LESSON 1

INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO
Robots and Their Applications

● ROBOTS & THEIR APPLICATIONS

● Research and exploration

● Boring and repetitive jobs

● Military and police

● Entertainment

● Medicine

● Education

● ROBOT

● May be constructed to take on human form or designed to perform a task with no

regard to how they look
● Also called a droid, it is a programmable machine capable of carrying out a complex
series of actions automatically.
● Can be guided by an external control devie or the control may be embedded within.

● ROBOTS CAN BE...

● AUTONOMOUS– making decisions and executing tasks without continuous human

intervention.
● SEMI- AUTONOMOUS- collaborate with human operators, relying on a mix of
automated functions and human guidance to achieve their objectives

● AUTOMATONS

● A moving mechanical device made in imitation of a human being or robot.

● According to history, Ancient Greeks and Romans developed simple automatons for
use as tools, toys, and as part of religious ceremonies. The Greek God Hephaestus
was supposed to have built automatons to work for him in a workshop.

● TALOS

● A giant sculpted out of bronze by Hephaestos and presented to Europa Queen of

Krete as a wedding present. The giant patrolled the island of Krete protecting it
against pirates.
● KUONES KHRYSEOS & ARGYREOS

● A pair of watchdogs one crafted out of gold and the other out of silver by
Hephaistos for the palace of King Alkinous of the Phaiakians.

● CHARACTERSTICS OF ROBOTICS

● SENSING - To be able to sense its surroundings

● MOVEMENT - To be able to move around its environment

● ENERGY - To be able to have power

● INTELLIGENCE - A robot needs some kind of "smarts"

● ROBOTICS APPLICATIONS

● ROBOTICS APPLICATIONS

● Robots exhibit a degree of intelligence

● Robots obtain information from its environment

● Robots manipulate objects

● 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROBOTS

● INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS- They help simplify production tasks.

� Logistics - for storage & delivery

� Manufacturing - for weilding & packaging

● SERVICE ROBOTS - They assist humans in their tasks.

� Medical - used in surgery

� Home - help do chores

� Educational - those teach programming

� Defense - used by military

LESSON 2
Arduino Uno Microcontroller

● MICROCONTROLLER
 o A MICROCONTROLLER or MCU (microcontroller unit) is a small computer (SoC) on a
single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable
input/output peripherals. It serves as the brain of our robot.

● ARDUINO UNO MCU

1. Power IN (Barrel Jack) – It can be used with either a 9V or 12V supply.
2. Power IN (USB Port) – It provides power and communicates
with the board when plugged into a computer via USB.
3. LED (RX: Receiving) – It blinks when receiving data.
4. LED (TX: Transmitting) – It blinks when transmitting data.
5. LED (Troubleshooting) – It blinks when the program is running
properly.
6. Pins (Digital, Analog, Ground) – It can be used for input,
output, power, and ground.
i. Pin 0 – 13
ii. Analog Output Pins / PWM Pins
iii. Pin ~ 3, ~5, ~6, ~9, ~10 and ~11
7. LED (ON/OFF) – It indicates if there is a power.
8. Reset Button – It manually resets the Arduino that makes your code restart.
9. Pins (Analog In, Power In, Ground Power Out, Reset) – They can be used for input, output,
power, and ground.
i. Pin A0 – A5
ii. Power Pin
iii. Reset
iv. +3.3 V
v. 5V
vi. Ground

▪ ARDUINO - is a single board microcontroller to make using electronics in multidisciplinary

project more accessible
▪ HARDWARE SPECIFICATION- The hardware consists of a simple open- source hardware
board designes around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bot Atmel ARM

� SPECS

▪ Microcontroller: ATmega328

▪ Operating Voltage: 5V

▪ Input Voltage (Recommended): 7 - 12V

▪ Input Voltage (limits): 6 - 20V

▪ Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

▪ Analog Input Pins: 6

▪ DC Current per I/O Pin: 40 mA

▪ DC Current for 3.3V Pin: 50 mA

 ▪ Flash Memory: 32 KB (ATmega328)

▪ SRAM: 2 KB (ATmega328)

▪ EEPROM: 1 KB (ATmega328)

▪ Clock Speed: 16 MHz

⬧ Power IN (Barrel Jack) - the wire that will be connected to this part should be coming form
the power source (e.g. batteries) It can be used
with either a 9V or 12V supply. This is use if the
⬧ MCU will stand alone and not connected with
a computer.

⬧ Power IN (USB Port) - the wire that will be

connected to this part should be coming from
the computer. Connected to type B USB
Cable. Provides power and communicates with
the board
⬧ when plugged into a computer via USB. If there
is no Power IN (USB Port) data will not be transmitted to the computer.

⬧ LED (RX: RECEIVING)- this LED blinks when receiving data. It receives data from the
computer where we put the data.
⬧ LED (RX: TRANSMITTING) - this LED blinks when transmitting data to the computer

⬧ LED (RX: TROUBLESHOOTING) - this LED blinks when program is running properly

⬧ PINS (Digital, Analog, Ground)- can be used for input, output, power and ground

⬧ LED (ON/OFF)- it indicates if there is power.

⬧ RESET BUTTON- manually resets the Arduino that make your code to restart.

⬧ PINS (Analog In, Power In, Ground Power Out, Reset)- can be used for input, output, power
and ground

Lesson 3
ARDUINO IDE (SKETCH)

☸ ARDUINO INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT

❖ It contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a

text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions
and a series of menu.
 ❖ It connects to the hardware to upload programs and communicate with them.

� PARTS OF ARDUINO IDE

1. VERIFY - compiles and checkscyour code; catches errors in syntax
2. UPLOAD - sends code to the Arduino board. When you click it, you should see the lights on
your board blink rapidly.
3. NEW - opens up a new code window tab.
4. OPEN - open an existing sketch.
5. SAVE - saves currently active sketch
6. SERIAL MONITOR - open a window that displays any serial
information to your Arduino board is transmitting. It is very
useful for debugging.
7. SKETCH NAME - shows the name of the sketch you are
currently working on.
8. CODE AREA - area where you write the code for your
sketch
9. MESSAGE AREA - where the IDE tells you if there were any
errors in your code
10.TEXT CONSOLE - shows complete error messages
11.BOARD AND SERIAL PORT - shows what board and the
serial port selections

● VERIFY/COMPILE
o Checks sketch errors compiling it; it will report memory usage for code and
variables in the console area.
● UPLOAD
o Compiles and loads the binary le onto the configured board through the configured
Port.
● UPLOAD USING PROGRAMMER
o Overwrite the bootloader on the board; you will need the Tools
o Burn Bootloader to restore it and be able to Upload to USB serial port again.

● SHOW SKETCH FOLDER

o Opens current sketch folder.
● EXPORT COMPILED BINARY
o Saves a. hex le that may be kept as archive or sent to the board using other tools.
● INCLUDE LIBRARY
o Adds a library to the sketch by inserting #include statements at the start of your
code.
● ADD FILE
o Adds a source le to the sketch; it will be copied from its current location