GRAPHICS

LANGUAGE
Effectiveness of Graphics Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.

2. Test your written description

by having someone attempt
to make a sketch from your
description.

You can easily understand that …

The word languages are inadequate for describing the
size, shape and features completely as well as
concisely.
Composition of Graphic Language
Graphic language in “engineering application” use
lines to represent the surfaces, edges and contours
of objects.

The language is known as “drawing” or “drafting” .

A drawing can be done using freehand, instruments

or computer methods.
Freehand drawing
The lines are sketched without using instruments other
than pencils and erasers.

Example
Instrument drawing
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and
curves concisely and accurately. Thus, the drawings are
usually made to scale.

Example
Computer drawing
The drawings are usually made by commercial software
such as AutoCAD, solid works etc.

Example
Engineering
Drawing
 Elements of Engineering Drawing
Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification of the object.
 Basic Knowledge for Drafting

Graphics Word
language language

Line Projection Geometric

types method construction Lettering
Drawing Standard
 Introduction
Standards are set of rules that govern how technical
drawings are represented.

Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey

the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
 Standard Code
Country Code Full name

Turkey TS Turkish Standard

USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung

ISO International Standards Organization

Partial List of Drawing Standards
Code number Contents

JIS Z 8311 Sizes and Format of Drawings

JIS Z 8312 Line Conventions
JIS Z 8313 Lettering
JIS Z 8314 Scales
JIS Z 8315 Projection methods
JIS Z 8316 Presentation of Views and Sections
JIS Z 8317 Dimensioning
 Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4.
A3
Standard sheet size
(ISO) A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
(Dimensions in millimeters) A0
 Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) 2. Type Y (A4 only)

c
d
d c Drawing
Border Drawing space
space Title block
lines Title block
c

Sheet size c (min) d (min)

A4 10 25
A3 10 25
A2 10 25
A1 20 25
A0 20 25
 Drawing Scales
Length, size
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimension of an element
of an object shown in the drawing to the real linear
dimension of the same element of the object.

Size in drawing Actual size

:
 Drawing Scales
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follow

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 for enlargement scales (X > 1)
SCALE 1:X for reduction scales (X > 1)

Dimension numbers shown in the drawing correspond

to “true size” of the object and they are independent of
the scale used in creating that drawing.
 Various Types of Lines used in Engineering Graphics

• Types of lines (Thickness, representation and their applications) used for

engineering graphics as recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards
shown in the following Table.
Sl. No Line Type Representation Width Applications
A. Construction lines, F. Section or
B. Projection Lines, Hatched Lines,
Thin C. Dimension Lines, G. Outlines of
1 Continuous Thin
(0.13mm) D. Extension Lines, revolved
E. Leader Lines, Sections,
H. Imaginary Lines
A. Visible outline of section C. Ground lines
Medium surface,
2 Continuous Medium B. Reference lines in
(0.25mm)
projection,

A. Visible edges or B. Lines of special

Thick
3 Continuous Thick Outlines or Boundary importance
(0.5mm)
line
Thick A. Hidden Lines or Hidden B. Invisible Edges
4 Dashed Thick Edges
(0.5mm)

Chain Thin Thin A. Center or Axis Lines, B. Trajectories

5 Lines of Symmetry,
(Long and Short Break) (0.13 mm)

Chain Thin with Thick at Thin A. Cutting Planes or

6 Section Planes
both the ends (0.13 mm)
A. Short Break Line
Continuous Freehand Thin
7
Thin (0.13mm)

A. Long Break Line, B. Limits of partial

Thin or interrupted
8 Continuous Zig-zag Thin
(0.13mm) views
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
 Traditional
Drawing Tools
DRAWING TOOLS

Mini-drafter
 DRAWING TOOLS

1. T-Square 2. Triangles
 DRAWING TOOLS

2H or HB for thick line

4H for thin line

3. Adhesive Tape 4. Pencils

 DRAWING TOOLS

5. Sandpaper 6. Compass
 DRAWING TOOLS

7. Pencil Eraser 8. Erasing Shield

 DRAWING TOOLS

9. Circle Template 10. Tissue paper

 DRAWING TOOLS

11. Sharpener 12. Clean paper

 Drawing Instruments
• An engineering drawing shows the actual or accurate shapes and sizes of the object.
• The drawing must be drawn to scale with aid of the drafting or drawing instruments.
• Accuracy of the measurement and neatness of the drawing are depends on the quality of
the instruments used and selection of the proper methods or skills.
• Following the necessary drawing instruments and sheets are required.

Sl. No. Name of the instruments

1 Drawing Board
2 Mini-drafter
3 Set-Squares
4 Drawing Sheet (A2 Size)
5 Drawing Clips (4 Nos)
6 Standard Scale
7 Pencils (HB and H Grade) &
Sharpener
8 Eraser (Non-Dust quality)
9 Engineering Compass
10 Backing Sheet or Black Sheet
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
UVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEF
Lettering
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRST
UVWXYZABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVWXYZABCDEF
 Lettering Practice

• In an engineering drawing, besides illustrating the shape of an object, it is also required to show the sizes of
the object and some of the technical details such as material type, name of the additional features, title,
name of the company, etc.
• Writing these particulars of the object need to be followed according to the standard practice in an
engineering drawing is called Lettering.
• Essential features of the lettering are legibility, uniformity, easy, quick and suitability for reading and printing
processes.
• Lettering practice is followed in India as per the Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) Recommendations
IS:9609
➢ Single stroke lettering is the style of letters adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standard for use in
engineering graphics.
➢ The BIS specifications recommended for lettering work in engineering graphics involve, the height of
the uppercase letter, and lowercase letter, stem thickness, spacing between letter, minimum spacing
between the words and lines, etc.
➢ Height of the letters and numerical recommended for use in the engineering graphics is 2.5 mm.

(i) Uppercase Letters and Numerical (ii) Lowercase Letters and Numerical

2.5
2.5

ENGINEERNG GRAPHICS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Engineering Graphics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Construction Line
 Text on Drawings
Text on engineering drawing is used :

To communicate nongraphic information.

As a substitute for graphic information, in those instance
where text can communicate the needed information
more clearly and quickly.

Thus, it must be written with

Legibility - shape
- space between letters and words

Uniformity - size
- line thickness
Example Placement of the text on drawing
Dimension & Notes

Notes Title Block

DIMENSIONING
Dimensions are indicated on the drawing to define the size characteristics
such as length, breadth, height, diameter, radius, angle and location of hole,
slot, etc.
They should be mentioned directly on the drawing to describe a component
clearly and completely in its finished form.
The Bureau of Indian standards in its bulletin IS 11669:1986 (reaffirmed
1999) recommends general principle of dimensioning in technical drawing.
Dimensioning Terminology
1. Dimension value: It is a numerical value that is being assigned to the
size, shape or location of the feature being dimensioned.
2. Dimension lines: These are thin continuous lines that show the extent
and direction of the dimension. They should be placed 8 to 10 mm
away from the outlines and should be placed uniformly 6 to 8 mm from
each other. The dimension values are placed preferably near the middle
of the dimension lines.
3. Projection lines: These are the thin continuous lines stretched out from
the outlines for dimensioning and extended 2 to 3 mm beyond the
dimension lines. They should be drawn in a direction perpendicular to the
feature to be dimensioned. Projection lines and dimension lines should
not cross other lines, unless this is unavoidable. Under special
circumstances, projection lines may be drawn obliquely, but parallel with
each other
4. Leaders or pointer lines: These are the lines referring to a feature and
notes. It is executed using the thin continuous lines and terminated by
arrow heads or dots. Notes and figures are written above the extended
dimension lines. Leaders should not to be inclined at an angle less than
30° or parallel to adjacent dimensions or projection lines where confusion
might arise. Leaders are never drawn vertical, horizontal, curved or free
hand. Usually they are drawn at any convenient angle 30°, 45° and 60.
Use of long leaders should be avoided
5. Arrowheads Usually, arrowheads are used for the termination of
dimension lines. They may be open at a convenient angle of 30° to 90°,
closed blank or closed filled. The closed filled arrowheads have length
about three times the depth/width, and are preferred in the
engineering drawings. Usually, length of closed filled arrowheads is 3 mm
for small drawings and 4 to 5 mm for large drawings. Oblique stroke and
point may be used in lieu of arrowheads when the space to accommodate
the arrowheads termination is insufficient
 Methods of Dimensioning

• To construct an object, its shape and sizes should be known and these details need to indicated in the
drawing.
• Method of indicating sizes, and other details essentials for its construction and function, using lines,
numerical, symbols, notes, various features of the object, etc. is called Dimensioning.
• Following two methods of dimensioning are recommended systems of placing the dimensions.

(a) Aligned System of Dimensioning

20 R30 60

Arrowhead

60
R30
10
60 3
R30
40

O O

1
R30
20

60
R30

(b) Unidirectional System of Dimensioning

20
45
60
25 45
R30
R30 60

10 O R30 60
O
40 45
R30 60
R30
20 45
25
 Example on Elements of Dimensioning
• The elements of dimensioning include the projection line, boundary lines or outlines, leader line, dimension
line, arrow head, etc. are illustrated in the following Figure.

Long break line Short break line

10000
Dimension line
50
Leader line

60
Dimension Figure

30
Boundary line
Axis line

200 Extension or
Projection line
Arrowhead
2. Construction of a regular pentagon by simplest
procedure.
• A regular pentagon with equal sides may be
constructed by using exterior angle 72.
• Following steps illustrate the procedure. The example
considered here is Pentagonal plane (namely ABCDE)
with size of side 40mm, as an object. D

i. Draw a line AB with given size (i.e. 40mm)

horizontally.
ii. Draw a line BC (with given size) inclined at 72 E C

(Exterior angle) to the line AB from point B.

iii. Similarly, draw a line AE (with given size) inclined 72 72
at 72 (Exterior angle) to the line AB from point A. A B
40
iv. Using the compass, radius equal to the size of the
side and point C as centre, draw an arc (far away
from the opposite side AB).
v. Using same setting of the compass, point E as
centre draw an another arc such that it intersect
on previous arc. The point of intersection is Point
D.
vi. Draw line CD and similarly line ED.
3. Construction of a regular hexagon by simplest
procedure.
• A regular hexagon with sides all equal size may be
constructed by using circle method (Ref. diameter line in
horizontal position such that two sides will be parallel to it).
• Following steps illustrate the procedure. The example
considered here is hexagonal plane (namely ABCDEF) with F E
size of side 40mm as an object.
i. With any point O as centre and radius equal to the
length of the side (40 mm), draw a circle using
construction line.
D
ii. Draw diameter line AD horizontally passing through A O
centre O.
iii. Now with A as centre and radius equal to the radius of
the circle, draw an arc on the circle below the
diameter line AD. The point of intersection of these is B
40 C
point B.
iv. Similarly, draw an arc on the circle above the diameter
line AD. The point of intersection of these is Point F.
v. Repeat the steps (iii) and (iv) by selecting D as centre
point to obtain points C and E.
vi. Join points with thick line representing six sides of the
hexagon.

• Please note that, in required orientation of the sides, the

diameter line need to constructed. Furthermore, except
sides all other lines must be construction line type.