no Aps',
in Alps
he said, and a road was made across
them, over heights
previously consideredinaccessible. 'Impossible', said
he, 'is a word only to be found in the
fools. And so it is; a determination notdictionary
to
of
give in is
the surest condition of success in any
the young student must carefullyguard undertaking. But
the errorsof mistaking a mere himselfagainst
undisciplined
and selfwill for the needful firmness energy
and selfcommand
on which success depends.
Questions : (M.P. 2014)
 Passage 2
Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while
they themselves stand in the Sun and endure scorch
ing hcat, they produce the fruits by which others profit.
The character of good men is like that of trees. What
is the use of this perishable body if no use is made of
it for the benefit of mankind ? Sandalwood, the more
it is rubbed, the morescent does ityield. Sugarcane,
the more it is peeled and cut into pieces, the more
juice does it produce. The men who are noble at heart
donot lose their qualities even in losing their life.
What matters whether men praise them or not, whether
their lives are prolonged ?Happen what may, those
who tread in the right path will not set foot in any
other. Life itself is unprofitable to a man who does
not live for others. To live for the mere sake of living
one's life is to livethe life of dogs and crows. Those
who lay down their lives for the sake of others will
assuredly dwell forever in a world ofbliss.
Questions :
 Passage 3
The coffee trcc is a native of the high lands of
southern Ethiopia and the namnccoflce is derivcd from
shet of the highland district of Kaffà wherc it
found, From Ethiopia was taken across the Red was Sea
to SaudiArabia.
The coffee troc bcars pulpyberries which are dark
red in colour when ripc and above the size of cher
ries. Bach berry contains two sccds or beans which
are dried, roasted an ground into coffee powder.
The flavour and quality of coffcc depend on many
factors such as soil and climate be the grcatest decid
ing factor is the spccies of thc tree from which the
coffce is obtaincd. They are some forty different spe
cies but three major types are commercially cultivated.
Arabi is the most important in world trade. It is the
finest coffee flavour and originated form to Mocha
Coffce native to the Arabian Peninsula. Arabica is the
type grown in the major producing countrics includ
ing Brazil.
It is the least hardy of the najor coffce species
and thus of the newer African producers, only the East
African countries can grow Arabica. Robusta is aWest
African variety which is hardy but yields pooper qual
ity coffee. It can survive even in arid conditons and
disease-resistant. Liberica is a hardy and discase-re
sistant spccies, indigenous to Liberia and suited to
lowland rather than upland conditions. These hardy
varieties were once oflitle importance in world trade
but are particularly suitalble for making 'instant' cof
fee.
 Passage 4
How docs television affcct our lives ? It can be
very helpful to pcoplewho carcfully choose the shows
that they watch. Tclevision can add to our
of the outside world. There are high knowlcdge
quality
programmes that hclip us to understand many ficlds of
study. Scicnce, mcdicinc, thc arts and so on more over
televisionbenefits the very old pcople who can't of
ten lcave the house as well as paticnts in hospitals. It
also ofers non-native spcakers, the advantage of daily
informal language practice. They can incrcase their
vocabulary. But there are several scrious disadvan
tagcs of television. Ofcourse it provides us with a
plcasant way to relax and spend our frec time but in
some countries people watch the boobtube for an av
erage of six hours or more a day. Many children stare
at a television screcn morc hours cach day than they
do anything else, including studying and sleeping. It
is clear that the tube has a powerful influcnce on their
olives and that its influence is often ncgative.
 Passage 7
Cycling survives as a popular past time because it
yields plcasurc and bencfits. First of all, cycling pro
vides exercise. Of cycling, many people hastily say
that it is 'hard-work',but a fit andpractised rider docs
not agree with this verdict. The art of casy cycling
must be cultivated but once it has been acquircd, a
long day's run should not unduly tire any normal rider.
Nobody has better describcd the excrcise of cýcling
than the late Twells Brex, who said "You movealong
by your own glad effort". Many of us wish to use our
legs and lungs as wellas our eyes. An active, healthy
person ought not to be content to travel always as a
mere passenger "like an image pushed from behind",
as Slevenson says. That is not life.
It is often said that the cyclist cannot travel as fast
as the motorist. Admitting this, the cyclist may be per
mitted to ask ifit is always desirable that travel should
involve modern motoring speeds (or accidents). Is the
cnjoyment of a traveller in search of pleasure to be
measured merely in miles or what is worse in miles
per hour ? Surely the cyclist, pedalling calmly along
at a modest twelve miles an hour is able to assimilate
scenery more easily, more completely and with more
enjoyment, than the hurrying occupant ofa car! Ifbi
cycles were unobtainable, most keen cyclists would
become trampers rather than motorists.
Questions :
 Passage 8
The form of Government in which political powcr
rests with the pcoplc is known as democracy. Abraham
Lincoln. Aformer President of thc unitcd statcs gavc
a bricfand clcar dcfinition ofthis form ofgovcrnmcnt.
According to hin, "Dcmocracy is the government of
the pcoplc, by thc people and for the pcople".
According to Prof. Puntambckar, "Democracy is
that governmcnt in which powcr of thc state is
Cxerciscd by.the clcted rcprescntativcs of the pcoplc
and thcy enjoy support of the majority" Similarly on
the basis of definitions given by Diccy and many other
scholars it can be casily said that democracy as a form
of government is a systcm in which people govern
themsclves cither dircctly, or indircctly through their
represcntatives in the intcrest of the cntirc country.
Thegovernment is not an cnd in itsclfbut it is a mcans
for the social good.
Many political, scientists usc the tern 'democracy
not only as a form of government but also as a kind of
tatc. Democracy as a kind of stateimplics such astate
in which the supreme political power rests with the
people. The people are ultimatc decision maker in all
political matters. In this respcct democracy is
considcred to be a typc of state. A democracy state
allows people to frcclysctup their political institutions.
If they don't function properly and cfectively. They
can be modificd or replaced by the peoplc.
There arc scholar's who would not like to limit
democracy only to the form of governmcnt, kind of
state and political aspccts of the individual. Thcy
consider it to be a form of society which is based on
social cquality, liberty of theindividual and fratcrnity,
thus extending the scope of democracy to various
aspects of the life ofthe individual. (M.P. 2011)
 clear distinction between
Laughter yoga makes a
Happiness is a conditional response
happiness and joy. on the
which is totally dependent
of the mind
fulállment of certain desires of mind by its very nature,
related to how ones life had been in the past or
it is
howit will be in the future. It is not there in the present
ifsome
monent. The ironical and sad fact is that even
dreams, goals or aspiration fulfilled happiness
disappears quite quickly as the mind starts chasing
new goal posts : a newjob, a new house, a bigger car
etc.On the other hand, joyfulness is the unconditional
commitment to be happy cach moment, to have fun
for the moment despite the problems and challenges
of life, no matter how insurmountable they seem to
the mind. It is the promise that body makes to the
mind to indulge in playfulness moment by moment
and thereby give relaxation to it. During these periods
of playfulness triggered by the plethora of physical
activities like dancing, singing, playing and laughing,
psychological and biochemical changes take place
within our body that gives us a sense of well being
that completely alters a negativeoutlook towards life
and its challenges replacing it with confident positive
moment by moment. (M.P. 2016)
 Life is not a bcd of roscs, but a bed of thorns. It is
full of dangers and difficultics. In the race of life, we
should not be afraid of the risk which is but natural.
Success in any work in lifc gocs to thosc persons who
welcomè risk Science would not have made such won
derful achicvements if our scicntists had not risked
their lives and comforts. The more diticult a work is.
the harder should be our efforts to perform it. Life is
smooth sailing. Petty difficulties frightcn a weak
not a brave
prepared to take a risk. But
hcart, who is not they cnjoy
and honour because
hearts achicve farme success and works
brings
taking risks. In short, risk
miracls.
 Passage 13
In the modern world women have come to per
form varied roles. They are no longer confincd to the
four walls of their homes. A number ofthemgo out to
workplaces to serve as teachers, doctors, nurses, of.
ficers, clerks, workers, soldiers etc. There is hardly
any field in which women have nothing to do. They
work and carn extra money which provides financial
security to their families. Not only do they work effi
cientlyat workplaces, they manage their homes equally
well.
There is no doubt that working women are some
times left with little time for their husbands and chil
dren. Children fail to do well in their studies. Hus
bands grumble for lack of attention. In such cases
women nced to cut down their working hours or find
ways and means so that their families do not fell ne
glected.
Women, I feel, should work and earn money. Only
then can they run their homes better in a competitive
world. If their families are co-operative, they also do
their duties well, as homemakers.
Questions :
 It was a rare occasion for ten students ofthis schol
Environ
to participate in the National Exhibition on
ment Protcction hcld at IIT. Powai, Mumbai. About
two hundred students from various parts of India took
part in it. Many voluntary organizations and distin
guished cnvironmentalists also participated in it. The
Hon'ble Chief Minister of Maharashtra inaugurated
the cxhibition. The leading themes of the cxhibition
were the protection of our forest wealth; keeping our
rivers and lakes pollution free; the hazards ofair and
sound pollution. The biggest draw of the exhibition
was the scction on the Himalayas. The cxhibition
evoked a spontaneous response among the local
peoplc especially, the students. (M.P. 2022 )
Questions :