HSC Physics Past Exam Questions Updated 5 Jan 2021

Charged Particles, Conductors and Electric and Magnetic Fields

1. HSC 2020 Q10
An electron travelling in a straight line with an initial velocity, u, enters a region
between two charged plates in which there is an electric field causing it to travel along
the path as shown.

A magnetic field is then applied causing a second electron with the same initial
velocity to pass through undeflected.

Which row of the table shows the directions of the electric and magnetic fields when
the second electron enters the region between the plates?

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2. HSC 2019 Q16

The diagram shows the trajectory of a particle with charge q and mass m when fired
horizontally into a vacuum chamber, where it falls under the influence of gravity

The horizontal distance, d, travelled by the particle is recorded.

The experiment is repeated with a uniform vertical electric field applied such that the
particle travels the same horizontal distance, d, but strikes the upper surface of the
chamber.

What is the magnitude of the electric field?

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3. HSC 2018 Q12

The diagram shows electrons travelling in a vacuum at 2 × 106 m s–1 between two
charged metal plates 1 × 10–3 m apart.

A magnetic field is to be applied to make the electrons continue to travel in a straight

line.

What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field that is to be applied?

A. 5 × 10–1 T into the page

B. 5 × 10–1 T out of the page
C. 1 × 106 T into the page
D. 1 × 106 T out of the page

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4. HSC 2018 Q13

An electron moves in a circular path with radius r in a magnetic field as shown.

If the speed of the electron is increased, which row of the table correctly shows the
effects of this change?

5. HSC 2017 Q3
Which of the following correctly shows the electric field between two parallel, charged
plates?

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6. HSC 2017 Q8
An electron is fired in a vacuum towards a screen. With no electric field being applied,
the electron hits the screen at P. A uniform electric field is turned on and another electron
is fired towards the screen from the same location, at the same velocity, striking the
screen at point Q.

With the electric field still turned on, a proton is fired towards the screen from the same
starting point as the electrons and with the same velocity.

At what point does the proton strike the screen?

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

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7. HSC 2017 Q11

An AC source is connected to a transformer having a primary winding of 900 turns.
Connected to the secondary winding of 450 turns is a pair of parallel plates 0.01 m
apart.

The AC input is shown in the graph.

What is the maximum field strength (in V m–1) produced between the plates?

A. 1.7
B. 6.8
C. 1.7 × 104
D. 6.8 × 104

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8. HSC 2017 Q18

A particle of mass m and charge q travelling at velocity v enters a magnetic field of
magnitude B and follows the path shown.

!
A second particle enters a magnetic field of magnitude 2B with a velocity of " 𝑣 and
follows an identical path.

What is the mass and charge of the second particle?

9. HSC 2016 Q3
A region of space contains a constant magnetic field and a constant electric field.

How will these fields affect an electron that is stationary in this region?

(A) Both fields will exert a force.

(B) Neither field will exert a force.
(C) Only the electric field will exert a force.
(D) Only the magnetic field will exert a force.

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10. HSC 2016 Q5

The diagram shows two parallel charged plates 5 × 10–3 m apart.

What is the magnitude of the electric field between the plates in V m−1?

(A) 3.3 × 10−4

(B) 0.33
(C) 3
(D) 3000

11. HSC 2015 Q8

In which of the following situations does the magnetic field exert the greatest force on
the proton (●), given that all of the fields are of equal magnitude?

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12. HSC 2014 Q17

Which of the following best describes the motion of the particles?

(A) Both particles move with the same acceleration.

(B) The alpha particle moves with half the acceleration of the proton.
(C) The alpha particle moves with twice the acceleration of the proton.
(D) The alpha particle moves with a quarter of the acceleration of the proton.

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13. HSC 2013 Q14

Two charged plates are initially separated by a distance as shown in the diagram.

The potential difference between the plates remains constant.

Which of the graphs best represents the change in electric field strength as the distance
between the two plates is increased?

14. HSC 2011 Q7

Two parallel plates are 2 mm apart and have a potential difference of 100 V between
them. An electron is placed halfway between the plates.

What is the magnitude of the force on the electron?

(A) 8.0 × 10–18 N

(B) 1.6 × 10–17 N
(C) 8.0 × 10–15 N
(D) 1.6 × 10–14 N

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15. HSC 2011 Q19

An electron, e, travelling with a velocity, v, passes through an electric field, E, between
two parallel plates.

What is the direction of the force that this electric field exerts on the electron?

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16. HSC 2010 Q15

A charged particle, q, enters a uniform magnetic field B at velocity v. The particle
follows a circular path of radius r as shown.

If the magnitude of the magnetic field were doubled and the other variables were kept
constant, what would the new radius be?

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17. HSC 2009 Q15

The diagram shows two parallel plates with opposite charges. P, Q and R represent
distances from the positive plate.

Which of the following graphs describes the electric field strength, E, between the
plates?

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18. HSC 2008 Q11

An electron, e, moving with a velocity of 8.0 × 106 m s–1 enters a uniform magnetic
field, B, of strength 2.1 × 10–2 T as shown.

The electron experiences a force which causes it to move along a circular path.

What is the radius of the path followed by the electron?

(A) 1.1 × 10–3 m

(B) 1.4 × 10–3 m
(C) 1.7 × 10–3 m
(D) 2.2 × 10–3 m

19. HSC 2007 Q11

Two parallel metal plates are 1 mm apart. A potential difference of 100 V is applied as
shown.

What is the magnitude of the uniform electric field between the plates?

(A) 10–3 V m–1

(B) 10–1 V m–1
(C) 102 V m–1
(D) 105 V m–1

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20. HSC 2007 Q13

An electron is moving near a long straight wire. When a current is applied to the wire
the electron experiences a force in the same direction as the current flow in the wire.

What was the electron’s initial direction of motion?

(A) Parallel to the current direction

(B) Opposite to the current direction
(C) Towards the wire and perpendicular to it
(D) Away from the wire and perpendicular to it

21. HSC 2006 Q12

A charged non-magnetic particle is moving in a magnetic field.

What would NOT affect the magnetic force on the particle?

(A) The strength of the magnetic field

(B) The magnitude of the charge on the particle
(C) The velocity component parallel to the magnetic field direction
(D) The velocity component perpendicular to the magnetic field direction

22. HSC 2006 Q14

A potential difference of 50 V is applied between two identical, parallel aluminium plates
which are separated by a distance of 10 mm.

In order to double this electric field strength, which new arrangement should be used?

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23. HSC 2003 Q15

A positively-charged ion travelling at 250 m s−1 is fired between two parallel charged
plates, M and N. There is also a magnetic field present in the region between the two
plates. The direction of the magnetic field is into the page as shown. The ion is travelling
perpendicular to both the electric and the magnetic fields.

The electric field between the plates has a magnitude of 200 V m−1. The magnetic field
is adjusted so that the ion passes through undeflected.

What is the magnitude of the adjusted magnetic field, and the polarity of the M terminal
relative to the N terminal?

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24. HSC 2001 Q2

At a particular moment, a positively charged particle is moving with velocity v in a
magnetic field as shown.

At this moment, what is the direction of the force on the positively charged particle?

(A) To the right

(B) To the left
(C) Into the page
(D) Out of the page

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HSC 2020 Q34 (6 marks)

A charged particle, q1, is fired midway between oppositely charged plates X and Y, as
shown in Figure 1. The voltage between the plates is V volts.

The particle strikes plate Y at point P, a horizontal distance s from the edge of the plate.
Ignore the effect of gravity.

Plate Y is then moved to the position shown in Figure 2, with the voltage between the
plates remaining the same. An identical particle, q2, is fired into the electric field at the
same velocity, entering the field at the same distance from plate X as q1.

(a) Compare the work done on q1 and q2. 3

(b) Compare the horizontal distances travelled by q1 and q2 in the electric field. 3

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HSC 2019 Q29 (3 marks) 3

A particle having mass m and charge q is accelerated from rest through a potential
difference V. Assume that the only force acting on the particle is due to the electric
field associated with this potential difference.

"#$
Show that the final velocity of the particle is given by 𝑣 = $ %
.

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HSC 2019 Q33 (4 marks)

A proton and an alpha particle are fired into a uniform magnetic field with the same
speed from opposite sides as shown. Their trajectories are initially perpendicular to the
field.

Explain ONE similarity and ONE difference in their trajectories as they move in the
magnetic field.

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HSC 2018 Q26 (4 marks) 4

Outline the similarities and differences between the effects of electric fields and
gravitational fields on matter. In your answer, refer to the definitions of these fields.

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HSC 2017 Q30 (4 marks)

In a thought experiment, a proton is travelling at a constant velocity in a vacuum with
no field present. An electric field and a magnetic field are then turned on at the same
time.

The fields are uniform in magnitude and direction and can be considered to extend
infinitely. The velocity of the proton at the instant the fields were turned on is
perpendicular to the fields.

Analyse the motion of the proton after the fields have been turned on.

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HSC 2016 Q23(b) 3

The diagram shows electrons travelling in a vacuum at 5.2 × 104 m s–1 entering an
electric field of 10 V m–1.

A magnetic field is applied so that the electrons continue undeflected.

What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field?

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HSC 2015 Q24 (7 marks)

A part of a cathode ray oscilloscope was represented on a website as shown.

Electrons leave the cathode and are accelerated towards the anode.

(a) Explain why the representation of the path of the electron between the deflection 3
plates is inaccurate.

(b) Calculate the force on an electron due to the electric field between the cathode and 2
the anode.

(c) Calculate the velocity of an electron as it reaches the anode. 2

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HSC 2014 Q28(b) 3

An electron is projected at 90° into a magnetic field of 9 × 10–4 T, at a speed of 1 × 107
m s–1. This causes the electron to undergo uniform circular motion.

Calculate the radius of the electron’s path.

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HSC 2013 Q26 (5 marks)

An electric field is produced between two charged parallel plates, M and N

(a) The plates, M and N, are 1.0 cm apart and have an electric field of 15 V m–1. 2

Calculate the potential difference between the plates.

(b) The potential difference is now changed and a magnetic field of 0.5 T is placed 3
perpendicular to the plates, as shown in the diagram below.

Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field required to allow the
electron to travel through undeflected, if the electron is moving at 1 × 104 m s–1.

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HSC 2012 Q30 (5 marks)

The diagram shows the paths taken by two moving charged particles when they enter a
region of uniform magnetic field.

(a) Why do the paths curve in different directions? 1

(b) Why are the paths circular? 2

(c) How do the properties of a particle affect the radius of curvature of its path in a 2
uniform magnetic field?

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HSC 2009 Q19 (6 marks)

An electron is emitted from a mineral sample, and travels through aperture A into a
spectrometer at an angle of 60° with a speed of 6.0 × 106 m s–1.

(a) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force experienced by the electron inside 3
the spectrometer.

(b) The electron experiences constant acceleration and eventually strikes the detector, 3
D. What is the time taken for the electron to travel from A to D?

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HSC 2009 Q5 (5 marks)

In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the particle beams are steered using magnetic
fields, as shown.

(a) Two particles with the same mass and speed are travelling through the LHC in 2
opposite directions.

What can be deduced about the charge on the particles?

(b) During a test run, a proton travels with a speed of 1.0 × 107 m s–1 around the LHC. 3
The radius of curvature of its path is 4.2 m.

Calculate the magnetic field strength.

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HSC 2008 Q23 (5 marks)

Two parallel metal plates in a magnetic field are separated by a distance d, as shown.
An electron enters the space between the plates.

(a) On the diagram indicate with an arrow the direction of the force on the electron due 1
to the magnetic field.

(b) The strength of the magnetic field is B = 0.001 T and the electron’s velocity is v = 2
2 × 106 m s–1.

Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic force on the electron.

(c) If d = 10 mm, calculate the voltage required for the electron to continue on a 2
straight path parallel to the plates.

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HSC 2007 Q24 (3 marks)

(a) A negatively charged cylinder is fixed in position near a positively charged plate as 1
shown in the cross-section.

Sketch the electric field lines between the cylinder and the plate on the cross-
section diagram.

(b) A tiny particle of mass 10–30 kg and charge +6 × 10–12 C is released at point Y as 2
shown on the diagram. The particle initially accelerates at 7.0 × 1021 m s–2.

Calculate the electric field intensity at Y.

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HSC 2005 Q26 (5 marks)

The diagram shows two parallel horizontal metal plates connected to a DC source of
electricity. Suspended between the plates is a charged particle of mass 9.6 × 10−6 kg.

(a) Using conventional symbols, draw the electric field between the metal plates on the 1
diagram above.

(b) Determine the magnitude of the electric field between the plates. 1

(c) Determine the sign and magnitude of the charge on the particle if it is suspended 3
motionless between the plates.

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HSC 2002 Q25 (6 marks)

A pair of parallel metal plates, placed in a vacuum, are separated by a distance of 5.00
× 10−3 m and have a potential difference of 1000 V applied to them.

(a) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength between the plates. 1

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the electrostatic force acting on an electron between the 1
plates.

(c) A beam of electrons is fired with a velocity of 3.00 × 106 m s−1 between the plates 4
as shown. A magnetic field is applied between the plates, sufficient to cancel the
force on the electron beam due to the electric field.

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field required between the
plates to stop the deflection of the electron beam.

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The Motor Effect

1. HSC 2020 Q14
Two parallel wires, X and Y, each carry a current I.

The magnitude and direction of the force on wire Y are represented by the vector F.
The current in wire Y is then doubled and its direction is reversed. The current in wire
X remains unchanged.

Which vector arrow represents the force on wire X after the change to the current in
wire Y?

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2. HSC 2019 Q17

A straight current-carrying conductor, QR, is connected to a battery and a variable
resistor. QR is enclosed in an evacuated chamber with a fluorescent screen at one end.

A cathode ray enters the chamber directly above Q, initially travelling parallel to QR. It
passes through the chamber and strikes the fluorescent screen causing a bright spot.
Which direction will this spot move towards if the resistance is increased?

A. W
B. X
C. Y
D. Z

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3. HSC 2018 Q5
The diagram shows a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field.

What is the magnitude of the force on the conductor?

A. 0 N
B. 0.05 N
C. 0.09 N
D. 0.10 N

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4. HSC 2017 Q13

A triangular piece of wire is placed in a magnetic field as shown

When current I is supplied as shown, how does the wire move?

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5. HSC 2017 Q16

An AC supply is connected to a light bulb by two long parallel conductors as shown.

Which graph shows the variation over time of the magnetic force between the two
conductors?

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6. HSC 2017 Q17

A magnet rests on an electronic balance. A rigid copper rod runs horizontally through
the magnet, at right angles to the magnetic field. The rod is anchored so that it cannot
move.

Which expression can be used to calculate the balance reading when the switch is
closed?

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7. HSC 2015 Q7
A current-carrying wire is placed perpendicular to a magnetic field.

Which graph correctly shows the relationship between magnetic field strength (B) and
current (I) if the force is to remain constant?

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8. HSC 2015 Q9
P, Q and R are straight, current-carrying conductors. They all carry currents of the
same magnitude (I). Conductors P and Q are fixed in place. The magnitude of the force
between conductors Q and R is F newtons.

What is the net force on conductor R when it is in the position shown?

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9. HSC 2013 Q3
The diagram shows equipment attached to a battery.

In which direction will the wire XY move as viewed from above the metal dish?

(A) Clockwise
(B) Anticlockwise
(C) Towards the magnet
(D) Away from the magnet

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10. HSC 2012 Q8

A current-carrying wire passes through a region of uniform magnetic field, magnitude
0.05 T, and as a result experiences a force of magnitude 0.03 N.

What is the current I?

(A) 1.5 A
(B) 1.7 A
(C) 3.0 A
(D) 6.0 A

11. HSC 2012 Q17

The following equipment is attached to a DC power supply.

What current must be flowing through the wires to result in a force of 2.50 × 10–3 N
between them?

(A) 0.224 A
(B) 5.00 A
(C) 12.5 A
(D) 25.0 A

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12. HSC 2011 Q10

A student performed an experiment using two identical metal rods connected to a
power supply. Rod A was placed at different distances from Rod B, and the
measurements on the electronic balance were recorded.

Which is the independent variable?

(A) The length of the rods

(B) The current in Rod A
(C) The mass recorded on the balance
(D) The distance between the two rods

13. HSC 2008 Q6

Three identical wires W1, W2 and W3 are positioned as shown. Each carries a current of
the same magnitude in the direction indicated.

What is the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on W2?

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14. HSC 2006 Q6

The diagram shows a magnet standing on the bottom of a dish filled with a conducting
solution. A copper wire is suspended freely from a point above the magnet with its tip
in the conducting solution. It is held in the position shown.

The switch is closed and the wire released.

Which of the following will be observed?

(A) The wire will rotate about the magnet.

(B) The wire will be attracted to the magnet.
(C) The magnet will rotate about its vertical axis.
(D) The solution in the dish will rotate about the magnet.

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15. HSC 2006 Q7

A current-carrying conductor passes through a square region of magnetic field,
magnitude 0.5 T, as shown in the diagram. The magnetic field is directed into the page.

What is the magnitude of the magnetic force on the conductor?

(A) 0.170 N
(B) 0.424 N
(C) 0.600 N
(D) 0.849 N

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16. HSC 2004 Q10

A disc magnet has its poles on its opposing flat surfaces. An insulated copper wire was
placed on the disc magnet as shown in the diagram.

The instant the wire was connected to a DC battery, the wire was observed to move in
the direction of the arrow.

Which statement describes the direction of the magnet’s field and the direction of the
current in the wire, consistent with this observation?

(A) The field was vertically upward and the current was from X to Y.
(B) The field was vertically upward and the current was from Y to X.
(C) The field was in the direction of the arrow and the current was from X to Y.
(D) The field was in the direction of the arrow and the current was from Y to X.

17. HSC 2003 Q9

A current of 5.0 A flows in a wire that is placed in a magnetic field of 0.5 T. The wire
is 0.7 m long and is at an angle of 60° to the field.

What is the approximate magnitude of the force on the wire?

(A) 0 N
(B) 0.9 N
(C) 1.5 N
(D) 1.8 N

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18. HSC 2003 Q10

A flexible wire loop is lying on a frictionless table made from an insulating material.
The wire can slide around horizontally on the table and change shape freely, but it
cannot move vertically. The loop is connected to a power supply, a switch and two
terminals fixed to the table as shown.

When the switch is closed, a current I flows around the loop.

Which of the following diagrams most closely represents the final shape of the loop
after the switch is closed?

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19. HSC 2002 Q7

A student performed an experiment to measure the force on a long current-carrying
conductor placed perpendicular to an external magnetic field.

The graph shows how the force on a 1.0 m length of the conductor varied as the current
through the conductor was changed.

What was the magnitude of the external magnetic field in this experiment?

(A) 0.23 T
(B) 1.1 T
(C) 2.1 T
(D) 4.3 T

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20. HSC 2002 Q8

A single-turn coil of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field B, so that the plane of
the coil is parallel to the field, as shown in the diagrams. The coil can move freely.

An electric current I flows around the coil in the direction shown.

In which direction does the coil begin to move as a consequence of the interaction
between the external magnetic field and the current?

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21. HSC 2001 Q14

Two straight metal rods, P and Q, have the same length. They are each pivoted at one
end and rotated with the same angular velocity so that they sweep out horizontal circular
paths as shown in diagrams X and Y. A constant current I is flowing along each rod, as
shown.

In diagram X, a constant magnetic field is applied at right angles to the plane of the
circular path. In diagram Y, a uniform magnetic field of the same magnitude is applied
in the plane of the circular path.

Which of the following statements about the forces acting on rod P and rod Q is
correct?

A. The magnitude of the force on P is exactly the same as the magnitude of the force
on Q at all times.
B. The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force on Q is
zero.
C. The magnitude of the force on P is constant and the magnitude of the force on Q
varies with time.
D. The magnitude of the force on P varies with time and the magnitude of the force on
Q is constant.

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HSC 2019 Q28 (3 marks) 3

A metal loop, WXYZ is connected to a battery and placed in a uniform magnetic field.
A current flows through the loop in the direction shown.

The loop is then allowed to rotate by 90° about the axis PQ.

Compare the forces acting on WX and XY before and after this rotation.

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HSC 2018 Q24(b) 3

Three parallel wires X, Y and Z all carry electric currents. A force of attraction is
produced between Y and Z. There is zero net force on Y.

What is the magnitude and direction of the current in X?

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HSC 2014 Q23 (3 marks) 3

A square current-carrying wire loop is placed near a straight current-carrying
conductor, as shown in the diagram.

Explain how the current in the wire loop affects the straight conductor.

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HSC 2013 Q25 (5 marks)

P, Q and R are straight current-carrying conductors.

Conductors P and R are fixed and unable to move. Conductor Q is free to move.

(a) In which direction will the conductor Q move as a result of the current flow in P 1
and R?

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the force experienced by Q as a result of the currents 3
through P and R.

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HSC 2010 Q28 (4 marks) 4

A copper rod is placed on a wooden frame, which is placed on an electronic balance. A
length of 0.2 m of the rod passes at right angles to a horizontal magnetic field.

When a current of 0.3 A is passed through the rod, the reading on the balance increases
by 7.5 × 10−4 kg.

What is the strength and direction of the magnetic field?

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HSC 2009 Q21 (6 marks)

A rectangular wire loop is connected to a DC power supply. Side X of the loop is placed
next to a magnet. The loop is free to rotate about a pivot.

When the power is switched on, a current of 20 A is supplied to the loop. To prevent
rotation, a mass of 40 g can be attached to either side X or side Y of the loop.

(a) On which side of the loop should the mass be attached to prevent rotation? 1

(b) Calculate the torque provided by the 40 g mass. 2

(c) Calculate the magnetic field strength around side X. 3

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HSC 2009 Q23 (6 marks)

Two identical wires, W1 and W2, each 2.5 m in length, are positioned as shown. They
carry identical currents in the direction indicated.

(a) Identify the direction of the force which W2 experiences as a result of the current in 1
W1.

(b) Calculate the current in each wire, given that the two wires experience a force of 2
6.9 × 10–4 N.

(c) A third wire, W3, carrying a smaller current, is now placed as shown. 3

Explain qualitatively the forces on W2 as a result of the currents in W1 and W3.

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HSC 2006 Q20 (8 marks)

A balance was used to investigate the relationship between current and force. The
balance was set up with one copper rod fixed to it and a second rod fixed above it, as
shown in the diagram. Each rod was connected to a source of current. The diagram is not
to scale.

The copper rods were rigid, each was 2.6 m long, and they were parallel. The current in
the upper rod was kept constant at 50 A. Different currents were passed through the
lower rod and the balance reading recorded for each current. The readings are given in
the table below.

(a) Identify the relative directions of the currents in both rods, and justify your answer. 2

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HSC 2006 Q20 (continued)

(b) Plot the data from the table onto the graph, using the scales and axes as indicated, 2
and add the line of best fit (trend line).

(c) Find the mass of the copper rod on the balance. 1

(d) Calculate the distance between the two copper rods. 3

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HSC 2005 Q21 (5 marks)

Two thin metal tubes one metre long were supported in a vertical wooden rack as
shown in the diagram.

The two ends were connected together, then the other two ends were connected briefly
to a car battery as shown in the diagram. It was observed that one of the tubes jumped
upward as the connection was made.

(a) Explain why only one tube jumped upward. 2

(b) Each tube has a mass of 1 × 10−2 kg, and the tubes lie on the rack 10 cm apart. 3
What minimum current flows when one tube jumps?

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HSC 2004 Q26 (7 marks) (modified)

The diagram shows part of an experiment designed to measure the force between two
parallel current-carrying conductors

The experimental results are tabulated below.

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HSC 2004 Q26 (continued)

(a) Plot the data and draw the line of best fit. 3

(b) Derive an expression for the magnetic permeability constant, µ0, in terms of the 4
gradient of the line of best fit from the graph, and calculate the value of µ0.

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HSC 2003 Q19 (3 marks) 3

Two straight copper wires are suspended so that their lower ends dip into a conducting
salt solution in a beaker as shown. The length of the straight section of each wire above
the conducting salt solution is 35 cm and they are placed 1.5 cm apart. The ends of the
wire do not touch the bottom of the beaker. The two wires are connected to a DC power
supply

A current of 2 amperes flows from the battery.

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the initial force on each wire.

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HSC 2001 Q22 (3 marks)

Two parallel wires are separated by a distance of 0.75 m. Wire X is 3.0 m long and carries
a current of 2.0 A. Wire Y can be considered to be infinitely long and carries a current of
5.0 A. Both currents flow in the same direction along the wires.

(a) What is the direction of the force that exists between the two wires? 1

(b) On the axes, sketch a graph that shows how the force between the two wires would 2
vary if the length of Wire X was increased.

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Electromagnetic Induction
1. HSC 2020 Q19
A conductor PQ is in a uniform magnetic field. The conductor rotates around the end P
at a constant angular velocity.

Which graph shows the induced emf between P and Q as the conductor completes one
revolution from the position shown?

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2. HSC 2019 Q5
The diagram shows two coils wound around a solid iron rod. Initially the switch is
closed.

Opening the switch will cause the galvanometer pointer to

A. remain at a constant reading.

B. move from a non-zero reading to a zero reading.
C. move from a zero reading to a non-zero reading, where it remains.
D. move from a zero reading to a non-zero reading, then back to zero.

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3. HSC 2019 Q7
A bar magnet is moved away from a stationary coil.

Which diagram correctly shows the direction of the induced current in the coil and the
resulting magnetic polarity of the coil?

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4. HSC 2019 Q18

A circular loop of wire is connected to a battery and a lamp. The apparatus is moved
from P to Q along the path shown at a constant velocity through a region containing a
uniform magnetic field.

Which graph shows the brightness of the lamp as the apparatus moves between P and
Q?

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5. HSC 2018 Q18

An experiment is set up as shown.

When the switch is closed, the reading on the spring balance changes immediately,
then returns to the initial reading.

Which row of the table correctly shows the direction of the current through the straight
conductor XY and the direction in which the pointer on the spring balance initially
moves?

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6. HSC 2017 Q14

The diagram shows a DC circuit containing a transformer.

The potential differences V1 and V2 are measured continuously for 4 s. The switch is
initially closed. At t = 2 s, the switch is opened.

Which pair of graphs shows how the potential differences V1 and V2 vary with time
over the 4-second interval?

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7. HSC 2017 Q19

Earth’s magnetic field is shown in the following diagram.

Two students standing a few metres apart on the equator at points X and Y, where
Earth’s magnetic field is parallel to the ground, hold a loop of copper wire between
them. Part of the loop is rotated like a skipping rope as shown, while the other part
remains motionless on the ground.

At what point during the rotation of the wire does the maximum current flow in a
direction from P to Q through the moving part of the wire?

A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D

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8. HSC 2016 Q7
A magnet passes through a copper tube at constant velocity along the path shown. A
current is induced in the tube by the motion of the magnet.

Which row of the table correctly describes the forces acting between the tube and the
magnet at points P and Q?

9. HSC 2016 Q8
Which movement of the magnet(s) will produce the greatest deflection of the
galvanometer?

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10. HSC 2015 Q15

A circular loop of wire is stationary in a magnetic field. The sides are then pushed
together to change the shape, as shown in the diagram.

As the loop is compressed, a current is induced.

Which row of the table shows the direction of the current and explains why it is
induced?

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11. HSC 2015 Q18

The diagram shows an ideal transformer

When the switch is closed, the pointer on the galvanometer deflects.

How could the size of the deflection be increased?

(A) Decrease the number of primary coils

(B) Decrease the number of secondary coils
(C) Replace the iron core with a copper core
(D) Place a resistor in series with the galvanometer

12. HSC 2014 Q7

The diagram shows a magnet moving upward into a coil.

Which row of the table correctly identifies the direction of the induced current as
viewed from the top, and the direction of the magnetic field inside the coil?

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13. HSC 2014 Q10

The diagram shows two experiments. In Experiment 1, the magnet is moved away from
the coil. In Experiment 2, the coil is moved away from the magnet.

Why is the same electromotive force (emf) produced in both experiments?

(A) Energy is conserved.

(B) The motor effect generates the same force.
(C) The relative motion between the coil and the magnet is the same.
(D) Both the direction of the magnetic field and the direction of the motion change.

14. HSC 2013 Q1

An investigation is designed to determine the size of the generated current when the
strength of a magnet is varied.

Which is the independent variable for this investigation?

(A) Speed of the magnet

(B) Strength of the magnet
(C) Size of the generated current
(D) Distance between the coil and the magnet

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15. HSC 2013 Q7

Eddy currents are a major source of energy loss in an iron core transformer.

What is one way to minimise this energy loss?

A. Laminate the iron core with an insulator

B. Put fewer turns of wire in the primary coil
C. Operate the transformer with a higher current
D. Decrease the distance between the primary and secondary coils

16. HSC 2013 Q10

The diagram represents the transfer of electrical energy from a power station to a
laptop computer.

Which flow diagram shows the correct use of transformers in this transfer?

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17. HSC 2013 Q13

Different magnetic fields are passing through two copper rings, P and Q, as shown.

Which row of the table correctly identifies the ring with the greater magnetic flux and
the ring with the greater magnetic flux density?

18. HSC 2012 Q10

Which of the following ideal transformers could be used to convert an input voltage of
20 volts AC to an output voltage of 2 volts AC?

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19. HSC 2012 Q14

The graph shows variation in magnetic flux through a coil with time.

Which graph best represents the corresponding induced emf in the coil?

20. HSC 2011 Q5

Which law best applies to the operation of an electrical transformer?

(A) Conservation of Mass

(B) Conservation of Energy
(C) Conservation of Charge
(D) Conservation of Momentum

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21. HSC 2011 Q6

Why is the back emf induced in a motor greater when the motor is rotating faster?

(A) A larger current is induced.

(B) It takes a greater emf to spin the motor.
(C) The rate of change of magnetic flux is greater.
(D) More magnetic field lines are being cut per rotation.

22. HSC 2011 Q11

A student set up the equipment shown to carry out a first-hand investigation.

What was the student investigating?

(A) Gravity
(B) The motor effect
(C) Magnetic levitation
(D) Electromagnetic induction

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23. HSC 2011 Q14

A heavy copper split ring is attached by a light insulating rod to a pivot to form a
pendulum. A region of uniform magnetic field B is present as shown. As the pendulum
swings from Position 1 to Position 2, the induced emf in the ring is measured between
points X and Y.

Which graph best represents the measured emf during the time that the pendulum swings
from Position 1 to Position 2?

24. HSC 2010 Q9

Why is high voltage used to transmit electrical energy from power stations to users?

(A) It helps to protect the system from lightning strikes.

(B) It allows the supporting structures to have smaller insulators.
(C) It minimises the effects of the electrical resistance of the wires.
(D) It ensures that, even with voltage losses, 240 V will still reach the user.

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25. HSC 2010 Q10

The diagram shows a model of a transformer in a circuit.

Which of the following correctly identifies Part 1 and Part 2 and the function of this
transformer?

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26. HSC 2010 Q11 (modified)

Two copper rings lie in the same plane as shown.

An increasing current flows clockwise around the outer ring at an increasing rate. What
happens in the inner ring?

(A) A decreasing clockwise current flows.

(B) A decreasing anticlockwise current flows.
(C) An increasing clockwise current flows.
(D) An increasing anticlockwise current flows.

27. HSC 2009 Q8

What is an essential requirement for the operation of a step-down transformer?

(A) A laminated iron core

(B) A non-conducting core
(C) A magnetic interaction between the primary and secondary coils
(D) An electrical connection between the primary and secondary coils

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28. HSC 2009 Q9

A thin solid conductor with sides PQRS is moving at constant velocity v, at right angles
to a uniform magnetic field B, directed into the page as shown.

Which side of the conductor has the greatest concentration of electrons?

(A) P
(B) Q
(C) R
(D) S

29. HSC 2008 Q8

A plastic cylinder with a metal strip, M, on its surface is rotated at constant speed about
its axis, in a uniform magnetic field. During each rotation the strip, M, passes locations
W, X, Y and Z shown below.

When is the potential difference across M greatest?

(A) As M passes W.
(B) As M passes X.
(C) As M passes Y.
(D) As M passes Z.

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30. HSC 2007 Q8

The variation in magnetic flux through a coil is shown below.

Which graph best represents the corresponding induced emf in the coil?

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31. HSC 2007 Q9

A stationary exercise bike has a solid metal wheel that is rotated by a chain connected
to the pedals. An array of strong permanent magnets provides a magnetic field close to
the face of the wheel.

The exercise level can be selected from 1 (easy) to 6 (hard) using a control panel.

When level 6 is selected, which of the following statements is correct?

(A) The current supplied to the bike is a minimum.

(B) The magnetic field at the wheel is a minimum.
(C) The induced current in the wheel is a maximum.
(D) The distance between the magnets and the wheel is a maximum.

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32. HSC 2006 Q8

A square loop of wire, in a uniform magnetic field, is rotating at a constant rate about
an axis as shown. The magnetic field is directed out of the plane of the page. At time t
= 0 the plane of the loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field and side XY is moving
out of the page.

Which graph best represents the variation of the magnetic flux through the loop with
time?

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33. HSC 2006 Q10

The apparatus shown is designed to investigate the operation of a transformer.

A student closes the switch for a short time, then opens it. The data logger records
values of voltage for both coils for the duration of the investigation. The data logger
software displays the results as a pair of voltage–time graphs on a computer monitor.

Which pair of graphs best depicts the student’s results?

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34. HSC 2005 Q6

In a particular experiment a long length of copper wire of very low resistance is rotated
by two students. The ends of the wire are connected to a galvanometer, G, and a
current is detected.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to affect the amount of current produced?

(A) The length of the rotating wire

(B) The thickness of the rotating wire
(C) The speed with which the wire is rotated
(D) Whether the wire is oriented north-south or east-west

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35. HSC 2005 Q7

A single-turn coil of wire is placed in a uniform magnetic field B at right angles to the
plane of the coil as shown in the diagrams. The coil is then rotated in a clockwise
direction as shown.

Which of the following shows the direction of current flow in the coil as it begins to
rotate?

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36. HSC 2005 Q8

The primary coil of a transformer is connected to a battery, a resistor and a switch. The
secondary coil is connected to a galvanometer.

Which of the following graphs best shows the current flow in the galvanometer when
the switch is closed?

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37. HSC 2005 Q9

Three rings are dropped at the same time over identical magnets as shown below.

Which of the following describes the order in which the rings P, Q and R reach the
bottom of the magnets?

(A) They arrive in the order P, Q, R.

(B) They arrive in the order P, R, Q.
(C) Rings P and R arrive simultaneously, followed by Q.
(D) Rings Q and R arrive simultaneously, followed by P.

38. HSC 2005 Q10

A transformer is to be designed so that it is efficient, with heating by eddy currents
minimised. The designer has some iron and insulating material available to build the
transformer core. The windings are to be made with insulated copper wire.

Which of the following designs minimises the energy losses in the core?

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39. HSC 2004 Q8

A transformer which has 60 turns in the primary coil is used to convert an input of 3 V
into an output of 12 V.

Which description best fits this transformer?

40. HSC 2003 Q8

A neon sign requires a 6000 V supply for its operation. A transformer allows the neon
sign to operate from a 240 V supply.

What is the ratio of the number of secondary turns to the number of primary turns for
the transformer?

(A) 1 : 40
(B) 1 : 25
(C) 25 : 1
(D) 40 : 1

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41. HSC 2002 Q9

In a student experiment, a bar magnet is dropped through a long plastic tube of length l
and diameter d. The time taken for it to hit the floor is recorded.

The experiment is repeated using a copper tube of the same length and diameter.

Which of the following statements is correct?

(A) The magnet will take the same time to hit the floor in both cases.
(B) The magnet will come to rest in the middle of the copper tube.
(C) The magnet will take longer to fall through the copper tube.
(D) The magnet will take longer to fall through the plastic tube.

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42. HSC 2001 Q8

A light rod has a coil of insulated copper wire fixed at one end and is pivoted at the
other end. The result is a pendulum which is free to swing back and forth. A magnet is
placed underneath this pendulum. The arrangement is shown in the diagram.

The pendulum is pulled back and then allowed to swing. Which of the following would
cause the pendulum to come to rest most quickly?

(A) Replacing the magnet with a stronger one

(B) Shortening the pendulum
(C) Replacing the rod with a heavier one
(D) Connecting the ends of the coil by a piece of copper wire

43. HSC 2001 Q11

A transformer has a primary coil with 60 turns and a secondary coil with 2300 turns.

If the primary voltage to the transformer is 110 V, what is the secondary voltage?

(A) 2.4 × 10–4 V

(B) 2.4 × 102 V
(C) 1.3 × 103 V
(D) 4.2 × 103 V

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HSC 2020 Q28 (7 marks) 3

A metal rod sits on a pair of parallel metal rails, 20 cm apart, that are connected by a
copper wire. The rails are at 30° to the horizontal. The apparatus is in a uniform magnetic
field of 1 T which is upward, perpendicular to the table.

A force, F, is applied parallel to the rails to move the rod at a constant speed along the
rails. The rod is moved a distance of 30 cm in 2.5 s.

(a) Show that the change in magnetic flux through the circuit while the rod is moving 2
is approximately 5.2 × 10−2 Wb.

(b) Calculate the emf induced between the ends of the rod while it is moving, and state 2
the direction of flow of the current in the circuit.

(c) The experiment is repeated without the magnetic field. Explain why the force 3
required to move the rod is different without the magnetic field.

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HSC 2020 Q33 (9 marks) 9

A strong magnet of mass 0.04 kg falls 0.78 m under the action of gravity from position
X above a hollow copper cylinder. It then travels a distance of 0.20 m through the
cylinder from Y to Z before falling freely again.

The magnet takes 0.5 seconds to pass through the cylinder. The displacement–time
graph of the magnet is shown.

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Analyse the motion of the magnet by applying the law of conservation of energy. Your
analysis should refer to gravity and the copper cylinder, and include both qualitative
and quantitative information.

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HSC 2019 Q24 (7 marks)

A step-up transformer is constructed using a solid iron core. The coils are made using
copper wires of different thicknesses as shown.

The table shows electrical data for this transformer.

(a) Explain how the operation of this transformer remains consistent with the law of 3
conservation of energy. Include a relevant calculation in your answer.

(b) Explain how TWO modifications to this transformer would improve its efficiency. 4

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HSC 2018 Q22 (6 marks)

(a) A drill spins a magnet above a non-magnetic metal disc which is free to rotate. 3

Explain the effect of the rotating magnet on the disc.

(b) The diagram shows a magnet attached to an electric drill so that it can be rotated 3
between two coils connected to a voltmeter.

The drill starts from rest and gradually speeds up, reaching its full speed after three
revolutions.

Sketch a graph showing the induced emf across the coils during the time that it
takes the magnet to reach its full speed.

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HSC 2018 Q30 (6 marks) 6

The diagram shows a model of a system used to distribute energy from a power station
through transmission lines and transformers to houses.

During the evening peak period there is an increase in the number of electrical
appliances being turned on in houses.

Explain the effects of this increased demand on the components of the system, with
reference to voltage, current and energy.

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HSC 2017 Q27 (5 marks)

The diagram shows an electric circuit in a magnetic field directed into the page. The
graph shows how the flux through the conductive loop changes over a period of 12
seconds.

(a) Calculate the maximum magnetic field strength within the stationary loop during 2
the 12-second interval.

(b) Calculate the maximum voltage generated in the circuit by the changing flux. In 3
your answer, indicate the polarity of the terminals P and Q when this occurs.

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HSC 2016 Q22 (6 marks)

When an alternating current is passed through coil A, a voltage is observed on the
oscilloscope connected to coil B.

(a) How could a bar magnet be used, instead of coil A, to produce a similar pattern on 2
the oscilloscope?

(b) A strong magnet is at rest a few centimetres above a solid metal disc made of a
non-magnetic metal. The magnet is then dropped.

The velocity of the magnet is shown in this graph.

Account for the shape of the graph.

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HSC 2016 Q30 (6 marks)

The following makeshift device was made to provide lighting for a stranded astronaut
on Mars. The mass of Mars is 6.39 × 1023 kg.

The 2 kg mass falls, turning the DC generator, which supplies energy to the light bulb.
The mass falls from a point that is 3 376 204 m from the centre of Mars.

(a) Calculate the maximum possible energy released by the light bulb as the mass falls 3
through a distance of one metre.

(b) Explain the difference in the behaviour of the falling mass when the switch is open. 3

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HSC 2015 Q25(b) 3

The diagram shows a label on a transformer used in an appliance.

Explain why the information provided on the label is not correct. Support your answer
with calculations.

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HSC 2015 Q28 (5 marks) 5

A copper plate is attached to a lightweight trolley. The trolley moves at an initial
velocity, v, towards a strong magnet fixed to a support.

The dashed line on the graph shows the velocity of the trolley when the magnet is not
present.

On the axes, sketch the graph of the velocity of the trolley as it travels from A to D
under the magnet, and justify your graph.

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HSC 2014 Q24 (5 marks)

The primary winding of a transformer contains 2000 turns. The primary AC voltage is
23 000 volts and the output voltage is 660 000 volts.

(a) Calculate the number of turns on the secondary winding. 2

(b) If the current in the primary winding of the transformer is 100 A, and the secondary 3
winding has a resistance of 2000 Ω, what is the power loss in the secondary
winding, assuming there is no power loss in the primary winding? (Show
calculations.)

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HSC 2012 Q22 (6 marks)

A bar magnet is placed on a sensitive electronic balance as shown in the diagram. A
hollow solenoid is held stationary, such that the magnet is partly within the solenoid.

The solenoid is then lifted straight up without touching the magnet. The reading on the
balance is observed to change briefly.

(a) Why does a current flow in the solenoid? 2

(b) Explain the reason for changes in the reading on the electronic balance as the 4
solenoid is removed.

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HSC 2012 Q26 (6 marks)

A transmission line is to be used to supply 100 MW of power from a power station to a
substation 100 km away. Three possible designs are shown below.

*Superconducting transmission lines have zero electrical resistance under the correct
cooling conditions.

Using physics principles and appropriate calculations, evaluate each design to 6

determine the best way of transmitting power from the power station to the substation.

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HSC 2011 Q25 (4 marks) 4

Identical magnets A and B are suspended above vertical copper tubes as shown in the
diagram.

The magnets are dropped at the same time. Each magnet falls straight through its tube
without touching the tube walls.

Which magnet leaves its tube first and why?

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HSC 2010 Q26 (5 marks)

A bar magnet is dropped through the centre of a solenoid connected to a data logger as
shown.

The data are recorded in the graph as shown.

(a) Why is the magnitude of the potential difference at Y greater than at X? 2

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(b) The magnet is dropped again with two changes being made. 3

1. It is dropped from a greater height.

2. The south pole of the magnet is pointing down.

Sketch a graph that represents the most likely outcome of this new experiment.

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HSC 2009 Q26 (6 marks) 6

In the distribution of electricity, the overall energy losses between the power plant and
users can easily be between 8% and 15%, which suggests that there is still some room
to improve efficiency.

Analyse this statement. In your analysis, you must refer to existing sources of energy
loss, and a possible new technology to minimise such loss.

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HSC 2008 Q22 (3 marks) 3

Explain why the development of transformers was necessary to enable the large- scale
distribution of electrical power.

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HSC 2008 Q26 (3 marks)

An induction coil is a type of transformer that allows a small voltage to be stepped up to
a higher voltage. An induction coil consists of a primary coil wound around an iron core
and a secondary coil. The secondary coil can be moved sideways so that different lengths
of the iron core are within the secondary coil.

The photographs show an induction coil with the secondary coil in two different
arrangements with the power supply turned off. At sufficiently high voltages a spark can
be produced between the secondary coil electrodes.

(a) Which arrangement would produce a spark when the power supply is turned on? 1
Justify your choice.

(b) Explain how different voltages are induced when the secondary coil is moved to 2
different positions.

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HSC 2007 Q26 (6 marks)

An electricity substation delivers a current of 10 A at a voltage of 6 kV to an office
complex. The office complex uses a transformer to provide a current of 230 A at a
voltage of 240 V.

(a) Explain why AC is preferable to DC as an input current for transformers. 2

(b) Outline possible causes of energy loss in the transformer. 2

(c) Calculate the energy lost by the transformer in eight hours. 2

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HSC 2006 Q22(a) (3 marks)

A student drops a bar magnet onto a large block of copper resting on the floor. The 3
magnet falls towards the copper, slowing down as it comes close, then landing gently.

Explain the physics responsible for this observation.

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HSC 2006 Q24 (3 marks) 3

Discuss the origins of unwanted heat production in transformers and ways in which
these can be overcome.

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HSC 2005 Q22 (3 marks)

A schematic diagram of a system to supply electricity to a house is shown below

The step-down transformer in the substation has a turns ratio of 30 : 1.

(a) What is the voltage carried by the high voltage transmission line? 1

(b) Identify the causes of the two main energy losses in the transmission of electricity 2
between the power plant and the house.

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HSC 2003 Q20 (4 marks) 4

Two solenoids (coils) with hollow cores are suspended using string so that they are
hanging in the positions shown below. The solenoids are free to move in a pendulum
motion.

In the first investigation shown in Figure 1, a strong bar magnet is moved towards the
solenoid until the north end of the magnet enters the solenoid and then the motion of the
magnet is stopped.

In the second investigation, shown in Figure 2, a thick copper wire is connected between
the two terminals, A and B, at the ends of the solenoid. The motion of the magnet is
repeated exactly in this second investigation.

Explain the effect of the motion of the magnet on the solenoid in the two investigations.

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HSC 2003 Q21 (5 marks)

(a) Explain the relationship between the current in the primary coil and the current in the 3
secondary coil of an ideal step-down transformer in relation to the conservation of
energy.

(b) Explain why a transformer will work in an AC circuit but not in a DC circuit. 2

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HSC 2002 Q23 (5 marks)

(a) State Lenz’s law. 1

(b) When the metal rod is moved upwards through the magnetic field as shown in the
diagram, an emf is induced between the two ends.

(i) Which end of the rod is negative? 1

(ii) Explain how the emf is produced in the rod. 3

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Applications of the Motor Effect

1. HSC 2020 Q2
Which of the following is NOT required for the operation of AC induction motors?

A. Brushes
B. Stator winding
C. Magnetic fields
D. Current applied to the rotor

Solution:
Answer is A. AC induction motors do not contain commutators and brushes.
Currents are induced in the rotor due to changing magnetic fields produced by
the stator windings.

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2. HSC 2020 Q7
The output of a device is shown.

Which diagram represents the device that has the output shown?

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Solution
Answer is D. The voltage output shows unidirectional emf which is
characteristic of DC generators. Option D shows a simple DC generator with
the presence of split-ring commutators.

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3. HSC 2018 Q4
A motor, battery and ammeter are connected in series. When the motor is turning at full
speed, the ammeter has a reading of 0.1 A. While the motor is spinning, a person holds
the shaft of the motor to stop it.

Which row of the table correctly identifies the change in the ammeter reading and an
explanation for the change?

Solution:
Answer is D. When the motor stops spinning, magnetic flux stops changing
which results in a decrease in back emf (Faraday’s law). Therefore, the overall
current flowing through the motor increases.

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4. HSC 2018 Q10

The diagram shows some parts of a simple DC motor.

Which row of the table correctly describes the direction of force acting on side WX and
the direction of torque this produces on the coil?

Solution:
Answer is C. In a DC motor, split-ring commutators (not shown) reverse
direction of force vector acting on WX by reversing current flow every 180º.
This is done to maintain torque and allow for unidirectional rotation of the
motor.

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5. The diagram shows a model of a generator connected to a galvanometer.

The loop is rotated continuously in a clockwise direction as viewed from the end
nearest the galvanometer.

Which row of the table correctly identifies the type of generator and the movement of
the needle of the galvanometer?

Solution:
Answer is A. Use of split-ring commutators in the diagram indicates that this is
a DC generator. DC generators produce current that flows in one direction so
the needle on the galvanometer swings between 0 and +.

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6. HSC 2016 Q1
Some mobile phones are recharged at a power point using a charger that contains a
transformer.

What is the purpose of the transformer?

(A) To convert AC at the power point to DC

(B) To convert DC at the power point to AC
(C) To increase the AC voltage at the power point
(D) To decrease the AC voltage at the power point

Solution:
Answer is D. Step-down transformers are used for most electrical appliances in
households as a smaller voltage is required.

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7. HSC 2016 Q16

The cone of a speaker is pushed so that the coil moves in the direction shown.

Which row of the table correctly identifies the behaviour of the speaker and the
direction of the current through the conductor?

Solution:
Answer is A. Movement of the coils towards the magnet causes changes in
magnetic flux which induces emf in the coils (Faraday’s law). Since the coils
are connected at XY to form a closed circuit, currents are induced. This is
exactly how generators operate (through induction). By Lenz’s law, induced
currents will produce a magnetic field trying to oppose the motion of the coils:
south pole on the left and north pole on the right of the coil. Using right-hand
grip rule, currents flow from X to Y.

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8. HSC 2016 Q20

In the motor shown, the rotor spins clockwise, as viewed from point P, when connected
to a DC supply.

What happens when the motor is connected to an AC supply?

(A) There is no movement of the rotor.

(B) The rotor produces clockwise movement only.
(C) The rotor vibrates at the frequency of the AC supply.
(D) The rotor continuously turns half a rotation clockwise, then half a rotation
anticlockwise.

Solution:
Answer is B. When current direction reverses, the poles of each electromagnet
also reverse. At the same time, the direction of current flow through the coil is
also reversed. When direction of both the magnetic field and current is reversed,
the direction of force acting on each side of the coil remains unchanged (right-
hand palm rule). Therefore, torque remains constant and the rotor continues to
rotate in a clockwise manner.

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9. HSC 2015 Q12

A simple AC generator was connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope and the coil was
rotated at a constant rate. The output is shown on this graph.

Which of the following graphs best represents the output if the rate of rotation is
decreased to half of the original value?

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Solution:
Answer is D. Reducing rotation speed of a generator by half will decrease both
its frequency and amplitude by half (Faraday’s law).

10. HSC 2014 Q2

Wire, axle, armature, commutator and brushes can be used to build a device.

Which of the following devices requires ALL of these components?

(A) Transformer
(B) DC generator
(C) Magnetic brake
(D) Induction motor

Solution:
Answer is B. DC generators require split-ring commutators to operate.

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11. HSC 2014 Q12

The diagrams show a wire loop rotating anticlockwise in a radial magnetic field and in
a parallel magnetic field. There is a constant current in the wire loop.

Which pair of graphs best describes the behaviour of the force (F) on the length of wire
PQ as a function of time (t) for one revolution of the wire loop?

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Solution:
Answer is C. The magnitude of force produced by the Motor Effect remains
constant in both parallel and radial magnetic fields as the angle between the
conductor and magnetic flux lines remains 90º throughout the motor’s rotation.

12. HSC 2014 Q14

The diagram shows a generator circuit connected with a switch.

The generator is rotated by one revolution in the first second with the switch open. It is
then rotated by one revolution in the next second with the switch closed.

Which graph shows the current produced by this generator for these two seconds?

Solution:
Answer is B. When the switch is open, emf is induced but no currents are
produced (Faraday’s law). The generator in the diagram is shown to use slip-
ring commutators which allow the device to produce alternating current (AC).

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13. HSC 2013 Q15

The diagram shows a single-loop motor.

The equations τ = nBIA sinθ and F = BIl sinω can be used to calculate the torque in the
motor and the force on the length of wire WX respectively.

What angles are represented by θ and ω in the above equations?

What angles are represented by θ and ω in the above equations?

Solution:
Answer is C. θ represents the angle between the force vector (producing
torque) and the plane of the armature. ω represents the angle between the
conductor (WX and YZ) and magnetic flux lines, this remains 90º throughout
the entire revolution of rotation.

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14. HSC 2013 Q17

Which graph best represents the change in torque for a DC motor, with a radial
magnetic field, from start up to operating speed?

Solution:
Answer is D. Torque is greatest when the motor is starting up as there is no
back emf. As motor speed increases, the rate of flux change increases. Thus,
the magnitude of back emf increases, resulting in a decrease in current flowing
through the armature of the motor. Since torque depends on current size, it
decreases with motor speed.

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15. HSC 2012 Q1

What device is shown in the diagram?

(A) AC motor
(B) DC motor
(C) AC generator
(D) DC generator

Solution:
Answer is D. Split-ring commutators are found in DC motors and DC
generators. The diagram depicts a generator as the external circuit is
connected to a meter rather than of a battery (found in DC motors).

16. HSC 2012 Q16

An ideal electric motor connected to a DC voltage source rotates at a constant rate of
200 revolutions per minute. There is no load on the motor.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the operation of the motor?

A. The applied voltage must exceed the back emf in order to keep the motor running.
B. There is no back emf because it is only produced in AC motors due to the changing
flux.
C. The back emf is equal to the applied voltage because no work is being done by the
motor.
D. The back emf must exceed the applied voltage to prevent the motor’s speed from
increasing.

Solution:
Answer is C. Since the motor is rotating at constant speed, there is no torque.
This means the emf produced by the battery equals to the back emf induced by
flux change. There is no work done by the motor as there is no load.

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17. HSC 2011 Q12

The diagram represents a DC electric motor.

What is the polarity of the magnetic pole at X, and the direction of the motion of wire
Y?

Solution:
Answer is A. Polarity of X is determined using right-hand grip rule. Direction of
motion of wire Y due to the Motor Effect is determined using right-hand palm
rule.

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18. HSC 2011 Q18

An electric motor is constructed using a square coil and a uniform magnetic field of
strength 0.45 T. The coil has 3 turns and sides of 10 cm. A current of 0.5 A flows
through the coil.

What is the maximum torque experienced by the coil as it rotates?

(A) 2.25 × 10–3 Nm

(B) 6.75 × 10–3 Nm
(C) 22.5 Nm
(D) 67.5 Nm

Solution:
Maximum torque occurs when force vectors are acting orthogonally
(perpendicularly) on the plane of the coil:

𝜏 = 𝑛𝐵𝐼𝐴 sin 𝜃

𝜏 = (3)(0.45)(0.5)(0.1 × 0.1) sin 90

𝜏 = 0.00675 Nm

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19. HSC 2010 Q8

While drilling into a tough material, the DC motor in an electric drill is slowed
significantly. This causes its coils to overheat.

Why do the coils overheat?

(A) The resistance of the coils increases significantly.

(B) The increased friction on the drill is converted to heat.
(C) The back emf decreases and so the current in the coils increases.
(D) The induced eddy currents increase and so more heat is produced

Solution:
Answer is C. When the motor slows, the rate of flux change decreases which
results in a decrease in back emf. This in turn increases current which is
converted to heat due to the coils’ electrical resistance.

20. HSC 2010 Q20

The diagrams show possible ways to connect the coils and rotor of a DC motor to a DC
power supply.

In which circuit will the rotor turn in a clockwise direction?

Solution:
Answer is B. Polarity of electromagnets is determined using right-hand grip
rule. Direction of motion of coil due to the Motor Effect is determined using
right-hand palm rule once the direction of magnetic field is found. Only the set-
up in option B allows for clockwise rotation

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21. HSC 2009 Q6

Which of the following would increase the output of a simple DC generator?

(A) Increasing the rotation speed of the rotor

(B) Reducing the number of windings in the coil
(C) Using slip rings instead of a split ring commutator
(D) Wrapping the windings around a laminated, aluminium core

Solution:
Answer is A. Increasing the rotation speed increases the rate of magnetic flux
change in the rotor. According to Faraday’s law, this increases the magnitude of
∆'
induced emf (𝜀 = −𝑁 ∆( ).

22. HSC 2009 Q7

A type of car speedometer consists of a rotating bar magnet which produces eddy
currents in a copper disc. A model of this is shown.

As the magnet begins to rotate, in which direction does the disc move?

(A) Toward the magnet

(B) Away from the magnet
(C) Rotates in the same direction as the magnet
(D) Rotates in the opposite direction to the magnet

Solution:
Answer is C. Induced currents in the copper disc will produce a magnetic field
to reduce the change in flux (Lenz’s law). This results in the copper disc
rotating in the same direction as the magnet in an attempt to keep flux
constant.

Note: this experimental set-up demonstrates how an AC induction motor

operates.

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23. HSC 2009 Q11

The diagram shows a DC motor with a constant current flowing to the rotor.

Which pair of graphs best describes the behaviour of the force F on wire AB, and the
torque τ on the rotor as functions of time t?

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Solution:
Answer is B. The magnitude of force produce by the Motor Effect remains
constant throughout the rotation as the angle between the conductor and
magnetic flux lines remains 90º. In contrast, the magnitude of torque fluctuates
as shown in option B due to the change in angle between the force vector and
plane of the coil. In this case, the torque is at maximum when the coil is
horizontally orientated as shown in the diagram.

24. HSC 2008 Q7

Which of the following is necessary for the operation of an AC induction motor?

(A) A fixed magnetic field in the rotor

(B) A direct current supply to the rotor
(C) A changing magnetic field in the rotor
(D) Split rings conducting current to the rotor

Solution:
Answer is C. The rotor in AC induction motor moves due to the induction of
current in the presence of changing magnetic field (produced by
electromagnets in the stator)

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25. HSC 2007 Q6

An electric motor is set up as shown.

When current is supplied the coil does not turn.

Which of the following is required for the coil to start turning?

(A) The magnetic field must be increased.

(B) The direction of the current must be reversed.
(C) The magnitude of the current must be increased.
(D) The starting position of the coil must be changed.

Solution:
Answer is D. In the set-up shown, forces produced by the Motor Effect are
directed towards the axis of rotation (dashed line), this does not allow for
rotation as no torque is produced.

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26. HSC 2007 Q7

In the graph shown, the solid curve shows how the emf produced by a simple generator
varies with time. The dashed curve is the output from the same generator after a
modification has been made to the generator.

Which modification was made to produce the result shown?

(A) The area of the coil was doubled.

(B) A split-ring commutator was added.
(C) The speed of rotation of the coil was doubled.
(D) The number of turns in the coil was quadrupled.

Solution:
Answer is C. double the speed of rotation doubles both the frequency and
∆'
amplitude of emf (𝜀 = − ∆( )

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27. HSC 2006 Q9

Early electric generators were often very simple. A hand-operated version is depicted
below.

Brush X touches the metal axle and Brush Y touches the rim of the disc. If the metal
disc is rotated uniformly as shown, which statement about the current through the
globe is correct?

(A) No current flows.

(B) A direct current flows from Y to X.
(C) A direct current flows from X to Y.
(D) An alternating current flows between X and Y

Solution:
Answer is B. Induced currents in the metal disc will produce a magnetic field to
oppose the motion of the disc (in order to reduce flux change, Lenz’s law).
Using right-hand palm rule (palm faces out of page between the magnetic
poles), the current flows from Y to X. Since the direction of force remains
unchanged, the direction of induced current is direct.

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28. HSC 2004 Q9

An electric DC motor consists of 500 turns of wire formed into a rectangular coil of
dimensions 0.2 m × 0.1 m. The coil is in a magnetic field of 1.0 × 10−3 T. A current of
4.0 A flows through the coil.

What is the magnitude of the maximum torque, and the orientation of the plane of the
coil relative to the magnetic field when this occurs?

(A) 0.04 N m, parallel to the field

(B) 0.04 N m, perpendicular to the field
(C) 0.4 N m, parallel to the field
(D) 0.4 N m, perpendicular to the field

Solution:
Answer is A. Maximum torque occurs when plane of coil is parallel to the
magnetic field as this would make the angle between the force vector and
plane of coil 90º:

𝜏 = 𝑛𝐵𝐼𝐴 sin 𝜃

𝜏 = (500)(1.0 × 10–* )(4.0)(0.2 × 0.1) sin 90

𝜏 = 0.04 N m

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29. HSC 2003 Q6

The diagram shows a DC generator connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO). A
CRO is a device that measures changes in voltage in the generator with time.

What output voltage would be observed for this generator on the CRO?

Solution:
Answer is B. The diagram depicts a simple DC generator due to the presence
of split-ring commutators. The magnitude of voltage (emf) produced changes
as the rate of flux change is not constant (Faraday’s law).

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30. HSC 2003 Q7

A non-magnetic metal disk is balanced on a support as shown in the diagram below.
The disk is initially stationary. A magnet is moved in a circular path just above the
surface of the disk, without touching it.

As a result of this movement the disk begins to rotate in the same direction as the
magnet.

The observed effect demonstrates the principle most applicable to the operation of the

(A) DC motor.
(B) Transformer.
(C) Generator.
(D) Induction motor.

Solution:
Answer is D. The movement of bar magnet causes changes in magnetic flux in
the disk. This induces an emf (Faraday’s law) and produces eddy currents in
the disk. Eddy currents will produce a magnetic field to reduce the flux change
(Lenz’s law). This results in the disk rotating in the same direction as the
magnet (in an attempt to reduce flux change).

In an induction motor, electromagnets in the stator produce a changing

magnetic field which also induces eddy currents in the rotor. This causes the
rotor to rotate in the same direction as the movement of the magnetic field.

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31. HSC 2002 Q10

The coil of an AC generator rotates at a constant rate in a magnetic field as shown.

Which of the following diagrams represents the curve of induced emf against position?

Solution:
Answer is B. Magnitude of induced emf depends on the rate of flux change.
The flux change in the greatest at P and R, when the coil is parallel to the field.
As such, the magnitude of induced emf is highest at P and R.

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32. HSC 2001 Q4

What type of current is produced by each generator when connected to an external

resistance?

(A) Both produce DC

(B) Both produce AC
(C) Generator 1 produces DC and Generator 2 produces AC
(D) Generator 1 produces AC and Generator 2 produces DC

Solution:
Answer is C. Generator 1 contains split-ring commutators (DC) and generator 2
contains slip-ring commutators (AC).

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33. HSC 2001 Q10

An electric motor is connected to a power supply of constant voltage. The motor is
allowed to run at different speeds by adjusting a brake. Which graph best shows how
the current through the motor varies with speed?

Solution:
Answer is A. As motor speed increases, the rate of flux change in the motor
increases. This results in an increase in back emf (Faraday’s law). An increase
in back emf decreases the overall amount of current in the motor.

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HSC 2020 Q23 (3 marks) 3

The graph shows data for a motor connected to a 240 V power supply.

A circuit breaker cuts the current to the motor if the current exceeds 5 A.

Determine what will happen when the motor produces a torque of 2.95 Nm. Show
relevant calculations.

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HSC 2020 Q32 (7 marks) 7

A rope connects a mass on a horizontal surface to a pulley attached to an electric motor
as shown.

Explain the factors that limit the speed at which the mass can be pulled along the
horizontal surface. Use mathematical models to support your answer.

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HSC 2019 Q31 (8 marks)

A student suspends an electric ceiling fan from a spring balance.

The fan is switched on, reaching a maximum rotational velocity after ten seconds.

(a) Explain the changes that would be observed on the spring balance in the first 15 4
seconds after the fan is switched on.

(b) The student predicted that the current through the fan’s motor would vary as shown 4
on the graph.

Assess the accuracy of the student’s prediction.

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HSC 2017 Q22(b) 3

A coil consisting of 15 turns is placed in a uniform 0.2 T magnetic field between two
magnets. A current of 7.0 amperes flows in the direction shown.

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the torque produced by the side BC of the 15-
turn coil.

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HSC 2017 Q28 (6 marks) 6

Contrast the design of transformers and magnetic braking systems in terms of the
effects that eddy currents have in these devices.

HSC 2015 Q22 (5 marks)

The diagram represents a simple DC motor. A current of 1.0 A flows through a square
loop ABCD with 5 cm sides in a magnetic field of 0.01 T.

(a) Determine the force acting on section AB and the force acting on section BC due to 3
the magnetic field, when the loop is in the position shown.

(b) How is the direction of the torque maintained as the loop rotates 360° from the 2
position shown?

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HSC 2013 Q27 (7 marks)

(a) A generator starts at the position shown and is rotated by one revolution in the first 3
second. It is then rotated by two revolutions in the next second.

Sketch a graph on the axes showing the electromotive force (emf) produced by this
generator for these two seconds.

(b) An electric motor can be used to propel a vehicle. The electric motor can be made 4
to operate as a generator when the vehicle is moving. This will have a braking
effect on the vehicle. Explain the physics principles involved in the propelling and
braking of this vehicle.

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HSC 2013 Q29 (5 marks)

A 0.05 kg mass is lifted at a constant speed by a DC motor. The motor has a coil of 100
turns in a 0.1 T magnetic field. The area of the coil is 0.0012 m2. The motor shaft has a
radius of 0.004 m.

(a) Determine the force needed to lift the mass. 2

(b) Calculate the minimum current required in the coil to lift the mass. 3

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HSC 2011 Q27 (4 marks)

A single turn coil is positioned in a region of uniform magnetic field with a strength of
0.2 T. The plane of the coil is at 45° to the magnetic field. The coil is a square with 5 cm
sides, and carries a current of 10.0 A.

(a) Calculate the magnitude of the force on side AB. 2

(b) Explain why the net force produced by the magnetic field on the coil is zero. 2

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HSC 2008 Q18 (4 mark)

The diagram shows a coil in a magnetic field. The coil can rotate freely.

The coil is connected to a power supply and, at the instant shown, terminal positive.

(a) In which direction will side PQ initially move? 1

(b) When the coil starts rotating, the potential difference experienced by the electrons 2
in the wire is less than that supplied by the power supply.

Describe the origin of this effect.

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HSC 2008 Q25 (5 marks)

The diagrams show two different types of generator spinning at the same number of
revolutions per minute. The difference between the two generators is in the way they are
connected to the external circuits.

Generator X Generator Y

(a) On the axes below, sketch a voltage-time graph for each generator. 2

(b) Explain how the difference in connection to the external circuit accounts for the 3
different output voltages.

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HSC 2007 Q21 (5 marks)

A simple motor consists of a flat rectangular coil with n turns in a magnetic field B as
shown.

The coil has an area of 0.01 m2 and carries a current of 1 A. The motor drives a pulley
of diameter 20 cm, and weights can be hung from either side of the pulley at point X or
point Y.

(a) In order to prevent rotation, should a weight be hung at point X or at point Y? Justify 1
your answer.

(b) What is the magnitude of the torque provided by a mass of 0.2 kg suspended from 2
either point X or point Y?

(c) If the motor is just stopped by a mass of 0.2 kg, how many turns does the coil have? 2

HSC Physics - 164 - collated by Science Ready

HSC Physics Past Exam Questions Updated 5 Jan 2021

HSC 2007 Q25 (4 marks) 4

A student claims that a DC generator is an ‘electric motor in reverse’.

Analyse this claim with reference to the structure and function of a simple DC
generator and an electric motor. Include diagrams in your answer.

HSC Physics - 165 - collated by Science Ready

HSC Physics Past Exam Questions Updated 5 Jan 2021

HSC 2004 Q21 (6 marks)

(a) The diagram shows a two-pole DC motor as constructed by a student. 3

Identify THREE mistakes in the construction of this DC motor as shown in the

diagram.

(b) An ammeter was used to measure the current through a small DC motor. While it 3
was running freely, a current of 2.09 A was recorded. While the motor was
running, the axle of the motor was held firmly, preventing it from rotating, and the
current was then recorded as 2.54 A.

Explain this observation.

HSC Physics - 166 - collated by Science Ready

HSC Physics Past Exam Questions Updated 5 Jan 2021

HSC 2001 Q21 (3 marks) 3

A fan that ventilates an underground mine is run by a very large d.c. electric motor. This
motor is connected in series with a variable resistor to protect the windings in the coil.

When the motor is starting up, the variable resistor is adjusted to have a large resistance.
The resistance is then lowered slowly as the motor increases to its operating speed.

Explain why no resistance is required when the motor is running at high speed, but a
substantial resistance is needed when the motor is starting up.

HSC Physics - 167 - collated by Science Ready