Course of Informatics I

Computer Science I
1st Year of Aeronautics Licence L1

2024/2025
•You are welcome

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Goals of there matter:

The main objective of this matter i s to learn to students to

program with an advanced language (Fortran,often used in
Aeronautics).

The notion of algorithm will be considered explicitly before learning

the Fortran language.

The Practical Works have as a goal to illustrate the concepts taught

during the course. These TPwill haveas following :

•PW as initiation and familiarization with machines.

•PW as introduction to the use of a programming environment
(editing, assembly, compilation, etc.
•PW's in Fortran programming techniques seen in class.
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 Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Science

1- Definition of Science computing

2- Evolution of computing and the computers 3-

3- The systems of Information coding

4- Principle of functioning of a computer

5- Hardware part of a computer

6- System Part
The Operating systems (Windows, Linux, ...)

The programming languages

The software application

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 Chapter 2: Notions algorithmAnd of program
1- Concept of a algorithm
2- Representation in organizational chart
3-Structure of a program
4- There StepsAnd analysis of a issue
5-Structure of the data
Constants and variables
Types of data
6- The operators
The assignment operator
The arithmeticoperations
The relational operators
The Logical operators
The priorities In the operations

7-The input/output operations

8-The structures of control
The conditional structures of control
The repetitive structures of control

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Chapter1: Introduction to the computing

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 1.1 Definitions
a) Definition of computing
Theory and processing of information using programs implemented on
computers. Computer science and artificial intelligence; computing and
multimedia. [Le Robert Dictionaries]

b) Definitions of Computer (Computer)

 Electronic machine allowing automated data processing.
 It is a programmable machine that accepts data, processes it and outputs the results.
 It is a device that uses digital technology and manipulates information.

The term “Ordinateur” was introduced in 1955 by IBM France as an equivalent to the
English word “computer”. At the time, François Girard, head of the general advertising
promotion department at IBM France, approached his former master, Jacques Perret,
professor of Latin philology at the Sorbonne.

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 A other definition
A computer is an electronic terminal that operates using a program or set of instructions
that makes it read, manipulate and modify digital data..

How does a Computer work?

A computer is a machine capable of executing a program, literally “written in advance”,

that is to say a series of operations. This program is stored in a memory and the
operations are carried out by a processor. These operations act on data, also stored in
memory

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The functioning of a computer is based on:

●the fact that a computer treats all kinds of information (numbers, letters, words,
dates, etc.) as if it were simply binary data of ones and zeros. For example, a
computer can translate the letter "A" typed on the keyboard into a string of ones
and zeros, such as A = 1000001.

●The fact that computer functions are based on the movement and transformation
of electrical pulses (representing ones and zeros) in electrical circuits. Inside the
computer are these electrical circuits that perform calculations on zeros and ones,
such as adding or subtracting them.

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 2.1. Evolution of computing
This development is linked to calculation.
Man wanted to calculate during prehistory!

Different methods have been invented to calculate.

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 Different civilizations their concerns were Calculation

 Different ways of transcribing

Numbers Greek numbers. Some counting
methods are still used today.

Numbers arabs
I + II+ III= VI
Numbers Romans

Chinese Numbers

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Dates that marked the history of humanity and computing

1642, Blaise Pascal develops a calculating machine, the Pascaline. This

would become the distant ancestor of the computer. (first calculating
machine)

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 The advent of electricity will
revolutionize the development
of the computer.

AlessandroVolta
1745
Benjamin Franklin
1706
Thomas Edison GE
1847 14
Samuel Walrus (1791-1871): the
telegraph.
This discovery was going to be
important because the telegraph
made it possible to use electricity
to send and receive information
in Morse code..

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 Ada Lovelace (1815-1852) was the assistant of Charles Babbage (1791-1871), the
mathematician who designed the first computer in 1821. This machine almost
worked, except for a few gears!

The duo composed of Charles

Babbage and Ada Lovelace will
create the foundations of
computing.
Adam
Lovelace
With a system of holed (punched)
cards, Ada Lovelace would become
the first person to program a
computer.

Charles Babbage

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 The Binary coding

By adopting the principle of punched cards,

researchers invented binary coding.
Bi- simply means two. In fact, binary code uses only
two numbers: 1 and 0.<2 The
0 represents the absence of holes on the card, while
1 means that there is a hole.
Like Morse code in the telegraph, binary code is
used to transmit information.
1868 - Christopher Sholes invents the typewriter in
the United States using the QWERTY keyboard. (The
French keyboard is AZERTY).
1896 - Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating
Machine Company, the company later became the
famous computer company IBM (International
Business Machines). 18
 Competitionmilitary during there war worldwide

During World War II, German spies

used secret codes that were harder
to decipher.

To fight against Nazism,AlanTuring

in1940 had developedamachine
ableofdecipherTHEcodedenigmaused by
THE Germans.

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1937, Howard Aiken developed a programmable computer measuring 17 m
long and 2.5 meters high, making it possible to calculate 5 times faster than
humans.
This is IBM's Mark I. It is made up of 3300 gears and 1400 switches connected
by 800 km of electric wire.

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 1943 - ENIAC The first computer without any mechanical parts was created
thanks to J.Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert: the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer). It was the first purely electronic computer.
 The ENIAC was designed and built for the calculation of artillery firing tables of
the US Army Ballistics Research Laboratory and also used for the construction of
the first H bomb.
 The physical size of the ENIAC was massive by modern PC standards. It contained
17468 vacuum tubes, 7200 crystal diodes, 1500 relays, 70000 resistors and
10000 capacitors. It weighed 30 tonnes and occupied a space of 1500m². Its
consumption was 150 kW of power.
 Price: $500,000

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●The first computer error was due to an insect which, attracted by the heat,
lodged itself in the lamps and created a short circuit. Thus the English term for “
insect” being “bug”, the name remained to designate a computer error. 1946 -
Development of the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer)

●1948 - the transistor is created by the firm Bell Labs (thanks to engineers John
Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley).

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1958 - The integrated circuit is developed by Texas Instruments,
it makes it possible to further reduce the size and cost of
computers by integrating several transistors on the same
electronic circuit without using electrical wire.

1960 - IBM 7000 is the first transistor-based computer.

1964 - IBM 360 appears, also with the notable arrival of the DEC
PDP-8.

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 1er PC IBM

Macinottosh

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The components of a PC

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List of the maincomponents of a computer staff
1 The motherboard 7 The hard disk or drive
The processor or
2 8 The disk drive
microprocessor
3 THE) bus 9 The power supply
4 There RAM 10 The screen
5 the graphics card 11 The keyboard
6 THE Inputs/Outputs exits 12 The mouse

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RAM is the component used by the processor to process information. The
processor uses a lot of RAM to process information as quickly as possible. If
this quantity is insufficient, due to too much data (an image, a video, an
encyclopedia or a database), the processor asks the hard drive to store the
excess data.

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THE MICROPROCESSOR

It is the “brain” of the computer. It is fixed on the motherboard. Currently the

processors are 32 bits, which means that they are capable of processing 4
characters at a time (one character = one byte = 8 bits)

The main manufacturers are Intel (Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Céléron, etc.)
and AMD (Duron, Thunderbird, Atlon, etc.). The processor (CPU: Central Processing
Unit) is an electronic circuit clocked to the rhythm of an internal clock, that is to say
an element which sends pulses or beats (which we call top).

At each clock tick, the computer elements perform an action. The speed of this
clock (the number of beats per second) is expressed in Megahertz, so a 500Mhz
computer has a clock sending 500,000,000 beats per second (a quartz crystal
subjected to an electric current makes it possible to send pulses at a specific
frequency).

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Thank You

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