APA Parenthetical Citation

APA Parenthetical/In-Text Citation Introduction to parenthetical citations Parenthetical citations are citations to original sources that appear in the
e text of your paper allow the reader to see immediately where your information comes from save you the trouble of having to make footnotes or endnotes. The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be included in in-text citations. The author's last name and the work's date of publication must always appear, and these items must match exactly the corresponding entry in the references list. The third kind of information, the page number, appears only in a citation to a direct quotation. Where to place parenthetical citations You have three options for placing citations in relation to your text: Option Description Sample Citation 1. IdeaPlace the author(s) Researchers have pointed focused and date(s) in out that the lack of parentheses at an trained staff is a common appropriate place barrier to providing in or at the end of adequate health a sentence education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000). 2. ResearcherPlace only the date Fisher (1999) focused in parentheses recommended that health education be required for high school graduation in California. 3. ChronologyIntegrate both the In 2001, Weist proposed focused author and date using the Child and into your sentence Adolescent Planning Schema to analyze and develop community mental health programs for young people. Additional Guidelines Place citations in sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear which material has come from which sources. Use pronouns and transitions to help you indicate whether several sentences contain material from the same source or from different sources.
Symthe (1990) found that positioning influences ventilation. In his study of 20 ICU patients, he used two methods to. . . . However, his findings did not support the work of Karcher (1987) and Atley (1989) who used much larger samples to demonstrate that . . . Cite source with one or two authors The following table gives some examples of how to cite sources with one or two authors. When you Here's what you Sample Citation have . . . do: First and Within a paragraph, Fisher (1999) subsequent omit the year in administered a citations citations after the questionnaire . . . Fisher's first one if no results indicated . . . confusion with other [new paragraph] The studies will result questionnaire administered by Fisher (1999) was used by . . . A source with 1 or Cite name(s) in first (Adkins & Singh, 2001) 2 authors and all subsequent Adkins and Singh (2001) citations Authors with Use initials even if D. Baldwin (2001) and M. same surname the years are L. Baldwin (1999) different Cite source with three or more authors The following table gives some examples of how to cite sources with three or more authors. When you Here's what you Sample Citation have . . . do: A source with In all citations after First citation: (Baldwin, three to five the first, use the Bevan, & Beshalke, 2000) authors first author's name followed by et al. Subsequent citation: (Baldwin et al., 2000) A source with six Use the first 6 authors: (Utley et al., or more authors author's name 2001) followed by et al. in all citations 7 authors: (Yawn et al., 2001) [Note: In the reference list, use of et al. begins with 7-author references.] Sources with two If two or more six(Baldwin, Utley et al., or more sixauthor groups 2001) author groups shorten to the same with same first surname, cite the (Baldwin, Bevan et al., surname surnames of as 2000) many subsequent
authors as needed to distinguish references. Cite source with no author The following table gives some examples of how to cite sources with no author. When you Here's what you Sample Citation have . . . do: Use the first few words of the title--in ("Mad Cow," 2001) A source with no quotation marks for author article or chapter, in (Sleep Medicine, 2001) italics for selfcontained item Use editor(s) names An edited work See guidelines for citing in the author with no author authored works position Cite multiple sources in one reference The following table gives some examples of how to cite multiple sources in one reference. When you Here's what you Sample Citation have . . . do: Two or more Arrange by order of Several researchers works in the reference list; (Greenberg, Domitrovich, parentheses use a semicolon & Bumbarger, 2000; Roy, between works 1995; Yawn et al., 2000) . .. Representative Use e.g. (for The need for more works Sample Citation) effective prevention of before parenthetical mental illness in children citations has been the focus of many reports (e.g. National Institute of Mental Health, 1998; U.S. Public Health Service, 2000; Weist, 2001). Major work plus Use see also after (Roy, 1995; see also others major work Embar-Seddon, 2000; Greenberg, 2001) Cite an electronic source In general, you should cite an electronic source within your paper in the same way as you would a print source, by placing the author's last name (or short title of the source, if there is no author) and year of publication in parentheses. The following table gives some examples of how to cite electronic sources in more unusual cases. When you Here's what you Sample Citation
have . . . Entire Web site
do: Don't put on reference list. Include URL in-text instead
Direct quotation from electronic source without page numbers
Use paragraph numbers (preceded by para. or ); add section numbers for long documents
The University of Wisconsin's Writing Center Web site is an excellent source of information on writing (http://www.wisc.edu/wri ting/). Universal interventions "target the general public or a whole population group that has not been identified on the basis of individual risk" (Greenberg et al., 2000, Section I, para. 20).
http://www.wisc.edu/writetest/Handbook/DocAPACitations_Add.html

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APA Parenthetical/In-Text Citation Introduction to parenthetical citations Parenthetical citations are citations to original sources that appear in the

have . . . Entire Web site

do: Don't put on reference list. Include URL in-text instead

Direct quotation from electronic source without page numbers

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