Jamia Millia Islamia

A Central University

CSS-101:Fundamentals of
Computing
Mr. Hannan Mansoor
Department of Computer Engineering
2 Unit 1: BASICS OF COMPUTERS

´ Computer fundamentals, ´ Number system,

´ Bits and Bytes, ´ decimal number system,
´ CPU, ´ Binary number system,
´ Memory, ´ octal number system,
´ Types of memory, ´ hexadecimal number system.
´ Input and output devices, ´ Generation of computer,
´ Operating system, ´ Classification of computer.
´ applications software’s,
´ system software.

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3 Computer fundamentals

´ Computer
´ is an advanced electronic device
that takes
´ raw data as an input from the user
and
´ processes it under the control of a
set of instructions (called
program),
´ produces a result (output), and
´ stores data for future use.

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4 Computer fundamentals

´ It can process numerical as well as

non-numerical calculations.

´ The term "computer" is derived from

the Latin word "computare" which
means ‘to calculate’ or “to count”.

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5 History of Computer : Abacus

´ The history of computer begins with

the birth of abacus which is believed
to be the first computer.

´ It is said that Abacus was invented

around 4,000 years ago.

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6 Napier's Bones

´ It was a manually-operated
calculating device which was
invented by John Napier (1550-1617)
of Merchiston (U.K.).

´ In this calculating tool, he used 9

different ivory strips or bones marked
with numbers to multiply and divide.

´ So, the tool became known as

"Napier's Bones.

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7 Pascaline

´ Pascaline is also known as

Arithmetic Machine or Adding
Machine.

´ It was invented between 1642 and

1644 by a French mathematician-
philosopher Biaise Pascal.

´ It is believed that it was the first

mechanical and automatic calculator.

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8 Stepped Reckoner or Leibnitz wheel

´ German mathematician-philosopher
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz in 1673
improved Pascal's invention to
develop this machine.

´ It was a digital mechanical calculator

which was called the stepped
reckoner as instead of gears it was
made of fluted drums.

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9 Difference Engine

´ In the early 1820s, it was designed

by Charles Babbage who is known
as "Father of Modern Computer".

´ It was a mechanical computer which

could perform simple calculations. It
was a steam driven calculating
machine designed to solve tables of
numbers like logarithm tables.

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10 Analytical Engine

´ This calculating machine was also

developed by Charles Babbage in
1830.

´ It was a mechanical computer that

used punch-cards as input.

´ It was capable of solving any

mathematical problem and storing
information as a permanent memory.

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11 Functionalities of a Computer

1. Input:
´ Takes Data as input.
2. Processing:
´ Processing of Data and converts it into useful information.
3. Storage:
´ Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them according to the required.
4. Output:
´ Generates the output for the user.
5. Control:
´ control and coordinate the above four steps.

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12 Advantages of Computers

´ High Speed
´ Accuracy
´ Storage Capability
´ Diligence
´ Versatility
´ Reliability
´ Automation
´ Reduction in Paper Work and Cost

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13 Advantages..

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14 Advantages…

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15 Disadvantages

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16 Disadvantages...

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17 Disadvantages...

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18
Components of Computer System

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 Components
19

Input Unit Storage Unit Output Unit

CPU

Control Unit

Arithmetic and Logic

Unit

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20 Input Unit

´ It is the process of entering raw data, instructions and information into the
computer.

´ It is performed with the help of input devices.

´ This unit creates a link between the user and the computer.

´ The input devices translate the information into a form understandable by the
computer.

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21 CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processing
Unit
´ CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

´ CPU performs all types of data processing operations.

´ It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).

´ It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

´ It is the process of converting the raw data into useful information.

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22 Components of CPU

1. ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit):

´ It is the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logical functions.
´ Arithmetic functions include addition, subtraction, multiplication division, and
comparisons.
´ All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the above operations.
´ Logical functions mainly include selecting, comparing, matching, and merging the data.
´ A CPU may contain more than one ALU.
´ Furthermore, ALUs can be used for maintaining timers that help run the computer.

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23 Components of CPU

2. Control Unit:
´ This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any
actual data processing operations.
´ It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
´ It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of
the computer.
´ It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
´ It does not process or store data.

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24 Storage Unit

´ The computer has primary memory and secondary storage to store data and
instructions.

´ It stores the data before sending it to CPU for processing and also stores the
processed data before displaying it as output.

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25 Output Unit

´ It is the process of presenting the processed data through output devices like
monitor, printer and speakers.

´ This unit is a link between the computer and the users.

´ Output devices translate the computer's output into a form understandable by the
users.

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26 Input Devices
´ Input device enables the user to send data, information, or control signals to a
computer.
´ The Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer receives the input and
processes it to produce the output.
´ Keyboard
´ Mouse
´ Joy Stick
´ Light pen
´ Scanner
´ Microphone
´ Optical Character Reader(OCR)

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27 Output Devices

´ The output device displays the result of the processing of raw data that is entered
in the computer through an input device.
´ There are a number of output devices that display output in different ways such as
text, images, hard copies, and audio or video.
´ Some of the popular output devices are:
´ Monitor:
´ CRT Monitor
´ LCD Monitor
´ LED Monitor
´ Plasma Monitor

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28 Output Devices
´ Printer
´ Impact Printers
´ Character Printers
´ Dot Matrix printers

´ Daisy Wheel printers

´ Line printers
´ Drum printers
´ Chain printers

´ Non-impact printers
´ Laser printers
´ Inkjet printers

´ Projector

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29 CPU(Central Processing Unit)

´ Central Processing Unit (CPU)

consists of the following features −
´ CPU is considered as the brain of the
computer.
´ CPU performs all types of data
processing operations.
´ It stores data, intermediate results,
and instructions (program).
´ It controls the operation of all parts of
the computer.

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30 Computer Memory

´ A memory is just like a human brain.

´ It is used to store data and instructions.

´ Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be

processed and instructions required for processing are stored.

´ The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location
or cell has a unique address

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31 Types of Computer Memory

´ Register memory
´ Cache memory
´ Primary memory
´ Secondary memory

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32 Register Memory

´ Register memory is the smallest and fastest memory in a computer.

´ It is not a part of the main memory and is located in the CPU in the form of
registers, which are the smallest data holding elements.
´ A register temporarily holds frequently used data, instructions, and memory
address that are to be used by CPU.
´ They hold instructions that are currently processed by the CPU.
´ All data is required to pass through registers before it can be processed.
´ So, they are used by CPU to process the data entered by the users.

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33 Cache Memory

´ Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory.

´ It is used to speed up and synchronizing with high-speed CPU.
´ Cache memory is costlier than main memory or disk memory but economical than
CPU registers.
´ Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between
RAM and the CPU.
´ It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately
available to the CPU when needed.

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34 Cache Memory…

´ Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main
memory.
´ The cache is a smaller and faster memory which stores copies of the data from
frequently used main memory locations.
´ There are various different independent caches in a CPU, which store instructions
and data.

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https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/cache-memory-in-computer-organization/
35

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36 RAM (Volatile Memory)

´ It is a volatile memory.
´ It means it does not store data or instructions permanently.
´ When you switch on the computer the data and instructions from the hard disk are stored in RAM.

´ CPU utilizes this data to perform the required tasks.

´ As soon as you shut down the computer the RAM loses all the data.
´ RAM is of two types −
´ Static RAM (SRAM)
´ Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

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37 Static RAM (SRAM)

´ The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is
being supplied.
´ However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM
chips use a matrix of 6-transistors and no capacitors.
´ Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not be
refreshed on a regular basis.

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38 Characteristic of Static RAM

´ Long life
´ No need to refresh
´ Faster
´ Used as cache memory
´ Large size
´ Expensive

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39 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

´ DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data.
This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data
several hundred times per second. DRAM is used for most system memory as it is
cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory cells, which are composed of
one capacitor and one transistor.

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40 Characteristics of Dynamic RAM

´ Short data lifetime

´ Needs to be refreshed continuously
´ Slower as compared to SRAM
´ Used as RAM
´ Smaller in size
´ Less expensive

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41 ROM (Non-volatile Memory)

´ It is a non-volatile memory.
´ It means it does not lose its data or programs that are written on it at the time of
manufacture.
´ So it is a permanent memory that contains all important data and instructions
needed to perform important tasks like the boot process.
´ ROM stands for Read Only Memory.
´ The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it.
´ A ROM stores such instructions that are required to start a computer. This
operation is referred to as bootstrap.
´ ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like
washing machine and microwave oven

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42 Types of ROM

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43 Types of ROM

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44 Secondary Memory

´ The secondary storage devices which are built into the computer or connected to
the computer are known as a secondary memory of the computer.
´ It is also known as external memory or auxiliary storage.
´ The secondary memory is accessed indirectly via input/output operations.
´ It is non-volatile, so permanently stores the data even when the computer is turned
off or until this data is overwritten or deleted.
´ The CPU can't directly access the secondary memory.
´ First, the secondary memory data is transferred to primary memory then the CPU
can access it.

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45 Secondary memory or storage devices

´ Hard Disk
´ Solid-state Drive
´ Pen drive
´ Compact Disk (CD)
´ DVD

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46 Memory Units
´ Memory units are used to measure and represent data.
´ Memory devices are digital system that store data either temporarily or for a long term.
´ Some of the commonly used memory units are:
´ Bit:
´ The computer memory units start from bit.
´ A bit is the smallest memory unit to measure data stored in main memory and storage devices.
´ A bit can have only one binary value out of 0 and 1.

´ Byte: It is the fundamental unit to measure data. It contains 8 bits or is equal to 8 bits. Thus a byte can
represent 2! or 256 values.

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47 Memory Units…
´ A computer can address more memory than the amount physically installed on the
system.

´ This extra memory is actually called virtual memory and it is a section of a hard
disk that's set up to emulate the computer's RAM.

´ The main visible advantage of this scheme is that programs can be larger than
physical memory. Virtual memory serves two purposes.

´ First, it allows us to extend the use of physical memory by using disk.

´ Second, it allows us to have memory protection, because each virtual address is

translated to a physical address.
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 S.No. Compiler Interpreter

48 1. The compiler scans the whole program in one go. Translates the program one statement at a time.

As it scans the code in one go, the errors (if any) are shown Considering it scans code one line at a time, errors are shown
2.
at the end together. line by line.
Due to interpreters being slow in executing the object code, it is
3. The main advantage of compilers is its execution time.
preferred less.
It does not convert source code into object code instead it
4. It converts the source code into object code.
scans it line by line

5 It does not require source code for later execution. It requires source code for later execution.

Execution of the program takes place only after the whole Execution of the program happens after every line is checked
6
program is compiled. or evaluated.

7 The machine code is stored in the disk storage. Machine code is nowhere stored.

Compilers more often take a large amount of time for In comparison, Interpreters take less time for analyzing the
8
analyzing the source code. source code.
9. It is more efficient. It is less efficient.
10. CPU utilization is more. CPU utilization is less.

C, C++, C#, etc are programming languages that are Python, Ruby, Perl, SNOBOL, MATLAB, etc are programming
Eg.
compiler-based. languages that are interpreter-based.
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 Compiler Interpreter
49
A compiler is a program that converts the entire source
code of a programming language into executable machine An interpreter takes a source program and runs it line by
code for a CPU. line, translating each line as it comes to it

The compiler takes a large amount of time to analyze the

An interpreter takes less amount of time to analyze the
entire source code but the overall execution time of the
source code but the overall execution time of the program
program is comparatively faster.
is slower.

The compiler generates the error message only after

scanning the whole program, so debugging is Its Debugging is easier as it continues translating the
comparatively hard as the error can be present anywhere program until the error is met.
in the program.

The compiler requires a lot of memory for generating It requires less memory than a compiler because no object
object codes. code is generated.

Generates intermediate object code. No intermediate object code is generated.

For Security purpose compiler is more useful. The interpreter is a little vulnerable in case of security.

Examples: C, C++, Java Examples: Python, Perl, JavaScript, Ruby

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 S. No. Assembler Interpreter

50 1.
It converts low-level language to the machine It converts high-level language to the machine
language. language.
The program for an Assembler is written for The program for an Interpreter is written for
2.
particular hardware. particular language.

It is one to one i.e. one instruction translates to It is one to many i.e. one instruction translates
3.
only one instruction. to many instruction.

4. It translates entire program before running. It translates program instructions line by line.

Errors are displayed before program is Errors are displayed for the every interpreted
5.
running. instruction (if any).
It is used only one time to create an It is used everytime when the program is
6.
executable file. running.
7. Requirement of memory is less. Requirement of memory is more.

Programming language that it convert is Programming language that it convert

8.
Assembly language. are PHP, Python, Perl, Ruby.
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51 System Software Application Software
System Software maintain the system resources and
Application software is built for specific tasks.
gives the path for application software to run.

Low level languages are used to write the system While high level languages are used to write the
software. application software.

It is a general-purpose software. While its a specific purpose software.

Without system software, the system stops and can’t

While without application software system always runs.
run.

System software runs when the system is turned on While application software runs as per the user’s
and stop when the system is turned off. request.

Example: Application software are Photoshop, VLC

Example: System software is operating system, etc.
player etc.

System Software programming is complex than Application software programming is simpler as

application software. comparison to system software.
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 S. No. Parameters Hardware Software
Hardware is a physical part of the computer that Software is a set of instructions that tells a
1. Basic Definition causes the processing of data. computer exactly what to do.
52 2. Development It is manufactured. It is developed and engineered.
Hardware cannot perform any task without The software can not be executed without
3. Dependency software. hardware.
Electronic and other materials are used to create Created by utilizing a computer language to write
4. Process of creating hardware. instructions.
Hardware is tangible as hardware is a physical Software is intangible as we can see and also
5. Tangible electronic device, that can be touched. use the software but can’t touch them.
The software does not wear out with time.
6. Durability Hardware typically wears out over time.
However, it may contain flaws and glitches.
It has four main categories: input devices, output It is mainly divided into System software and
7. Types devices, storage, and internal components. Application software.
8. Virus effect Hardware is not affected by computer viruses. Software is affected by computer viruses.
It cannot be transferred from one place to
9. Transfer another electrically through the network.
It can be transferred via a network means.

The program accepts human-readable input,

Only machine-level language is known to be
10. Machine-Level language understood by hardware.
interprets it in machine-level language, and
sends it to hardware for additional processing.
If hardware is damaged, it is replaced with a new If the software is damaged, its backup copy can
11. Replacement one. be reinstalled.
Overloading, systematic error, major-minor
Dust, overheating, humidity and other factors are
12. Failures commonly responsible for hardware failures.
version error, and other factors are commonly
responsible for software failures.
Ex: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, CPU, Ex: MS Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Photoshop,
13. Examples Hard disk, RAM, ROM, etc. MySQL, etc.
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 Basis of
S. No. Application Software Utility Software
Comparison
It refers to a computer program that performs particular functions for It refers to software programs that add functionality to a
1. Definition
53 end-users. computer and help to perform in a better way.

It helps to analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a

2. Supports It deals with user inputs and helps user to complete their task.
computer system.

It mainly focuses on how computer infrastructure such as

3. Focus It mainly focuses on the work of a user or an organization.
hardware, operating system, software, etc., operates.

It can be downloaded either from the web or comes pre-

4. Download It can be downloaded from the internet.
installed.

It requires more space and more power on the computer due to its It requires less space and less power due to its smaller size
5. Space
bigger size as compared to utility software. as compared to application software.

This software is designed to perform maintenance tasks on

This software is designed to perform a group of coordinated functions,
6. Functionality the computer systems so that system can perform better
activities, or tasks that are beneficial for end-users.
and smoothly.
This software help in executing several crucial tasks for the
Variety of This software help people to perform activity, mitigate issues,
7. operating system helps in the overall maintenance of the
Tasks manipulate text, number, audio, etc.
system, etc.
It also helps the user to control, manage, and maintain the
It also helps to lower IT costs, improve employee productivity, lower
Supports computer’s operating system, defragment hard disk to
8. customer churn, meet the exact needs of the user, make business
User correct and fix the problems in it, scan viruses, clean the
activities more efficient, facilitate communications, etc.
disk, etc.
9. Price It can be either free or paid if downloaded from the web. It is mostly free to install on the computer.
10. Size It is of big size. It is of small size.
11. Usage It is like an add-on that may or may not be beneficial. It always demonstrates an interest in the device.
12. Example Graphic Designing Softwares Antivirus Softwares
CS201
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54 Reference Books

´ Thareja, R. Computer Fundamentals & Programming in C”, Oxford University

Press
´ Kamthane, A. N. (2011). Programming in C, 2/e. Pearson Education India.
´ Doja, M. N. (2005). Fundamentals of Computers and Information Technology
´ Yashwant, K. Let us C. 8th edition, BPB publication.
´ Balagurusamy, E. (2012). programming in ANSI C. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
´ Ritchie, D. M., Kernighan, B. W., & Lesk, M. E. (1988). The C programming
language. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
´ Herbert Schildt C-The Complete Reference., Tata McGraw Hill Edition

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55 Website links
[1] [Online]. Available: https://www.tutorialsmate.com/. [Accessed january 2022].

[2] [Online]. Available: https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/. /[Accessed December 2022].

[3] [Online]. Available: https://www.techopedia.com/. [Accessed january 2022].

[4] [Online]. Available: https://www.javatpoint.com/. [Accessed January 2022].

[5] [Online]. Available: https://onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in/cec19_cs06/preview. [Accessed January 2022].

[6] [Online]. Available: https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1011/CompFunds/. [Accessed January 2022].

[7] [Online]. Available: https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/compiler-vs-interpreter/[Accessed December 2022].

[8] [Online]. https://www.interviewbit.com/blog/difference-between-compiler-and-interpreter//[Accessed December 2022].

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56

Thank You

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