Unit -6

1.Centralized database

It is the type of database that stores data at a centralized database system.

It comforts the users to access the stored data from different locations through several applications.

These applications contain the authentication process to let users access data securely.

An example of a Centralized database can be Central Library that carries a central database of each library in a
college/university.

2.Distributed Database

centralized database system, in distributed systems, data is distributed among different database systems of an
organization.

These database systems are connected via communication links. Such links help the end-users to access the data
easily.

 Homogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on the same operating system and use the
same application process and carry the same hardware devices.
 Heterogeneous DDB: Those database systems which execute on different operating systems under
different application procedures, and carries different hardware devices.

3.Relational Database

This database is based on the relational data model, which stores data in the form of rows(tuple) and
columns(attributes), and together forms a table(relation). A relational database uses SQL for storing,
manipulating, as well as maintaining the data. E.F. Codd invented the database in 1970. Each table in the
database carries a key that makes the data unique from others. Examples of Relational databases are MySQL,
Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, etc.

4.Cloud Database

A type of database where data is stored in a virtual environment and executes over the cloud computing
platform. It provides users with various cloud computing services (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, etc.) for accessing the
database. There are numerous cloud platforms, but the best options are:

object-oriented database management system

The ODBMS which is an abbreviation for object-oriented database management system is the data model
in which data is stored in form of objects, which are instances of classes. These classes and objects together
make an object-oriented data model.
Components of Object-Oriented Data Model:
The OODBMS is based on three major components, namely: Object structure, Object classes, and Object
identity. These are explained below.
1.Object Structure:
The structure of an object refers to the properties that an object is made up of. These properties of an object
are referred to as an attribute. Thus, an object is a real-world entity with certain attributes that makes up the
object structure. Also, an object encapsulates the data code into a single unit which in turn provides data
abstraction by hiding the implementation details from the user.
The object structure is further composed of three types of components: Messages, Methods, and Variables.
These are explained below.
1. Messages –
A message provides an interface or acts as a communication medium between an object and the
outside world. A message can be of two types:
  Read-only message: If the invoked method does not change the value of a
variable, then the invoking message is said to be a read-only message.

 Update message: If the invoked method changes the value of a variable, then the
invoking message is said to be an update message.

2. Methods –
When a message is passed then the body of code that is executed is known as a method.
Whenever a method is executed, it returns a value as output. A method can be of two types:
 Read-only method: When the value of a variable is not affected by a method, then
it is known as the read-only method.
 Update-method: When the value of a variable change by a method, then it is
known as an update method.

3. Variables –
It stores the data of an object. The data stored in the variables makes the object distinguishable
from one another.

2.ObjectClasses:
An object which is a real-world entity is an instance of a class. Hence first we need to define a class and then
the objects are made which differ in the values they store but share the same class definition. The objects in
turn correspond to various messages and variables stored in them.
Example –
class CLERK

{ //variables
char name;
string address;
int id;
int salary;

//Messages
char get_name();
string get_address();
int annual_salary();
};
In the above example, we can see, CLERK is a class that holds the object variables and messages.
An OODBMS also supports inheritance in an extensive manner as in a database there may be many classes
with similar methods, variables and messages. Thus, the concept of the class hierarchy is maintained to depict
the similarities among various classes.
The concept of encapsulation that is the data or information hiding is also supported by an object-oriented
data model. And this data model also provides the facility of abstract data types apart from the built-in data
types like char, int, float. ADT’s are the user-defined data types that hold the values within them and can also
have methods attached to them.
Thus, OODBMS provides numerous facilities to its users, both built-in and user-defined. It incorporates the
properties of an object-oriented data model with a database management system, and supports the concept of
programming paradigms like classes and objects along with the support for other concepts like encapsulation,
inheritance, and the user-defined ADT’s (abstract data types).
ODBMS stands for Object-Oriented Database Management System, which is a type of database management
system that is designed to store and manage object-oriented data. Object-oriented data is data that is
represented using objects, which encapsulate data and behavior into a single entity.
An ODBMS stores and manages data as objects, and provides mechanisms for querying, manipulating, and
retrieving the data. In an ODBMS, the data is typically stored in the form of classes and objects, which can be
related to each other using inheritance and association relationships.
In an ODBMS, the data is managed using an object-oriented programming language or a specialized query
language designed for object-oriented databases. Some of the popular object-oriented database languages
include Smalltalk, Java, and C++. Some ODBMS also support standard SQL for querying the data.
ODBMS have several advantages over traditional relational databases. One of the main advantages is that
they provide a natural way to represent complex data structures and relationships. Since the data is
represented using objects, it can be easier to model real-world entities in the database. Additionally, ODBMS
can provide better performance and scalability for applications that require a large number of small, complex
transactions.
However, there are also some disadvantages to using an ODBMS. One of the main disadvantages is that they
can be more complex and harder to use than traditional relational databases. Additionally, ODBMS may not
be as widely used and supported as traditional relational databases, which can make it harder to find expertise
and support. Finally, some applications may not require the advanced features and performance provided by
an ODBMS, and may be better suited for a simpler database solution

Features of ODBMS:

Object-oriented data model: ODBMS uses an object-oriented data model to store and manage data. This
allows developers to work with data in a more natural way, as objects are similar to the objects in the
programming language they are using.
Complex data types: ODBMS supports complex data types such as arrays, lists, sets, and graphs, allowing
developers to store and manage complex data structures in the database.
Automatic schema management: ODBMS automatically manages the schema of the database, as the
schema is defined by the classes and objects in the application code. This eliminates the need for a separate
schema definition language and simplifies the development process.
High performance: ODBMS can provide high performance, especially for applications that require complex
data access patterns, as objects can be retrieved with a single query.
Data integrity: ODBMS provides strong data integrity, as the relationships between objects are maintained
by the database. This ensures that data remains consistent and correct, even in complex applications.
Concurrency control: ODBMS provides concurrency control mechanisms that ensure that multiple users can
access and modify the same data without conflicts.
Scalability: ODBMS can scale horizontally by adding more servers to the database cluster, allowing it to
handle large volumes of data.
Support for transactions: ODBMS supports transactions, which ensure that multiple operations on the
database are atomic and consistent.

Advantages:

Supports Complex Data Structures: ODBMS is designed to handle complex data structures, such as
inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. This makes it easier to work with complex data models in an
object-oriented programming environment.
Improved Performance: ODBMS provides improved performance compared to traditional relational
databases for complex data models. ODBMS can reduce the amount of mapping and translation required
between the programming language and the database, which can improve performance.
Reduced Development Time: ODBMS can reduce development time since it eliminates the need to map
objects to tables and allows developers to work directly with objects in the database.
Supports Rich Data Types: ODBMS supports rich data types, such as audio, video, images, and spatial data,
which can be challenging to store and retrieve in traditional relational databases.
Scalability: ODBMS can scale horizontally and vertically, which means it can handle larger volumes of data
and can support more users.

Disadvantages:

Limited Adoption: ODBMS is not as widely adopted as traditional relational databases, which means it may
be more challenging to find developers with experience working with ODBMS.
Lack of Standardization: ODBMS lacks standardization, which means that different vendors may
implement different features and functionality.
Cost: ODBMS can be more expensive than traditional relational databases since it requires specialized
software and hardware.
Integration with Other Systems: ODBMS can be challenging to integrate with other systems, such as
business intelligence tools and reporting software.
Scalability Challenges: ODBMS may face scalability challenges due to the complexity of the data models it
supports, which can make it challenging to partition data across multiple nodes.

Web database

A Web database is a database application designed to be managed and accessed through the Internet. Website
operators can manage this collection of data and present analytical results based on the data in the Web database
application.

Data Organization

Web databases enable collected data to be organized and cataloged thoroughly within hundreds of parameters.

The Web database does not require advanced computer skills, and many database software programs provide an

easy "click-and-create" style with no complicated coding. Fill in the fields and save each record.

Applicable Uses

Businesses both large and small can use Web databases to create website polls, feedback forms, client or

customer and inventory lists. Personal Web database use can range from storing personal email accounts to a

home inventory to personal website analytics.