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IGCSE Chemistry: Co-ordinated Sciences (Double Award) CIE Revision Notes Chemical Energetics Exothermic &

Bond Breaking & Bond Forming (CIE States of Matter

IGCSE Chemistry: Co-ordinated

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Stoichiometry
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Bond breaking & bond forming Exothermic & Endothe…

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Whether a reaction is endothermic or exothermic depends on the di erence Endothermic & Exothermic
between the energy needed to break existing bonds and the energy released when
the new bonds are formed Reactions
Bond breaking is always an endothermic process as energy needs to be taken in
from the surroundings to break the chemical bonds Enthalpy Change & Activation
Bond making is always an exothermic process as energy is transferred to the
Energy
surroundings as the new bond is formed

Bond Breaking & Bond Forming

Exothermic reactions
If more energy is released than is absorbed, then the reaction is exothermic
More energy is released when new bonds are formed than energy required to break
the bonds in the reactants Chemical Reactions
The change in energy is negative since the products have less energy than the
reactants
Therefore, an exothermic reaction has a negative ΔH value Acids, Bases & Salts
This can be shown in reaction pathway diagrams

The Periodic Table

Metals

Chemistry of the Environm…

Organic Chemistry

Experimental Techniques …

Making new chemical bonds releases energy which radiates outwards from the
reaction to the surroundings in the form of heat

Endothermic reactions
If more energy is absorbed to break bonds than is released to form new bonds, this
reaction is endothermic overall
The change in energy is positive since the products have more energy than the
reactants
The symbol ΔH is used to show the change in heat energy
H is the symbol for enthaply, which is a measure of the total heat of reaction of a
chemical reaction
Therefore, an endothermic reaction has a positive ΔH value
This can be shown in reaction pathway diagrams

Breaking chemical bonds requires energy which is taken in from the surroundings in
the form of heat

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Author: Alexandra
Expertise: Chemistry
Alex studied Biochemistry at Newcastle University before embarking upon a career in teaching. With nearly 10 years of teaching
experience, Alex has had several roles including Chemistry/Science Teacher, Head of Science and Examiner for AQA and
Edexcel. Alex’s passion for creating engaging content that enables students to succeed in exams drove her to pursue a career
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