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Codes in R

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jaweria arshad
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12 views5 pages

Codes in R

Uploaded by

jaweria arshad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

And OR NOT operators:

#and operator(&)

x<-12

x>5 & x<15 #only true if both true

x<-17

x>5 & x<15 #false otherwise

#OR operator

y<-4

y<5|y>15 #true if atleast one is true

y<-14

y<5|y>15 #only false if both false

#Not operator

is.numeric(5) #result true

! is.numeric(5) #result false

is.numeric("hello") #result false

! is.numeric("hello") #result true

#logical operators and vectors

c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE)& c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE) #only true if both are true

c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE)| c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE) #only false if both false

!c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE) #true evaluate false and false evaluate true

#single sign and double sign version

#$ vs $$,| vs ||

c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE)&& c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE)

c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE)|| c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE)
2.Strings

# create a simple vector

r<-c("11","22","33","44")

r[3] #extract 3rd element

r[-3]#leave 3rd element

r[10]#does not exist

#introduction to indexing in R,the extract function,vector and matrices

v<-c(5.5,2.3,1,0,0.8)

v[1]

v[1:4]

mat<-matrix(1:12, nrow = 4, ncol = 4)

mat

mat[2,2] #extract element of second row and second column

mat[,3] #extract 3rd column and all rows

v[v>1]# all the elements of v which is greater than 1

v>1

#concentrating string(value written inside single or double quotes are called string.e.g;"hello")

#examples of valid and invalid strings.

#"teacher",'hey' are valid strings.

#'student",'hello" are invalid string.

#how to create and manipulate strings using predefined functions.

#valid strings

c<-"single quote'in between double quotes"


print(c)

d<-'double quotes " in between single quotes'

print(d)

#invalid strings

e<-'single quote'inside single quote'

print(e)

#manipulation

abc<-"hello man"

def<-"how"

ghi<-"are you feeling"

print(paste(abc,def,ghi))

print(paste(abc,def,ghi,sep="-"))

print(paste(abc,def,ghi,sep=","))

3.Data frame:

#create data frame

name<-c("anne","peter","nida","hassan","razi")

age<-c(28,30,21,39,"A")

child<-c("false","true","false","true","true")

df<-data.frame(name,age,child)

df

#structure of data frame

#To specify name explicitly

names(df)<-c("name","age","child")

names(df)
4.Simple graphs in R

x=3:5

y=5:7

plot(x,y)

plot(x,y,main="myscatterplot")

plot(x,y,main="myscatterplot",col.main="red")

plot(x,y,main="myscatterplot",col.main="red",xlab="myxlab")

plot(x,y,main="myscatterplot",col.main="red",xlab="myxlab")

plot(x,y,main="myscatterplot",col.main="red",xlab="myxlab",ylab="myylab")

?par

colours()

plot(x,y,main="myscatterplot",col.main="thistle")

polygon(x,y)

5.Inner and outer Margins

#Margins area

par(oma=c(2,2,2,2))#all sides have 3 lines of space

par(mar=c(5,4,4,2)+0.1)

#plot

plot(0:10,0:10,type="p",xlab="sumbal",ylab = "chughtai")

#place text in the plot and color everything plot-related red text

text(8,1,"plot",col = "red",cex = 2)

text(5,5,"plot",col = "red",cex = 2)

text(3,3,"plot",col = "red",cex = 2)

box("figure",col ="red")

#place text in the margins and label the margins,all in forestgreen


mtext("Margins",side=3,line=2,cex=1,col = "forestgreen")

mtext("par(mar=c(b,l,t,r))",side=3,line=1,cex=1,col = "forestgreen")

mtext("line 0",side=3,line=0,adj =0.0,cex = 1,col ="forestgreen")

mtext("line 1",side=3,line=1,adj =1.0,cex = 1,col ="forestgreen")

mtext("line 2",side=3,line=2,adj =1.0,cex = 1,col ="forestgreen")

mtext("line 3",side=3,line=3,adj =1.0,cex = 1,col ="forestgreen")

box("figure",col="forestgreen")

adj

#label the outer margin area and colour it blue

#Note the 'outer=true'command moves us from the figure margins to the outer margins.

mtext("outer margin area",side = 1,line = 1,cex = 2,col = "blue",outer = TRUE)

mtext("par(oma=c(b,l,t,r))",side = 1,line = 2,cex = 1,col = "yellow",outer = TRUE)

mtext("line o",side = 1,line = 0,adj=0.0,cex = 1,col = "blue",outer = TRUE)

mtext("line 1",side = 1,line = 1,adj=0.0,cex = 1,col = "blue",outer = TRUE)

mtext("line 2",side = 1,line = 2,adj=0.0,cex = 1,col = "blue",outer = TRUE)

box("outer",col="orange")

Note: shift ctrl then enter key used to run the whole code.

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