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 Module 1
• 1.1 Basics of Vibration Periodic and random
motion, Spectral Amplitude Scaling: RMS, Peak
and Peak to-Peak Conversion and Selection, Time
and frequency domain analysis, Phase analysis,
Orbit analysis, Understanding signal pattern,
Importance of speed in accurate diagnosis,
Importance of side bands in frequency spectrums.
• 1.2 Introduction to Vibration based Condition
Monitoring Maintenance Principles, Vibration
based fault Prognosis, Goal of Vibration
Monitoring, Steps in Vibration Monitoring,
Benefits of Vibration based condition monitoring.
 Vibration Basics
• Study of mechanical vibration is concerned with
the oscillatory motions of bodies and the forces
associated with them.
• All system possessing mass and elasticity are
capable of exhibiting vibrations.
• Most engineering machines and structures
experience vibration to some degree.
• Their design generally requires considerations of their
oscillatory behavior.
 Oscillatory systems can be broadly characterized as,
Linear
Linear vibration: If all the basic components of a
vibratory system – the spring the mass and the
damper behave linearly, the resulting vibration is
known as linear vibration.
Nonlinear
Nonlinear Vibration: If one or more basic components
of a vibratory system are not linear then the system is
nonlinear.
 Mainly two types of vibration
Free vibration
Forced vibration
 Free vibration takes place when a system oscillates
under the action of forces inherent in the system itself
and when external impressed forces are absent
Fundamental of Vibration
• Unbalance-
• Misalignment-
• Resonance-
• Bearing Vibration-
• Gear Vibration-
• Structural Vibration-
• Operational Vibration-
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/nelson-
reithmaier-95b42b48_a-good-demonstration-
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ELeJ?utm_source=share&utm_medium=memb
er_android
• Mechanical Vibrations:- (machinery, vehicles, or
structures),(engines, propulsion systems, rotating components, or
the firing of weapons). Mitigation
• Shock and Impact Vibrations:-(explosive events, ballistic
impacts, or sudden collisions) (Directly affects structural integrity
of vehicles, armor, or sensitive equipment). Robustness.
• Vibration Isolation:- (sensitive instruments, electronics, or
optical systems may require isolation ) (isolation techniques, such
as using resilient mounts, dampers, or active control systems, are
employed to reduce )
• Human-Induced Vibrations:- (Human operators or occupants
can generate vibrations in defense systems.)(helicopters,
vibrations from rotor blades can be transmitted to the cabin,
affecting the comfort and well-being of the crew.)
• Structural Health Monitoring:- (modal analysis
and accelerometers, are employed in defense applications to
monitor),(natural frequencies and mode shapes, potential
structural damage or degradation can be detected early,)
Engine and Powertrain Vibrations:- (engine block,
crankshaft, transmission, and driveline.) (imbalances,
misalignments, or irregularities in these systems).

Suspension Vibrations:- (interactions between the

vehicle's suspension system and the road surface.),
(road irregularities, wheel imbalance, worn-out
suspension components, or improper alignment.)

Aerodynamic Vibrations:-arise from the

interaction between the airflow and the
vehicle's exterior surfaces. (influenced by
factors such as the vehicle's shape, speed, and
wind conditions.)

Braking Vibrations:- (occur when the brake

system, including the rotors, pads, and calipers,
undergoes irregular or uneven wear ), {These
vibrations can be felt as pulsations or juddering
when the brakes are applied.}
• Wheel and Tire Vibrations:- (Imbalances or
irregularities in wheels and tires )

• Structural Vibrations:- (propagate through the

vehicle's body structure.),(caused by dynamic
loads, resonances, or the transmission of
vibrations from other components), (sources,
such as road inputs, engine vibrations, or external
disturbances.)
• Structural Vibrations:- (caused by aerodynamic forces,
engine vibrations, control surface movements, or external
factors like turbulence. )
• Engine Vibrations:- (I C Engine)(can propagate through
the airframe and affect the overall stability, comfort, and
performance of the aircraft.)
• Propeller or Rotor Vibrations:- (imbalances, blade
imperfections, or aerodynamic effects.) (vibrations can lead
to reduced efficiency, increased noise levels, and structural
fatigue.).
• Flutter:- (rapid self-excited oscillations occur in aircraft
structures)
• Resonance:- (Resonance with structure)
• Ground Vibrations:- (takeoff, landing) (arise from engine
thrust, tyres)
 Therapeutic Vibration:- (therapeutically to promote healing,
pain relief, and relaxation. This includes techniques such as
vibration therapy or vibrotherapy,)

Massage and Physical Therapy:- (handheld massagers or

massage chairs, ) (These vibrations can help relieve muscle
tension, improve blood circulation, and provide
relaxation).

Ultrasound:-(ultrasound uses high-frequency

sound waves that generate mechanical
vibrations to create images of internal organs
and structures.)
Dental Tools:- Dental tools like ultrasonic
scalers use high-frequency vibrations to
remove plaque, tartar, and stains from teeth.
 Bone Healing:- (Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a technique used to
promote bone healing. It involves the application of specific low-intensity vibrations to
fractured or injured bones.
LIPUS has been found to stimulate bone growth and accelerate the healing process.)

Diagnostic Tools:- (Vibrations can also be used

in diagnostic procedures.)
For instance, the tuning fork test is a simple
technique where a vibrating tuning fork is used
to assess hearing acuity or test bone conduction.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX43aAJ
ozA0
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OqWNY
Ambient Vibrations:- (These are low-
amplitude vibrations present in structures due
to environmental factors such as wind, traffic,
and seismic activity.) Ambient vibrations can
cause slight movements and oscillations in the
structure.
Seismic Vibrations: Seismic vibrations occur
during earthquakes or tremors.

Machinery-Induced Vibrations: In industrial

settings, heavy machinery or equipment can
generate vibrations that propagate through
the structure.

Wind-Induced Vibrations: Wind can induce

vibrations in tall structures, such as towers or
high-rise buildings. Wind tunnel testing and
Vehicle-Induced Vibrations: appropriate design measures are employed to
mitigate wind-induced vibrations.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x1ef048b3CE
 Basic Definitions
• Periodic Motion:- A motion that repeats itself
after equal interval of time.

• Time Period:-
• Time taken for one complete cycle.

• Simple harmonic Motion: Motion of particle with

time that moves round a circle with uniform
angular velocity.

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 Basic Definitions
 Amplitude:-Maximum Displacement from
mean positions.
 The amplitude can either be single amplitude(Z) when the
distance from mean position to maximum displacement is
measured.

 Frequency:- Number of cycles per unit time.

Frequency can be expressed either as angular
frequency or Oscillatory frequency.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSHhbZxTR-M
• Damped Vibration: The periodic vibrations of a
body of decreasing amplitude in presence of a
resistive force are called damped vibrations.
• Some examples of damped vibrations are
oscillations of branch of a tree, sound produced
by tuning fork over longer distances, etc.
• In fact all vibrations on earth's surface in the
absence of an external force are damped
vibrations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRcjtVa1LfM
 Basic Definitions
• Natural Frequency-
• It is the frequency of free vibration of a system. It is
constant for the system.
• It is inherent property of a system.
• It depends on the elastic properties mass and
stiffness of the system.
• Resonance-
• It is close to natural frequency of the system.
• Frequency of External force is equal to natural
frequency of the system.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cS3QMHNBDIc
 Periodic Motion
• A motion that repeats itself after equal intervals of
time is known as periodic motion.
• Examples of periodic motion: motion of a
pendulum = pendulum passes through the mean
position only after a definite interval of time.
• We can also classify the above motion to be oscillatory. An oscillatory is a motion
in which the body moves to and fro about a fixed position. So an oscillatory
motion can be periodic but it is not necessary.
• Periodic Motion Formula
• Time Period (T): It is the time taken by the
motion to repeat itself. So the unit of a time
period is seconds.
Frequency (f): It is defined as a number of times
the motion is repeated in one second. The unit of
frequency is Hz (Hertz). Frequency is related to
Time period as:
 Random vibration
• Random vibration is motion which is non-deterministic,
meaning that future behavior cannot be precisely
predicted.

• The randomness is a characteristic of the excitation or

input, not the mode shapes or natural frequencies.
• Some common examples include an automobile riding
on a rough road, wave height on the water, or the load
induced on an airplane wing during flight.
• Structural response to random vibration is usually treated using
statistical or probabilistic approaches. Mathematically, random
vibration is characterized as an ergodic and stationary process.
• A measurement of the acceleration spectral density (ASD) is
the usual way to specify random vibration.
• The root mean square acceleration (Grms) is the square root of
the area under the ASD curve in the frequency domain.
• The Grms value is typically used to express the overall energy of
a particular random vibration event and is a statistical value
used for analysis purposes.
• While the term power spectral density (PSD) is
commonly used to specify a random vibration
event, ASD is more appropriate when acceleration
is being measured and used in structural analysis
and testing.
 Spectral Amplitude Scaling
• Spectral amplitude scaling is a technique used in
vibration analysis and signal processing to adjust
the amplitudes of frequency components in a
vibration signal.
• It involves modifying the amplitudes of specific
frequency components while leaving the phase
information unchanged.
• This technique is often employed to simulate or
analyze the effects of changing the vibration
intensity or to artificially generate vibration
signals with desired characteristics.
• The basic idea behind spectral amplitude scaling is
to multiply the magnitude spectrum of a
vibration signal by a scaling factor.
• The scaling factor can be a constant value to
uniformly scale the entire spectrum, or it can be a
function of frequency to selectively scale specific
frequency components.
 Original Signal

Resultant amplitude
scaling
Scaling up operation
Identify peak point and
multiply with scaling factor (i.e
A=2)
 Scaling down operation

Attenuation
(Suppression of
original signal)

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PoJI
 What are the steps involve in scaling
spectral amplitude following steps
• Obtain the magnitude spectrum of the vibration
signal by performing a Fourier transform or using
other spectral analysis techniques.
• Multiply the magnitude spectrum by the desired
scaling factor. The scaling factor can be constant
or frequency-dependent.
• Preserve the phase information of the original
spectrum.
• Inverse Fourier transform the modified spectrum
back into the time domain to obtain the scaled
vibration signal.
 RMS
• RMS stands for Root Mean Square. It is a measure used
to quantify the amplitude or intensity of a vibration
signal.
• The RMS value provides information about the overall
energy content or magnitude of the signal.
• The RMS value is commonly used in vibration analysis
to assess the severity of vibrations and evaluate their
potential impact on machinery, structures, or human
perception.
• It is particularly useful for characterizing steady-state
or continuous vibrations rather than transient events.
To calculate the RMS value of a vibration signal, you
typically follow these steps:
• Square each data point in the vibration signal.
• Calculate the average (mean) of the squared values.
• Take the square root of the average calculated in step 2.
RMS (Root Mean Square) vibration is calculated by
measuring the peak amplitude and multiply by
0.707 to obtain the RMS (Root Mean Square) value.
 Peak and Peak to-Peak Conversion and Selection

• Peak: The peak refers to the maximum value reached by a

vibration signal within a specific time interval.
• It represents the highest amplitude or displacement of the
vibration waveform.
• Peaks are often used to determine the severity of vibration and
can be used to assess the condition of rotating machinery or
structures.
• The peak value is typically measured in units such as acceleration
(m/s²), velocity (mm/s), or displacement (mm).
• Peak-to-Peak:

• Peak-to-peak, as the name implies, refers to the difference

between the highest positive peak and the lowest negative
peak within a vibration signal.
• It provides an indication of the total span or magnitude of the
vibration waveform.
• By measuring the peak-to-peak value, analysts can evaluate
the full extent of vibration and assess its impact on the
equipment or structure being monitored.
• Both peak and peak-to-peak values provide
important information about the magnitude of
vibrations.
• By analyzing these values over time, trends and
patterns can be identified.
• It is worth noting that in some cases, the root
mean square (RMS) value is also used in vibration
analysis.
• The RMS value provides a measure of the overall
energy content of the vibration signal and is often
used to assess the potential for fatigue or damage
in mechanical systems.
How Does Vibration Analysis Work?
 Time and frequency domain analysis

• Time Domain- Analyzing the behavior of a

vibrating system in the time domain.
• Vibration signal is typically represented as a time
series, where the vibration response of the
system is measured or simulated at regular
intervals.
• By analyzing the vibration signal in the time domain,
several important parameters……..
• Amplitude: maximum displacement from its mean
position at particular time.
• Frequency: Number of cycles per unit time.
• Period: The time taken to complete one cycle of
vibration. It is the reciprocal of frequency.
• Phase: The relative position of a vibrating system at a
given time within a vibration cycle.
• Transient response: The behavior of the system
immediately after a disturbance or change in the input.
 Time domain analysis can be conducted using various
techniques, such as time waveform analysis, envelope
analysis, and time-frequency analysis.
• Frequency Domain- Analyzing the characteristics
of a vibrating system in the frequency domain.

• Transforming a time-domain vibration signal into

the frequency domain – Fast Fourier transform
(FFT).
• To gain valuable insights- Frequency plays major
role.
• The vibration signal is decomposed into its
constituent frequencies, revealing the amplitudes
and phases associated with each frequency
component.
• Which shows dominant frequencies present in the
system, such as natural frequencies, resonances,
harmonics, and other periodic or non-periodic
components.
• Common tool used in frequency domain analysis is
the power spectrum.
• Distribution of power or energy across different
frequencies.
 Phase Analysis
• What is Phase?
• Phase is the relationship between two signals of
the same frequency, measured in degrees.
• A phase study is simply a collection of phase
measurements made on a machine that is
evaluated to reveal information about relative
motion between measurement points.
• Phase is independent of amplitude.
• That is to say that each signal may have different
amplitudes and still be evaluated for specific phase
characteristics.
• OUT OF PHASE :-

• The sine waves (vibrations) of Machines A and B

do not reach their positive peaks at the same
time (i.e., when Machine A reaches the top of the
peak, Machine B is at the bottom). This is an
indication that they are “out of phase.”
• IN PHASE-

• The sine waves (vibrations) of Machines A and B

reach their positive peaks at the same time – an
indication that they are “In phase.”
 Absolute vs Relative Phase
Absolute phase
• In vibration analysis, phase can be measured
using either an absolute or relative reference.
• Most single channel vibration analyzers can
measure absolute phase of a signal, relative to an
absolute reference such as a tachometer pulse.
• It is measured at shaft rotational frequency (i.e.,
synchronous frequencies).
• Basically, the FFT analyzer calculates the time
between the tachometer trigger and the next
positive waveform peak vibration at each
measurement point.
• The time interval is then converted to degrees and
displayed as the absolute phase.
• Absolute phase is required for rotor balancing.
 Relative Phase
• Relative phase uses two measurement points.
• The first channel is designated as the reference
point and the second channel as the response
point.
• The relative phase difference is measured
between the two.
• The analyst may choose any two points to apply
two sensors (of the same type).
• Relative phase is the time difference between
the maximum peak of each waveform at a
specific frequency, converted to degrees.
• Relative phase does not require a tachometer so
phase can be measured at any frequency.
• Often times, absolute phase is not necessary
because many diagnoses, such as identifying
loose foot or soft foot, are made by analyzing
relative phase.
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mEM
• When to use Phase Analysis ??????????????
• When the source of the vibration is not clear or
when it is necessary to confirm suspected sources
of vibration.
• Help with analyzing vibration include
looseness/bending/twisting, misalignment, soft
foot, bent shafts and rotors, cracked bearings,
resonance, and imbalance.
 Orbit analysis
 Orbit = Orbit plots provide a map of the path a rotor takes as it
vibrates in its bearings.

• An orbit plot is a useful tool in diagnosing the root cause(s) of

rotating machinery issues.
• Measurement is done by placing two probes in the bearing housing,
90 degrees apart.
• The Orbit is a representation of the position of the shaft centerline
as it rotates.
AC versus DC displacement
Direct YouTube link: https://youtu.be/qK9K4rQf88Y
 Understanding signal pattern
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lP_9XO-sbH8
 Misalignment
• Difficulty of the alignment of two rotors with their
respective supports.
• Misalignment can happen due to very different
causes such as: excessive reliance on the use of
elastic couplings and self-aligning bearings, machine
deformation.
• Offset misalignment can be measured using dial
indicators and corrected with shims under the feet
of the machine's free system (usually the motor).
Misalignment
 Unbalance
• A rotating machine is imbalanced when the rotor center of gravity
or center of mass does not coincide with its center of rotation or
geometric center.
 Mechanical looseness
• Harmonics at abnormally high amplitudes generally characterizes
mechanical looseness, or an improper fit between component
parts.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZr1k8jJ1NI
 Bent shaft
• A bent shaft problem usually emits a vibration
signature that appears to be identical to a
misalignment problem.
• The use of phase measurements is needed to
distinguish between the two.
• Bent shaft can be identified by measuring vibration on
one of the bearings.
• The dominant vibration is normally at 1X if the bend
is near the center of the shaft.
• We will see 2X vibration if the bend closer to the
coupling. We can still misinterpret this data from
misalignments or any other types of faults.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51Pr4vXwbCo
• Vertical and horizontal axis measurements will also
often reveal peaks at 1X and 2X, but the key is the
axial measurement.
• Phase measurement is a good test used to diagnose
a bent shaft.
• The phase at 1X measured in axial directions on the
bearings will be 180o out of phase. This confirms that
the fault is bent shaft.

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rOahNI
 Importance of speed in accurate diagnosis
 1. Frequency Analysis:
 To identify potential issues in the machine.
 Rotating speed of the machine directly affects
the frequency components.
 Different machine components and faults exhibit
characteristic frequencies that can be correlated
with the rotating speed.
 Different Characteristic frequency can be
segregated.
  To identify potential issues in the
machine.
 Rotating speed of the machine
directly affects the frequency
components.
Different machine components and
faults exhibit characteristic
frequencies that can be correlated
Different Characteristic frequency can be with the rotating speed.
segregated.

Example- BCF, BPFO, BPFI, GMF- Related with operating speed.

 2. Resonance Identification:
 Natural frequency of a component or the entire
system matches the excitation frequency.
 Accurate knowledge of the rotating speed allows
analysts to determine whether the machine is
operating near critical resonant frequencies.
 By adjusting the speed or taking appropriate
mitigation measures, resonance-related issues can
be avoided or addressed effectively.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIgQrHW53Lw
3 Fault Detection and Localization:

 Many machine faults generate unique vibration patterns at

specific frequencies or harmonics related to the rotating
speed.
By pinpointing the exact frequencies associated with the rotating speed, analysts can
localize the source of the problem and perform targeted maintenance or repairs.
• 4 Trend Analysis:
 Monitoring the vibration signatures of a machine
over time allows analysts to detect changes and
trends that may indicate impending faults.
 For Accurate measurement Rotating speed is crucial
for consistent and reliable trend analysis.
 Fluctuations in the rotating speed can affect the
interpretation of vibration data.
• By keeping the rotating speed constant and well-
measured, analysts can focus on the true
variations in the vibration signals, providing more
accurate trend analysis and enabling proactive
maintenance.
• Precise knowledge of the rotating speed
enhances the effectiveness and accuracy of the
diagnosis process, leading to improved
maintenance practices and overall machinery
reliability.
Importance of side bands in
frequency spectrums
 Importance of side bands in frequency spectrums
• Sidebands are a critical piece of the puzzle in
determining certain types of faults.
• If not properly understood- lot of vibration data will be
missed from analysis.
 WHAT ARE SIDEBANDS----????
 Imagine the ideal scenario where gears mesh perfectly
with no issues, no wear in the teeth, no shaft play, and
no eccentricity problems.
 In this case, we would only have vibration activities
occurring at Gear Mesh Frequency (GMF).
 In reality, this is rarely the case as there would be some
imperfections.
• As the gears mate during operation, the GMF is the center
frequency and the other pairs of frequencies that show up
due to worn or damaged teeth or shaft play are know as
sidebands.
• Sidebands are frequencies that are generated in the
frequency domain because of the modulation of a Carrier
signal by a Modulating signal.
• Modulation itself is usually the fluctuation
(periodic change) in amplitude or in frequency of
the Combined signal (Carrier plus Modulating
signals) due to the influence of the modulating
signal.
• The frequency of the Modulating signal is in most
cases lower than that of the Carrier signal.
• The sidebands are formed in pairs as new
frequencies above and below the Carrier
Frequency (Figure 1).
 SIDEBAND FORMATION
Sidebands are typically formed from two types of modulation –
Amplitude and Frequency.
• AMPLITUDE MODULATION:
• For this form of modulation, the Carrier signal
and the Modulating signal are somewhat
superimposed to result in a new signal with
varying amplitude but at a constant frequency.
• When this is passed though the FFT (and viewed
in the frequency domain, it typically shows the
sidebands with varying amplitudes at constant
frequency (see Figure 2).

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h_Y
• FREQUENCY MODULATION:
• In this case, the new signal formed because the
Carrier and the Modulating signals merged
together. The signal has a constant amplitude but
at varying frequency.
• Passing this through the FFT into the frequency
domain gives the sideband peaks with varying
frequency at a constant amplitude.
• This case of Frequency Modulation is not very
common.
 Introduction to Vibration based Condition
Monitoring Maintenance Principles
• To assess the health and performance of machinery and equipment.
• To detect any abnormalities or changes that may indicate potential
faults or failures.
• By monitoring and analyzing vibration data, maintenance can
identify and address issues before they lead to costly breakdowns
or downtime.
• The principles of vibration-based condition monitoring
maintenance can be summarized as follows:
1. Vibration Analysis:
 Vibration analysis is the core
principle of this maintenance
approach.

 It involves measuring and analyzing vibration signals

generated by machines during their normal operation.
 Vibration sensors, such as accelerometers or proximity
probes, are used to capture the vibration data.
 The collected data is then processed and analyzed to
identify any abnormal vibration patterns or frequencies
associated with faults or mechanical issues.
 2. Baseline
Establishment

• To effectively monitor the condition of machinery, it is crucial to

establish a baseline vibration profile for each machine.
• This baseline represents the normal vibration levels and
characteristics exhibited by the equipment when it is in good
condition.
• By comparing the real-time vibration data to the baseline, any
deviations can be identified and investigated further.
  3. Fault Detection
and Diagnosis

• Vibration analysis helps in detecting and diagnosing various faults and issues
in machinery.
• Different types of faults, such as unbalance, misalignment, bearing defects,
looseness, or gear problems, can be identified by analyzing the vibration
signatures.
• Each type of fault exhibits unique vibration patterns, frequencies, and
amplitudes that can be recognized through experienced analysis or
automated algorithms.
 4. Condition Monitoring Techniques:
 4. Condition Monitoring Techniques:
• Vibration-based condition monitoring employs
various techniques to extract useful information from
vibration data.
• These techniques include time-domain analysis,
frequency-domain analysis, and wavelet analysis.
• Time-domain analysis focuses on analyzing the time-
based characteristics of vibration signals, such as
peak values or signal envelopes.
• Frequency-domain analysis involves transforming
the time-domain signals into frequency spectra,
which reveal the presence of specific frequencies
associated with faults.
• Wavelet analysis combines time and frequency
information to provide a detailed view of transient
events and localized frequency content.
 5. Alarm and Trend Monitoring

• Once the baseline vibration profile is established

and potential faults are identified, alarm and
trend monitoring techniques are employed.
• Alarm levels are set based on acceptable vibration
thresholds.
• If the measured vibration exceeds these thresholds, an
alarm is triggered, indicating the need for immediate
attention.
• Trend monitoring involves tracking the vibration data
over time to identify any gradual changes or
degradation trends that may indicate developing faults.
• Trend analysis helps in predicting the remaining useful
life of the equipment and planning maintenance
activities accordingly.
 6. Maintenance Decision-making

• The final principle of vibration-based condition monitoring

maintenance involves making informed maintenance decisions
based on the analysis results.
• The identified faults and their severity are evaluated to
determine the appropriate course of action, such as scheduling
maintenance activities, ordering replacement parts, or planning
repairs.
• The maintenance strategy can range from proactive measures,
such as scheduled maintenance or component replacement, to
reactive measures, such as immediate shutdown or emergency
repairs.
Vibration Based Fault Prognosis
• Vibration-based fault prognosis, also known as
vibration analysis or vibration monitoring, is a
technique used to predict and anticipate faults or
failures in mechanical systems based on the
analysis of vibration signals.

• The basic principle behind vibration-based fault

prognosis is that mechanical faults in a system
often generate unique vibration patterns or
signatures.

• By monitoring and analyzing these vibrations, it

becomes possible to detect the presence of faults
and predict their progression.
 The process of vibration-based fault prognosis typically
involves the following steps:
• 1. Data Acquisition- sensors or accelerometers, its
position.
• 2. Signal Processing:- processing of signals-filtering
out signal, amplify, A-T-D conversion.
• 3. Feature Extraction:- Specific features or
characteristics are extracted from the vibration
signals.
• These features can include frequency content,
amplitudes, phase angles, and statistical
parameters.
• 4. Fault Diagnosis:- extracted features are compared
to known fault signatures, envelope spectra, WT, FFT.
• 5. Prognosis and Remaining Useful Life (RUL)
Estimation:
• Based on the current fault severity.
• Prognosis algorithms are used to estimate the
remaining useful life of the system or equipment.
• 6. Alarm Generation: -
• If the analysis indicates the presence of a fault or if
the remaining useful life is approaching a critical
threshold, an alarm or notification is generated to
alert operators or maintenance personnel.
• This allows for timely intervention and preventive
actions.
 By continuously monitoring vibration signals and
analyzing them in real-time, vibration-based fault
prognosis provides early warnings of impending
failures, allowing for maintenance strategies.
 This approach helps in optimizing maintenance
schedules, minimizing downtime, and improving
the overall reliability and performance of
mechanical systems.
 Goal of Vibration Monitoring
• The primary objectives of vibration monitoring are
as follows:
1. Machinery Condition Monitoring:- Extensively
used in industry.(motors, pumps, turbines, compressors, and
gearboxes.)
2. Asset Health and Performance:- insights into the
overall health and performance of assets or
structures.
To track the degradation or aging of components
and assess their remaining useful life.
3. Safety and Risk Mitigation:- ensuring the safety
of structures, such as bridges, buildings, dams, and
offshore platforms.
• Engineers can detect any excessive or abnormal
movements that may indicate structural
weaknesses or imminent failures.
• This information allows for timely interventions,
such as repairs, reinforcements, or evacuation
measures, to mitigate the risk of catastrophic
events.
4. Performance Optimization:- Also aids in
optimizing the performance of systems and
processes.
• Opportunities for efficiency improvements,
energy savings, and noise reduction.
• It helps in optimizing the operational
parameters, reducing unnecessary vibrations,
and improving the overall productivity and cost-
effectiveness of the monitored systems.
• IN SUMMARY-
• The goal is to provide actionable insights into the
condition, performance, and safety of machinery,
assets, and structures.
• It helps in preventing failures, optimizing
maintenance, minimizing downtime, ensuring
safety, and maximizing operational efficiency.
 Steps in Vibration Monitoring
• Here are the general steps involved in vibration
monitoring:
1. Define the Monitoring Objectives:
2. Select Monitoring Points:
3. Choose Monitoring Parameters (units of vibrations):
4. Install Sensors:
5. Collect Vibration Data
6. Analyze Vibration Data:
7. Interpret the Results:
8. Diagnose and Take Action:
9. Implement Maintenance Strategies:
10.Periodic Monitoring and Review:
Benefits of Vibration based condition monitoring
Condition Based Monitoring offers is the ability to
gain a better understanding of your asset health.
 CBM informed decisions about performance
optimization and maintenance needs.
It also gives maintenance and reliability
organizations to improve long-term asset health
and to better their maintenance processes and
practices.
• Overall benefits of condition based monitoring
includes:
• Increased uptime/reduced downtime
• Reduction in/elimination of unplanned failures
• Decreased maintenance costs
• Increased asset life
• Reduction in series asset damages
• Greater ease in prioritization and planning of
work orders
• Increased efficiency in maintenance practices and
management