RDBMS Concepts and

MySQL Commands

Database Languages
Database provides following facilities or languages for working.
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)
3. TCL (Transition Control Language)
4. DCL (Data Control Language)
5. SCL (Session Control Language)

DDL (Data Definition Language)

DDL language provides the various commands those works on
the structure of database. It includes the following commands.
1. CREATE TABLE
2. ALTER TABLE
3. MODIFY
4. DROP TABLE
DML (Data Manipulation Language)
DML language provides the various commands those works on
the data stored in the database. It includes the following
commands.
1. INSERT INTO
2. SELECT FROM
3. UPDATE
4. DELETE
DDL Commands
1. Create Database:
CREATE DATABASE school;
2. Show Databases or Tables :
SHOW DATABASES;
3. Show Tables :
SHOW TABLES
3. Change Database:
USE student;

Create Table:
CREATE TABLE student
(
Rollno INT primary key,
Name CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
Class VARCHAR(20),
City VARCHAR(20),
Mobile INT,
Marks FLOAT
);

ALTER Table:
* Add New Attribute “Age” in student table.
ALTER TABLE student
ADD Age INT;
* Delete existing Attribute “Mobile” from student table.
ALTER TABLE student
DROP COLUMN Mobile;
* Change size of Attribute City(20) to City(30).
ALTER TABLE student
MODIFY City VARCHAR(30);
Exercise:
• Change Datatype of any Attribute
• Add NOT NULL constraint to any Attribute
• Delete constraint from any Attribute.
• Change Datatype of Attribute
ALTER TABLE student
MODIFY Name VARCHAR(30);
• Add NOT NULL constraint to Attribute
ALTER TABLE student
MODIFY Rollno INT NOT NULL;
• Delete constraint from Attribute.
ALTER TABLE student
DROP COLUMN Age;
Special:
Add Primary Key constraint to Rollno Attribute.
ALTER TABLE student
ADD PRIMARY KEY (Rollno);
Remove Primary Key constraint from Rollno Attribute.
ALTER TABLE student
DROP PRIMARY KEY
• Remove the whole Table (structure) from database.
DROP TABLE student;
(The table itself and all the records stored in it will be deleted
permanently from the database and it will not be recovered.
DML Commands
INSERT INTO: Insert a New Record into Table
INSERT INTO student
VALUES(01, ’Aman’, ‘XI A’, ‘Jhunjhunu’, 16);

INSERT INTO student(Name, Age, Rollno, City)

VALUES(’Kamal’, 15,02, ‘Jhunjhunu’);
Rule:
* The Sequence of data values must be as the sequence of
attribute in table.
* The Numeric Values should be without any quotation mark
where the character, string and date values must be enclosed
between single quotation marks.

SELECT FROM: Select data from Table

1. SELECT * FROM student;
Rollno Name Class City Age

01 Aman XI A Jhunjhunu 16

02 Kamal Jhunjhunu 15

SELECT FROM: Select data from Table

SELECT * FROM student
WHERE age=15;

Rollno Name Class City Age

02 Kamal Jhunjhunu 15
Here * denote to all attributes. If we want to display only name
and city of student then write the query as…
UPDATE: Change data of Table
Query: Change the class of all students as ‘XI B’
UPDATE student
SET Class=‘XI B’ ;

To display the changes write….

SELECT * FROM student;
Rollno Name Class City Age
01 Aman XI B Jhunjhunu 16
02 Kamal XI B Jhunjhunu 15

UPDATE: Change data of Table

Query: Change the class of student Kamal as ‘XI C’
UPDATE student
SET Class=‘XI C’ ;
WHERE Name=‘Kamal’ ;

To display the changes….

SELECT * FROM student;
Rollno Name Class City Age
01 Aman XI B Jhunjhunu 16

02 Kamal XI C Jhunjhunu 15
Various SQL Commands / Operators
WHERE clause: used to add any criteria in query.
UPDATE student SELECT * FROM student
SET Class=‘XI C’ OR WHERE Age>15 ;
WHERE Name=‘Kamal’ ;

DISTINCT: used to display data without repetition.

SELECT DISTINCT(City) FROM student
OUTPUT: DISTINCT(City)
-----------------------
Jhunjhunu
Look at the output of following query: City
SELECT City FROM student --------------
Jhunjhunu
Jhunjhunu

LIKE clause: Pattern Matching in criteria. Two wild cards are used
for pattern matching.
1. % : It represent to any number of characters.
2. _ : It represent to only one character.
SELECT * FROM student
WHERE Name LIKE ‘%n;

It will show the records whose name ends with ‘n’ alphabet.
Rollno Name Class City Age
01 Aman XI B Jhunjhunu 16
ORDER BY clause: Display the records either in Ascending order
or Descending Order.
1. ASC : It used for Ascending Order
2. DESC: It used for Descending Order
(Note: By default order is ascending.)
SELECT * FROM student
ORDER BY Name Desc;
Rollno Name Class City Age
02 Kamal XI C Jhunjhunu 15
01 Aman XI B Jhunjhunu 16

IS: Used to Search NULL Values only.

SELECT * FROM student
WHERE City IS NULL ;
It will show only those records whose city values are NULL.

IS NOT: Used to Search other than NULL Values only.

SELECT * FROM student
WHERE City IS NOT NULL ;
It will show records which values of city are other than NULL.

IN: Search in multiple strings..

SELECT * FROM student
WHERE City IN (‘Jhunjhunu’, ‘Jaipur’, ‘Ajmer’);
IN operator works similar to Logical OR operator.
Rollno Name Class City Age
01 Aman XI B Jhunjhunu 16
02 Kamal XI C Jhunjhunu 15
GROUP BY Clause:
It will display the records in groups with similar type of values.
SELECT * FROM student
GROUP BY City;

It will show records in groups based on city.

Rollno Name Class City Age
01 Aman XI B Jhunjhunu 16
02 Kamal XI C Jhunjhunu 15

HAVING Clause: It used to include a condition with GROUP BY

Clause. (Where command is not allowed with group)
SELECT * FROM student
GROUP BY City
HAVING Age>14;

It will show records in groups based on city and age should

greater than 14.
Rollno Name Class City Age
01 Aman XI B Jhunjhunu 16
02 Kamal XI C Jhunjhunu 15
 MySQL Functions
(A) Mathematical Functions
AVG() Function
 The AVG() Function
The AVG() function returns the average value of a
numeric column.
 SQL AVG() Syntax
SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SELECT AVG(OrderPrice) AS OrderAverage FROM
Orders;

ABS() FUNCTION
 The ABS() function returns the Absolute value (Positive
value) in the selected column or given numeric value.
 SQL ABS() Syntax
SELECT ABS(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SELECT MAX(OrderPrice) AS LargestOrderPrice FROM
Orders;
Example: ABS(-25.32) Output: 25.32
ABS(-25) output: 25 ABS(-25/3.0) output: 8.333

Count() function
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
(COUNT(*): NULL values in some of columns will be counted as
row number)
 The COUNT(column_name) function returns the number of
values other than NULL.
(COUNT(column_name) : NULL values columns will not count)
MAX() Function
 The MAX() function returns the largest value in the selected
column.
 SQL MAX() Syntax
SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SELECT MAX(OrderPrice) AS LargestOrderPrice FROM
Orders;

MIN() Function
 The MIN() function returns the smallest value of the
selected column.
 SQL MIN() Syntax
SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SELECT MIN(OrderPrice) AS SmallestOrderPrice FROM
Orders;

SUM() Function
 The SUM() function returns the total sum of a numeric
column.
 SQL SUM() Syntax
SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SELECT SUM(OrderPrice) AS OrderTotal FROM Orders;

SQRT() FUNCTION
 The SQRT() function returns the square root of given
POSITIVE number.
 SQL SQRT() Syntax
SELECT SQRT (column_name) FROM table_name;
Example:
SQRT(25) OUTPUT: 5
SQRT(-25) OUTPUT: NULL
SQRT(25.16) OUTPUT: 5.0159

ROUND() Function
 The ROUND() function returns the nearest round off
number of the given number as per arguments.
 SQL round() Syntax
SELECT ROUND(column_name) FROM table_name;
Example:
ROUND(25.238,1) OUTPUT: 25.2
ROUND(25.238,2) OUTPUT: 25.24
ROUND(25.238,0) OUTPUT: 25
ROUND(25.238,-1) OUTPUT: 30
ROUND(151.238,-1) OUTPUT: 150
ROUND(151.238,-2) OUTPUT: 200

TRUNCATE() FUNCTION:
 The TRUNCATE() function returns the number after
removing the part of number as per arguments.
 SQL TRUNCATE () Syntax
SELECT TRUNCATE (column_name) FROM table_name;
Example:
TRUNCATE(25.238,1) OUTPUT: 25.2
TRUNCATE(25.238,2) OUTPUT: 25.23
TRUNCATE(25.238,0) OUTPUT: 25
TRUNCATE(25.238,-1) OUTPUT: 25
TRUNCATE(151.238,-1) OUTPUT: 150
TRUNCATE(151.238,-2) OUTPUT: 100
 (B) String Functions
UCASE() / UPPER() Function
 The UCASE() function converts the value of a field to
uppercase.
 SQL UCASE() Syntax
SELECT UCASE(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SELECT UCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM
Persons;

LCASE() / LOWER() Function

 The LCASE() function converts the value of a field to
lowercase.
 SQL LCASE() Syntax
SELECT LCASE(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SELECT LCASE(LastName) as LastName,FirstName FROM
Persons;

LENGTH() Function
 The LENGTH() function returns the length of the value in a
text field.
 Length of string includes blank spaces also.
 SQL LENGTH() Syntax
SELECT LENGTH(column_name) FROM table_name;
 SQL LENGTH() Example
SELECT LENGTH(Address) as LengthOfAddress FROM Persons;
Example:
LENGTH(“KVS RO JPR”) Output: 10
LENGTH(“KVS R.O. JPR!”) Output: 13
CONCAT( ) Function
It takes two string arguments and returns a string after
concatenating both strings.
CONCAT(“KVS”,”JHUNJHUNU”)
Output: KVSJHUNJHUNU

CONCAT(“KVS”, “ “, ”JHUNJHUNU”)
Output: KVS JHUNJHUNU

SUBSTR() FUNCTION
It returns a sub string that get from main string as per given
locations.
Syntax:
SUBSTR(main string, start, length)
Where main string is given string from which sub string to be
find.
Start is initial number of character in main string from where sub
string started.
Length is total number of characters to be in sub string.

SUBSTR(“rajasthan”,3,6)
Output: jastha

SUBSTR(”JHUNJHUNU”,5)
OUTPUT: JHUNU
Note: If length is not given then by default length will be upto
end of string.
INSTR() FUNCTION
This function get two string arguments as main string and sub
string. It finds the sub string in main string and returns its initial
location as number.
If sub string not finds in main string then it returns 0 (zero).

SYNTAX: INSTR(main string, sub string)

Example:
INSTR(“Rajasthan”,”THAN”) Output: 6
INSTR(“Rajasthan”,”khan”) Output: 0

TRIM() Function:
This function will remove the blank space character from leading
and trailing side of string.
LTRIM() Function:
This function will remove the blank space character from leading
side of string.
RTRIM() Function:
This function will remove the blank space character from trailing
side of string.
Examples:
SELECT (“ RAJASTHAN “) OUTPUT: __RAJASTHAN__
RTRIM(“ RAJASTHAN “) OUTPUT: __RAJASTHAN
LTRIM(“ RAJASTHAN “) OUTPUT: RAJASTHAN__
TRIM(“ RAJASTHAN “) OUTPUT: RAJASTHAN

:: Finished ::