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Differentiation of Functions

Differentiation is a method to find rates of change. It is an important topic for the JEE exam.
Derivative of a function y = f(x) of a variable x is the rate of change of y, with respect to the
rate of change of x. This article helps you to learn the derivative of a function, standard
derivatives, theorems of derivatives, differentiation of implicit functions and higher order
derivatives, along with solved examples.

Related Topics:
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability (https://byjus.com/jee/limits-continuity-and-
differentiability/)

Applications of Derivatives (https://byjus.com/maths/applications-of-derivatives/)

Differential Equations (https://byjus.com/jee/differential-equations/)

How to Differentiate a Function

:
 The differentiation of a function is a way to show the rate of change of a function at a given
point. For real-valued functions, it is the slope of the tangent line at a point on a graph.

The derivative of y with respect to x is defined as the change in y over the change in x, as
the distance between x0 and x1 becomes infinitely small (infinitesimal). The derivative is
often written as dy/dx.

In mathematical terms, if f is a real-valued function, and a is a point in its domain of

definition, the derivative of f at a is defined by

f(a + h) − f(a)
f ′(a) = lim
h→0 h

Standard Derivatives
1] dx (un) = nun−1 du
dx
d
2] dx (c) = 0, where c is a constant
dy dy
3] If y = F (u) where u = f(x) then dx
= du × du
dx
(Chain rule or function of a function rule)

4) Derivatives of trigonometric functions

d
dx
(sin u) = cos u du
dx
d
dx
(cos u) = − sin u du
dx
d
dx
(tan u) = sec2 u du
dx
d
dx
(sec u) = sec u tan u du
dx
d
dx
(cosec u) = −cosecu cotu du
dx
d
dx
(cot u) = −cosec2u du
dx
5) Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions

d
dx
(sin−1 u) = 1 du
√1−u2 dx
, −1 < u < 1
d
dx
(cos−1 u) = −1
√1−u2 dx
du
, −1 < u < 1
d
dx
(tan−1 u) = 1 du
1+u2 dx
d
dx cosec−1u = 1
− |u|√u du
2−1 dx |u| > 1
d
dx
(sec−1 u) = 1 du
|u|√u2−1 dx
|u| > 1
d
dx (cot−1 u) = − 1+u
1
2
du
dx
:
 6) Exponential and logarithmic functions

d
dx
(eu) = eu du
dx
d
dx
(au) = au ln a du ,
dx where a > 0, a ≠ 1
d
(ln u) = 1 du
dx u dx
d
dx
(lna u) = u ln1 a du
dx
, where a > 0, a ≠ 1
7) Hyperbolic functions

d
dx
(sinh u) = cosh u du
dx
d
dx
(cosh u) = sinh u du
dx
d
dx
(tanh u) = sech2u du
dx
d
dx
(sechu) = −sechu tanhu du
dx
d
dx
(cosechu) = −cosechu cothu du
dx
d
dx
(cothu) = −cosech2u du
dx
8) Inverse hyperbolic functions

d
dx
sinh−1u = 1 du
√1+u2 dx
d
dx
cosh−1u = 1 du
√ u2−1 dx
, u>1
d
dx tanh−1u = 1 du
1−u2 dx
, |u| < 1
d
dx
cosech−1u = − |u|√u
1
2+1
du
dx
u≠0
d
dx
sech−1u = − u√1−u
1
2
du
dx
0<u<1
d
dx coth−1u = 1 du
1−u2 dx
, |u | > 1

Some Standard Substitution

Expression Substitution
Simple tricks to solve complicated differential equations are listed below.

(i) If a function contains

√ a2 − x2
, then substitute x = a sinθ or x = a cosθ

(ii) If a function contains

(tel:+91-9243500460)
:
 √ a2 + x2
, then substitute x = a cotθ or x = a tan θ

(iii) If a function contains

√ x2 + a2
, then substitute x = a cosecθ or x = a sec θ

Theorems of Derivatives
Find some of the important theorem results below.
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d
dx
[u ± v] = du
dx ± dv
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(k f(x)) = k dx d
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Example 1: Find dy/dx for y = x sinx log x

Solution:

y‵ = 1 × sin x × log x + x cos x log x + x sin x × 1

x
= sin x log x + x cos x log x + sin x
Example 2: Find dy/dx for y = sin(x2 + 1).

Solution:

y‵ = cos(x2 + 1) × 2x
= 2x cos (x2 + 1)

Differentiation of Implicit Function

Implicit differentiation, also known as the chain rule, differentiate both sides of an equation
with two given variables by considering one of the variables as a function of the second
variable. In short, differentiate the given function with respect to x and solve for dy/dx. Let us
have a look at some examples.

Example 1: If x2 + 2xy + y3 = 4, find dy/dx.

Solution: Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

:
 d
dx
(x2) + 2 dx
d
(xy) + d
dx
(y3) = d
dx
(4)
dy 2 dy
= 2x + 2x dx + 2y + 3y . dx
=0
dy −2(x+y)
⇒ dx = (2x+3y2)
Example 2: Differentiate log sin x w.r.t

√ cos x
Solution: Let u = log sin x and v =

√ cos x
− sin x
du
dx
= cot x & dv
dx
= 2√ cos x
du/dx cot x
du
dx
= dv/dx
= − sin x = −2√ cos x cot x cos ec(x)
2√cos x

Higher Order Derivatives

The differentiation process can be continued up to the nth derivation of a function. Usually,
we deal with the first-order and second-order derivatives of the functions.

dy/dx is the first derivative of y w.r.t x.

d2y/dx2 is the second derivative of y w.r.t x.

Similarly, finding the third, fourth, fifth and successive derivatives of any function, say g(x),
which are known as higher-order derivatives of g(x). The
nth order derivative numerical notation is gn(x) or dny/dxn

Example: If

−1 d2y
y = etan , then prove that (1 + x2) dx2 = (1 − 2x) dx
x dy

Solution:

−1
y = etan x
−1
= etan x 1+x
dy 1
dx 2
−1
etan x
= 1+x2
… (i)
−1 −1
d2y (1+x2)etan x +1 2 −2xetan x
dx2
= 1 x
(1+x2)2
−1
(1−2x)etan x
= (1+x2)2
−1
d2y 2 (1−2x)etan x

dx2
(1 + x ) = (1+x2)
= (1-2x)dy/dx (from eqn (i))
:
 Hence proved.

Video Lessons

Methods of Differentiation – JEE Solved Questions

1,99,814

Important Theorems of Differentiation for JEE

:
 54,416

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1 What do you mean by differentiation in mathematics?

Differentiation is the process of finding the derivative of a function.

Q2 Give the product rule of differentiation.

Product rule: (d/dx) (uv) = u (dv/dx) + v (du/dx).

Q3 Give the quotient rule of differentiation.

Quotient rule: (d/dx)(u/v) = (v (du/dx) – u (dv/dx))/v2.

Q4 What is the derivative of cot x w.r.t. x?

The derivative of cot x w.r.t.x = -cosec2x.

Test your Knowledge on differentiation

:
 Put your understanding of this concept to test by
answering a few MCQs. Click ‘Start Quiz’ to begin!

Select the correct answer and click on the “Finish” button

Check your score and answers at the end of the quiz

Start Quiz

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