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DC-DC Converter Demo Notes

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23 views23 pages

DC-DC Converter Demo Notes

Uploaded by

Rajesh Mitra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CUET

BANGLADESH

DC-DC Converter

Sancoy Barua

Department of EEE, CUET


References
• Ref. Book: N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, and W.P.
Robbins, “Power Electronics: Converters,
Applications, and Design”, 3rd ed., John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 2002.

 Chapter 7: dc-dc SWITCH-MODE CONVERTERS


 Articles: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 (to be continued)
DC-DC Linear Regulator
 A DC-DC linear regulator is a type
of voltage regulator that provides a
stable, lower DC output voltage
from a higher DC input voltage
using a linear regulation method.
 Unlike switching regulators, linear regulators achieve
voltage regulation by dissipating excess energy as heat,
making them simple and quiet but less efficient for large
voltage drops or, high current applications.
Example:
If you use a 5V input to power a 3.3V microcontroller using a
linear regulator, the regulator dissipates the excess voltage
as heat. While this method is simple, a switching DC-DC
converter would be more efficient for larger voltage differences
or higher current loads.
DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters

• DC-DC converters for switch-mode dc power supplies and


DC-motor drives
• Following DC-DC converters are studied:
• Buck (step-down)
Works on Inductive power
• Boost (step-up) transfer principle
• Buck-Boost (step-up/ step-down)
• Ĉuk (step-up/ step-down) Works on Capacitive power
transfer principle
DC-DC Switch-Mode Converters
Advantages over dc-dc Linear Regulator:

•Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is comparatively lighter than


Linear regulated DC power supply.
•Control devices operate in switch mode results in efficiency above
80%. Linear regulators have efficiency in the range of 50-60%.
•Both step up and step down operation of DC voltage is possible
with SMPS.
•It is self regulated.
•Multiple isolated output can be obtained.
Art 7.1 Introduction
Block Diagram of a Basic DC-DC Converter System

Assumptions in dc-dc converter study –

 Steady-state condition
 Ideal Switches
 Internal impedance of voltage source zero
 Inductor and Capacitor losses are neglected
Inductor Volt-sec Balance

 The Inductor Volt-Second Balance Principle is a


fundamental concept in power electronics, particularly in
the analysis and design of converters such as buck, boost,
and buck-boost converters, which involve inductors in their
energy storage and transfer mechanisms.

 The Volt-Second Balance Principle states that, “in


steady-state operation, the total voltage applied to an
inductor over a complete switching cycle (or period)
must sum to zero”. This ensures that there is no
unbounded increase or decrease in current through the
inductor over time.
Why need Inductor Volt-sec Balance?

 In steady-state, the inductor current waveform repeat


identically from one switching cycle to the next. There
is no net change in the inductor current after a complete
cycle.

 Since the current is stable and does not accumulate or


decay over time, the average voltage across the inductor
over one full cycle must be zero.

 Instead of solving complex differential equations governing


inductor dynamics, designers can use volt-second
balance to determine key relationships between input
and output variables, such as voltage and current.
Why need Inductor Volt-sec Balance?

 Inductors in power electronics circuits are crucial for


energy transfer and storage.

 If the volt-second balance condition is not satisfied, the


inductor current will not stabilize but instead increase or
decrease continuously, leading to circuit instability or
damage.

 The principle is vital for selecting and sizing components


like inductors, switches, and capacitors.
Inductor Volt-sec Balance

i L ( t )  I  i Lac ( t )
Differentiating both sides with
respect to t, we get,
diL ( t ) dI diLac ( t )
 
dt dt dt
diL ( t ) diLac ( t )
 
dt dt
Inductor Volt-sec Balance

diL ( t ) di ( t )
vL ( t )  L  L Lac
dt dt

1 TS
L 0
vL (t )dt  diLac  iLac (TS )  iLac (0)  0
TS

0
Inductor Volt-sec Balance

This integral essentially states that the area under the


positive voltage curve equals the area under the negative
voltage curve.
Art 7.2 Control of DC-DC Converters

Stepping Down a DC Voltage


• Switching at constant frequency:
• PWM switching

vo

Ts  ton  toff
Pulse-Width Modulation (1)

• Signal-level control voltage vcontrol generated by amplifying


the difference between actual output voltage and desired
output voltage.
• Switch control signal generated by comparing vcontrol with
repetitive waveform.
Pulse-Width Modulation (2)

ton vcontrol
Switch duty-ration, D D 
Ts Vˆst
Step-Down (Buck) DC-DC Converter
Step-Down (Buck) DC-DC Converter

• Using volt-sec balance of inductor,


Ts t on Ts
 vL dt   vL dt   vL dt 0
0 0 t on

Vd  Vo  ton  Vo Ts  ton 


Vd  Vo  DTs  Vo 1  D Ts
Vo D  1  D   DVd
Vo  DVd
Vo
 D
Vd
Step-Down (Buck) DC-DC Converter

• Input power equals output power:

Pd  Po
Vd I d  Vo I o
I o Vd 1
 
I d Vo D
• Step-down converter is equivalent to a dc transformer
where the turns ratio is in the range 0-1
Step-Down (Buck) DC-DC Converter
Step-Up (Boost) DC-DC Converter

• Output voltage is greater than the input


• Main application: Regulated DC power supplies.
Step-Up (Boost) DC-DC Converter
Step-Up (Boost) DC-DC Converter
• Using volt-sec balance of inductor,
Ts
 VL dt  0 Vd ton  ( Vd  Vo )toff
0
 Vd ton  ( Vo  Vd )toff
ton Ts  ton
 Vd  ( Vo  Vd )
Ts Ts
 Vd D  ( Vo  Vd )( 1  D )
 Vo ( 1  D )  Vd D  Vd ( 1  D )  Vd ( D  1  D )
Vd
 Vo 
(1  D )
Vo 1
 
Vd 1  D
Step-Up (Boost) DC-DC Converter
• Assuming a lossless circuit, Pd=Po

Vd I d  Vo I o
Io
 (1  D)
Id
Thus:
• Power remains the same
• Voltage increases
• Current decreases
• Equivalent to a DC transformer

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