2024-2025 2ND SEMESTER

READING &
WRITING
SKILLS
MA’AM PANGANIBAN
READING
WRITING
READING VS. WRITING
 READING WRITING
consuming someone else’s takes more time
writing creating something out of
engaging on different levels nothing
help us learn and understand Output-oriented
things better Creative Expression
READING TO
WRITE
WRITING TO
READ
 PARAGRAPH
A paragraph is a series of sentences that
are organized and coherent, and are all
related to a single topic.
 PARTS

CONCLU
TOPIC SUPPOR DING
TING
 TOPIC
it reveals the main or central idea of the
paragraph
The topic sentence is usually the first sentence
of the paragraph because it gives an overview of
the sentences to follow
 SUPPORTING
provides adequate support for the main
idea and elaborates on the scope given
by the topic sentence
 CONCLUDING
provides adequate support for the main
idea and elaborates on the scope given
by the topic sentence
 Difficulties in English Writing
For me, writing is one of the most difficult skills to learn in English. First, with writing
comes spelling. Many words are pronounced the same but spelt completely
differently, like blue and blew. I need extra efforts to learn and remember how to
spell and write them correctly. Another challenge I face in English is sentence
structure. There are many types of sentences in English and each type has its own
punctuation rules. It takes a lot of hard work to understand how to build sentences
effectively. Finally, grammar is challenging. My teachers emphasize the importance
of grammar because it plays a significant role in writing. Despite all these difficulties
in spelling, sentence structure, and grammar, writing remains to be one of my
favorite aspects of learning.
About me
In this activity, write a paragraph about
yourself on a piece of paper. After
collecting your papers, some of you will
pick among these papers and read it
aloud. Then, identify who that person is.
 ABOUT ME :)
I am a highly organized person who finds comfort in structure and simplicity. My
days are typically planned out, with clear goals and a focus on efficiency, which
helps me stay productive and calm. I enjoy reading as a way to unwind, whether it's a
captivating novel or an insightful non-fiction book, as it allows me to expand my
knowledge while still embracing peacefulness. Living simply is important to me, as I
believe that a clutter-free space and a peaceful routine foster a greater sense of
well-being. By keeping things orderly, I can focus on what truly matters, whether
that's enjoying a good book or reflecting on the little joys of life. Ultimately, my
organized, minimalist lifestyle brings balance and clarity to everything I do.
Reading and Writing Skills

Patterns of
Development in
Writing Across
Disciplines
by Ma’am Panganiban
 Learning Objectives

familiarize yourself identify the distinguish the

with the different transitional words uses and the
writing patterns in and phrases used differences of
paragraph in the different each writing
development writing patterns pattern
 PRETEST
Directions: Read the set of events and rewrite/rearrange the
following details on a paper to create a coherent story.

____ Finally, the old lady crossed the street safely and Juan was able
to reach school on time.
____ One morning, Juan is in a hurry going to school.
____ Then, he thought of helping the old lady even though he will be
late in school.
____ Suddenly, he saw an old lady, carrying a full of basket, crossing
the street.
 PRETEST (ANSWER)
Directions: Read the set of events and rewrite/rearrange the
following details on a paper to create a coherent story.

1 - One morning, Juan is in a hurry going to school.

2 - Suddenly, he saw an old lady, carrying a full of basket, crossing the
street.
3 - Then, he thought of helping the old lady even though he will be late
in school.
4 - Finally, the old lady crossed the street safely and Juan was able to
reach school on time.
 PRETEST
1. What words are used to signal the correct sequence of
the events?
2. How do you think the ideas were able to relate to one
another?
3. What do we call these words?
4. How do these words help to create a story?
5. What kind of paragraph were you able to create using the
given details?
 PATTERNS OF
DEVELOPMENT IN
WRITING ACROSS
DISCIPLINES
 1. NARRATION
is the most basic pattern of development.
Narration is a pattern of development which ultimately describes
how, when, and where an event or occurrence actually happened.
The narration virtually constructs the world as the reader sees it
from the text.
 Components that Build
Up a Story

Logical Way of
Terminology
Actions Narration
 These actions are conceivably happening
within the narrative.
Logical The actions need not only be on the
physical level, but will also be related to
Actions mental reasoning of the characters
themselves.
These logical actions are considered the
very movements within the plot or the
narrative.
Examples:
“We saw...”
“He was standing...”
“We knew.”
“He reached for...”
“They waved...”
 This refers to how the writer presents the
story. It includes the pace by which scenes
Way of are given out.
Narration can help pace the story by
Narration adding more depth to things currently
happening, by describing more details and
actions taking place within the span of
time, the writer is able to pace the
viewpoint of the reader.
Examples:
Clipped Narration: “He came and talked to
us. Then he left the house and then he
drove the car back home.”
 Examples:
Way of Paced narration:
Narration “He came and talked to us for a few moments.
He seemed upset, but he managed to get
through all the bad news. Shaking our hands
before he left the house come twilight, he
seemed to feel better now that he had
delivered the news. He waved from the car as
he pulled out of the driveway, narrowly missing
the mailbox again, and drove off to return
home.”
 WRITING EXERCISE
Way of Directions: Try to write a paced narration of
the given clipped narration
Narration Clipped Narration:
“She walked in. He saw her. His heart skipped.
She smiled. He froze. That was it.”

Paced narration:
 WRITING EXERCISE
Way of Directions: Try to write a paced narration of
the given clipped narration
Narration Clipped Narration:
“The door slammed. A woman screamed. Then
nothing was left but silence. He was gone.”

Paced narration:
 When narrating, writers must choose how
to address terms that is either concrete
Termino- or abstract, and specific or general
observations.
logy 1. Concrete Terms - are words chat identify
things, places, and events that can be
measured and observed.
2. Abstract Terms - refer to ideas or
concepts that are intangible, such as the
concept of love, freedom, and feminism
3. General Terms - used to denote groups
4. Specific Terms - refer to an individual
component of that group.
General: Furniture
Specific: cabinet, desk, chair
 Examples:
Termino- Concrete: “He was shivering violently from
the cold.”
logy
Abstract. “The joy in the air was palpable.”

General “He gave her a piece of jewelry.”

Specific: “Each green stone had fire in its

facets.”
 LET’S TRY!
Termino- “He handed her a bouquet of flowers.”
logy “The tension between them hung in the
room like a thick fog.”

“Her fingers trembled as she reached for

the door handle.”

“The delicate lavender petals seemed to

glow in the soft light, their fragrance sweet
and lingering.”
 2. DESCRIPTION
is simply the pattern of development which goes into details
about a specific object, person, or location, in order to firmly
set its appearance into the readers’ minds
 SENSORY LANGUAGE

The kind of words we used to

describe how your subject looks,
sounds, feels, smells or even tastes.
 TASTE
SMELL SIGHT
SENSORY
LANGUAGE
HEARING
TOUCH
It was sweet and sticky, with a fruity flavor.
It looks like a warm, golden caramel, with a
rich, almost translucent glow.
It is sweet, like flowers, with a warm and sugary
scent.
it feels smooth and sticky, with a thick, syrupy
texture that clings to your fingers.
"The motorbike starting up sounded like an
erupting volcano"
It goes beep-beep when you press a button.
It makes a tick-tock noise every few second
TWO TYPES OF DESCRIPTION

Objective Subjective
Objective Description
looks into factual and scientific
characteristics of what is being
described
oftentimes used in specific and
reportorial writing such as
encyclopedias or textbooks
the writer presents impartial and actual
picture of the subject without biases
EXAMPLE
 The kitchen table is rectangular, seventy-two
inches long and thirty inches wide. Made of a
EXAMPLE two-inch-thick piece of oak, its top is covered
with a waxy oilcloth patterned in dark red and
blue squares against a white background.

In the right corner, close to the wall, a square

blue ceramic tile serves as the protective
base for a brown earthenware teapot. A
single white placemat has been set to the left
of the tile, with a knife and fork on either side
of a white dinner plate, around nine inches in
diameter. On the plate are two thick pieces
of steak.
Subjective Description
where the writer subjective description
gives personal impression of what is
observed
the sort of description that the author
would normally use to “paint a picture”
of how he sees a character, or how he
wants the reader to see a character.
 Our lives at home converged around
EXAMPLE the pleasantly-shaped kitchen table.
It was the magnet that drew our
family together quite warmly. Cut
from the sturdiest oak, the table was
tough, smooth, and long enough for
my mother, my two sisters, and me
to work or play on at the same time.
 Sampaloc Lake is an inactive volcanic
OBJECTIVE maar on the island of Luzon, the
OR Philippines. It is the largest of the Seven
Lakes of San Pablo, Laguna. Nearly half
SUBJECTIVE?
of the lake's depth has a shallow
depression at the bottom, indicating its
volcanic origin. It is approximately 104
hectares and 3.5 kilometer boardwalk.
The lake is behind San Pablo City
Capitol and at the foot of the Doña
Leonila Park.
 Sampaloc Lake is one of the best
OBJECTIVE tourist spots in San Pablo. It is where
OR you can bring your friends and loved
ones for picnic and bonding. Most of
SUBJECTIVE?
San Pableños jog around the lake and
do ride bicycles not only to have
morning good exercise but also have
fresh air. You can witness the beauty
of nature for it is surrounded with
mountains.
 3. DEFINITION
provides concise but exact meanings of unfamiliar words and
explain special meanings for familiar words.
Its goal is to ensure that the reader understands unfamiliar
terms used in the story
TWO TYPES OF DEFINITION

Informal Formal
 it is how a writer understands a word
Informal based on their own personal or
Definition consensual experiences.
It is usually derived from the author’s
own experiences and opinion
often used by a writer to state
something from the point of view of
the characters or in relation to the
setting
 refers to defining concepts in the most
Formal factual way, which is often used in

Definition scientific, proper, or real-world facts

it gives the TERM being defined, the

CATEGORY, and the QUALITY that
makes the term different from other
terms in the same category
 Example: Term
category
Formal
Seijinshiki is a coming of age or group
Definition ceremony in Japan wherein adolescent:
who turn twenty years old gather
together on the second Monday of
January.

Quality
Formal Example:

Definition
Skimming is a reading technique of
allowing the eyes to travel over a
page very quickly, stopping only here
and there to gain an idea
4. CLASSIFICATION &
EXEMPLIFICATION
Classification - is the process by which a piece of information
becomes classified according to a specific category
Exemplification - is the act of providing examples to illustrate
or clarify a point. It can also refer to an example itself.
 LET’S TRY!
Identify the basic parts: topic sentence, classifications (types,
categories), examples (illustrations) and transitional/signal words.
 5. COMPARISON &
CONTRAST
Comparison in writing discusses elements that are similar
Contrast in writing discusses elements or ideas that are different.
Its purpose is to illustrate subtle differences or unexpected
similarities between two subjects.
SIGNAL WORDS
 EXAMPLE
My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms of personality,
appearance and intelligence. Tina, the middle child in the family, prefers
staying at home than going out with her friends. She is slim, petite and has
dark skin. As she is not sociable, she finds friends with the characters from
the books she reads most of the time. In addition, she is very clever in subjects
like Math and Science which made her graduate with Highest Honors from
Senior High School. In contrast, my youngest sister, Joni, is the opposite. She
has an outgoing and friendly personality. There is never a dull moment as she
is always ready with stories to tell. She is tall with a round plump face and fair
skin. Being the youngest in the family, she is often asked to perform during
family gatherings since she sings and dances well. My sisters may be different
from each other but they adore one another.
 TWO WAYS TO ORGANIZE
COMPARISON & CONTRAST

Block Point-by-
Method point
 Block Method
2 WAYS TO is used to compare and contrast two
ORGANIZE subjects one at a time.
You may begin by saying everything
you have to say about the first subject
you are discussing then move on and
write everything about your second
subject.

Point-by-point
is used to address one subject at a
time
 BLOCK OR POINT-BY-POINT?
My sisters are as different as yin and yang in terms of personality,
appearance and intelligence. Tina, the middle child in the family, prefers
staying at home than going out with her friends. She is slim, petite and has
dark skin. In addition, she is very clever in subjects like Math and Science
which made her graduate with Highest Honors from Senior High School. In
contrast, my youngest sister, Joni, is the opposite. She has an outgoing
and friendly personality. There is never a dull moment as she is always
ready with stories to tell. She is tall with a round plump face and fair skin.
Being the youngest in the family, she is often asked to perform during
family gatherings since she sings and dances well. My sisters may be
different from each other but they adore one another.
6. CAUSE AND EFFECT
This is often used to present character motivations. It answers
questions such as, “What caused this to happen?” “What happened
after that?” “Why did it happen?” and “Why did not anything
happen?”
 EXAMPLE
Following the hurricane, entire towns and communities
were left devastated. In the wake of the storm, nearly
500,000 people were displaced, searching for a place to
go to. The loss of entire communities then caused a
significant drop in the quality of life among the survivors.
With the storm having washed away entire livelihoods and
even any means to recover these livelihoods, the survivors
stood starving and could only rely on the help of the
government.
2 WAYS TO Emphasizing cause - As the name implies,
this emphasizes the cause and goes into
ORGANIZE detail about it while the effect is subtly
CAUSE & expressed in the sentence.
EFFECT Emphasizing effect - This one emphasizes
the effect and goes into detail about it,
with the cause subtly hinted at the
paragraph.
EMPHASIZING CAUSE OR EFFECT?
Following the hurricane, entire towns and communities
were left devastated. In the wake of the storm, nearly
500,000 people were displaced, searching for a place to
go to. The loss of entire communities then caused a
significant drop in the quality of life among the survivors.
With the storm having washed away entire livelihoods and
even any means to recover these livelihoods, the survivors
stood starving and could only rely on the help of the
government.
7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION
A problem and solution paragraph in a text begins by identifying the
problem or situation, and later on presents a solution to a problem.
The problem is essentially the “cause,” and it moves the events
forward until a solution to it could be found
SIGNAL WORDS
 EXAMPLE
Nowadays, many cities around the world are facing air pollution, which
not only harms the environment but also negatively impacts public
health. The increasing number of vehicles on the road, coupled with
industrial emissions, contributes to poor air quality, leading to
respiratory diseases and other health issues. One effective solution to
this problem is the promotion of public transportation. By investing in
cleaner, more efficient public transit systems, cities can reduce the
number of private cars on the road, thereby lowering emissions and
improving air quality. Additionally, encouraging the use of electric
vehicles and bike-sharing programs can further reduce pollution,
helping to create a healthier and more sustainable urban environment.
 8. PERSUASION
This discourse, which seeks to influence the readers to take
some action, is also meant to present information that will
cause the reader to believe the justification of the message
found in the text.
 8. PERSUASION
Oftentimes, this process, as used on a personal level, is meant
to discuss the writer’s opinion on the subject. A text that
presents the opinion of the writer is considered “persuasion,”
which convinces the reader of the writer's point of view.
 EXAMPLE
“Dear Linda, thank you for your letter. I must say that I disagree
with your view. Vaccinations are actually an extremely
necessary part of keeping everyone, including your own children,
safe from disease. The herd immunity that protects us all is only
strong as long as everyone continues ensuring that their children
are vaccinated. There are children who, for medical reasons,
cannot receive vaccination, and therefore are relying on the
immunity of the herd. To not vaccinate your children would be
risking so many more in danger to diseases that the human race
has nearly eradicated.”