Bibliography 1

BIBLIOGRAPHY
There must be only one bibliography in a thesis. The bibliography Smith, M.P., and W. A. Patterson, W.A. Numerical Methods in
must include all references cited in footnotes, text, and appendix. Large Scale Systems. 3rd ed. New York: John Waters and Sons,
It should not include un-cited references or references unseen 1994.
by the student unless the work is clearly identified in that way. A • An abbreviated last name of the first author and the year of
bibliography citation identifies the whole work and not just a specific publication may appear in the text. For example, [Joh94] as an
part of an article. (A footnote designates the specific part or page of entry in the text will appear in the Bibliography as:
the whole work listed in the Bibliography.) It may be helpful to review [Joh94] Johnson, J.K., P.C. Labudda, and C. F. Wolf. “Fuzzy
the section on Footnotes. Methods Applied to Electric Power Systems,” IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems. 10.5 (May 1994): 34-46.
The Bibliography should begin with the word “BIBLIOGRAPHY”
• The entries in the Bibliography must be listed in chronological
centered on the top of the page, followed by a triple-space above
order for multiple entries with the same authors. For example,
the first reference. The reference number or author's last name
[Smith78] and [Smith86] in the text are listed in the Bibliography
should begin at the left margin 1.5-inches from the edge of the
as
paper. Carry over lines are single-spaced and indented 0.5 inches. If
[Smith78] Smith, H. W., and K. Basa, 1978...
numbered references are used, the periods or parentheses following
[Smith86] Smith, H. W., and K. Basa, 1986...
the numbers should be aligned in the same vertical column, followed
by two spaces before the author's last name. Reference citations • For the same first author, entries must be listed alphabetically
are separated by double spaces. If the Bibliography is continued on by the second author’s last name. For example, [Smith 92] and
a second page, the division must be between entries. The heading [Smith 88] in the text are listed in the Bibliography as:
must not be repeated on the second page. [Smith 88] Smith, H. W., and R. Ambrosini, 1988...
[Smith 92] Smith, H. W., and K. Basa, 1992...
A reference consists of three main parts: the author's name, the title • When a work lacks facts of publication, date or page numbers,
of the reference, and details of publication (including the publisher’s you must use: n.p. (for no publisher or no place of publication
name and address for a book). In all cases the name of the author given), n.d. (for no date of publication), and n.page. (for no
should precede the title of the reference. A reference must be pagination given).}
complete. Abbreviations such as et al. and ibid. are never used
• If you refer to the material by one author who is referring to
in a bibliography. Each author's name should be retyped in each
another source, you should indicate the publication in which
reference. Ditto marks are never used, and a long dash to indicate
you found the material as well as the original source. Such a
repetition of an author's name is not permitted.
reference would appear in the text as (Jones 23) and then as
Authors’ first names are rarely used, unless required to distinguish footnote:
them from other authors with the same last name and first name William Jones, Lectures on Thesis Preparation 210, as cited by
initial. If first names are used, they should be used for all authors Coulton.
in that entry. Although some technical journals allow incomplete In such a case, only “Coulton, G. C. Documentation. Boston:
references, IIT requires complete bibliographic citations: each entry Pelican Books, 1957.” will appear in the Bibliography entry.
must give the titles of articles in full, the volume and number, as well
If there are any further issues regarding the correct format for in-text
as inclusive page numbers. Titles of books, journals, and documents
citations and/or bibliographical entries, refer to one of the following
must be underlined or italicized. Inclusive pages of chapters or
style manuals:
sections from books are to be provided. Abbreviation of the names
of journals must be uniform and follow the accepted abbreviations • Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.
in the student's field. Abbreviations are never permissible in the titles 6th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America,
of books or articles. If brackets are used to represent references in 2003.
the text, then brackets must also be used in the Bibliography. • Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
(7th ed.) Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association
In general, bibliographic references may be cited in the text in
(APA), 2019.
several different styles (but all alike in any one thesis). The following
styles are recommended: • The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2003.
• References are numbered in alphabetical order in the • IEEE Editorial Style Manual http://www.ieee.org/
Bibliography, and referred to by number in the text. This style conferences_events /conferences/publishing/style_references
will cause major problems if references are added during the _manual.pdf
preparation of the manuscript. If using the number method, each
• American Institute of Physics. Style Manual for Guidance in the
number is enclosed by a bracket, [1] [4] [8] .
Preparation of Papers for Journals (4th ed.). New York: American
• If cited material runs to more than one page, the range of pages Institute of Physics
is included in the in-text citation with the author’s name (such
as 235-36 or 399-400). No punctuation is used between the Ordinarily, the Bibliography should not be divided into sections;
name and the page number. A reference with the authors’ last occasionally sub-sections containing specialized documents may
names and page number will appear in the text as (Smith and be used such as “Documentary References,” “Legal References” and
Patterson 390-431) and will be listed in alphabetical order in the “Non-print Media.”
Bibliography as:
2 Bibliography

Click here, for additional examples.

Bibliography Citation Styles Examples

MLA, Journal Article
Beatie, Tony and Paul Stewart. “The Real Dirge: Music Metaphors of
Modernity." The Music Journal of the Arts 2.1 (2007): 71-80.

APA, Journal Article

Taylor, G. G., & Paul, J. (2012). How children construct playgroups:
Strategy Change. Developmental Psychology, 33(2), 120-140.

Chicago, Journal Article

Keng, Shao-Hsun, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem. “Expanding
College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality
and Income Inequality.” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring
2017): 1–34.

IEEE, Journal Article

[4] H. Eriksson and P. E. Danielsson, “Two problems on Boolean
memories,” IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 32–33, Jan.
1959.

AIP, Journal Style

[19] L. M. Pecora, T. L. Carroll, G. A. Johnson, D.J. Mar, and J. F.
Heagy, Chaos 7, 520 (1997).