MySQL – Database

Fundamentals
Database:
A database system is computer based record keeping
system that contains the data/ information about any entity in
systematic way. It also provides various effective methods to
retrieve and manipulate the data.
Some Advantages of database are:
 It Reduce data Redundancy ( Repetition / Duplication)
 It Controls data Inconsistency
 It facilitate sharing of data
 It enforce standards ( Rules)
 Data security as centralized database
 Integrity can be maintained

Database Models:
A database model is a collection of concepts that describes the
structure of database and also describe some constraints which
applied on the database system.
Various types of database models are:
 Relational Data Model
 Network Data Model
 Hierarchical Data Model
Relational Data Model:
Relational Data Model is mostly used model in database
management system. In this model the data stored in
tabular form that mean rows and columns. The rows in
table represent the relationship among set of values.

Terminology of Relational Data model:

Relation: A “table” is termed as relation in database.
Attribute: The “Column” in Relation
Tuple: Row in Relation
Domain: Pool of values given in an attribute.
Degree: Number of Attributes in Relation
Cardinality: Number of Tuple in Relation
Candidate Key: All the combinations of attributes in relation
which uniquely identify the tuples in relation and can serve as
Primary Key.
Primary Key: Set of one or more attributes from Candidate Keys
that uniquely identify the tuples in relation.
Alternate Key: Other than Primary key of Candidate keys are
known as alternate key.
Secondary Key: Other than candidate keys in relation.
Foreign Key: It is a non-key attribute (key) whose values can
derived from primary key of other table.
View: A view is a virtual table in database that not really exists
with its own rights but derived from one or more base tables.

MySQL Datatypes:
Datatypes are used to identify the type of value that an attribute
can hold in database. It also helps in performing the various
operations associated with type of values.
Some common datatypes are:
Datatype Explanation
CHAR Stores Fixed length String type values
VARCHAR Stores Variable length String type values
INT Stores Integer type Values
FLOAT Stores Floating point Values (Precise 23 digits)
DOUBLE Stores Floating point Values (Precise 24-53 digits)
DATE Stores date in YYYY-MM-DD format
TIME Stores time in HH:MM:SS format
 CHAR vs VARCHAR:
CHAR VARCHAR
It allowed to store Fixed length It allowed to store Variable length String
String type value type value
When a column declared as When a column declared as VARCHAR(n)
CHAR(n) then column reserve n- then column reserve maximum n-bytes
bytes memory for values. If value is memory for values. If value is shorter
shorter than length n byte, then than length n byte, then no blank bytes
blank bytes are added. In this case are added. In this case the total size
the total size remains n- bytes. remains exactly equal to size of specified
value.
If specified size of value is larger than n-byte( Maximum), that time error
occurred by Database.
Example: Example:
City CHAR(10) City VARCHAR(10)
City=”Jaipur” City=”Jaipur”
Here maximum size is 10 bytes, and Here maximum size is 10 bytes, and size
size of specified value (Jaipur) is 6. of specified value (Jaipur) is 6. The size
But the size of value remains 10 of value will also remain 6 bytes.
bytes.

Create Database in MySQL:

To create new database in MySQL, use following command.
CREATE DATABASE <Database Name>;
Example:
CREATE DATABASE student;
 Query OK, 1 row affected # This message will show, if created.
 Can’t create database Student, database exists. # This message will
show, if database already existed.
Here “Student” is new Database where we can create tables and other
objects of database. Note: Database Name should not existed.
Open Database in MySQL:
To open existing database in MySQL, use following command.
USE <Database Name>;
Note: Database Name should be existed.
Example:
USE student;
 Database Changed # This message will show, if changed.
 Unknown database student # This message will show, if
database not found.
Show List of Database in MySQL:
To show the existing database list in MySQL, use following
command. It will show the list in ascending order of their names.
SHOW DATABASES;
-------------------------------
Databases
-------------------------------
Information_schema
Student
------------------------------
Show List of Tables in Database:
To show the existing list of tables in Database, use following
command. It will show the list in ascending order of their names.
SHOW TABLES;
SQL Constraints
 Constraints are some limitations or rules which can apply
for storing data in the table.
 Constraints can be specified when a table is created (with
the CREATE TABLE statement) or after the table is created
(with the ALTER TABLE statement).
 We will focus on the following constraints:
 NOT NULL
 UNIQUE
 PRIMARY KEY
 FOREIGN KEY
 CHECK
 DEFAULT

SQL NOT NULL Constraint

 The NOT NULL constraint enforces a column to NOT accept
NULL values.
 The NOT NULL constraint enforces a field to always contain
a value. This means that you cannot insert a new record, or
update a record without adding a value to this field.
 The following SQL enforces the "P_Id" column and the
"LastName" column to not accept NULL values:
CREATE TABLE Persons
(P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(25) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(25),
Address varchar(55),
City varchar(25)
);
SQL UNIQUE Constraint
 The following SQL creates a UNIQUE constraint on the "P_Id"
column when the "Persons" table is created:
 CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id int NOT NULL UNIQUE,
LastName varchar(55) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(55),
Address varchar(55),
City varchar(55),
);
SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
 The PRIMARY KEY constraint uniquely identifies each record
in a database table.
 Primary keys must contain unique values.
 A primary key column cannot contain NULL values.
 Each table should have a primary key, and each table can
have only ONE primary key.
 The following SQL creates a PRIMARY KEY on the "P_Id"
column when the "Persons" table is created:
 CREATE TABLE Persons
(
P_Id int PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(55) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(55),
Address varchar(55),
City varchar(55),
);
SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint
 A FOREIGN KEY in one table points to a PRIMARY KEY in
another table.
 Note that the "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table points to
the "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table.
 The "P_Id" column in the "Persons" table is the PRIMARY
KEY in the "Persons" table.
 The "P_Id" column in the "Orders" table is a FOREIGN KEY
in the "Orders" table.
 The FOREIGN KEY constraint is used to prevent actions that
would destroy links between tables.
 The FOREIGN KEY constraint also prevents that invalid data
form being inserted into the foreign key column, because it
has to be one of the values contained in the table it points
to.
 The following SQL creates a FOREIGN KEY on the "P_Id"
column when the "Orders" table is created:
CREATE TABLE Orders
(O_Id int NOT NULL,
OrderNo int NOT NULL,
P_Id int,
PRIMARY KEY (O_Id),
FOREIGN KEY (P_Id) REFERENCES Persons(P_Id)
);
SQL CHECK Constraint
 The CHECK constraint is used to limit the value range that
can be placed in a column.
 If you define a CHECK constraint on a single column it allows
only certain values for this column.
 If you define a CHECK constraint on a table it can limit the
values in certain columns based on values in other columns
in the row.
 The following SQL creates a CHECK constraint on the "P_Id"
column when the "Persons" table is created. The CHECK
constraint specifies that the column "P_Id" must only
include integers greater than 0.
CREATE TABLE Persons
(P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(55) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(55),
Address varchar(55),
City varchar(55),
CHECK (P_Id>0)
);
SQL DEFAULT Constraint
 The following SQL creates a DEFAULT constraint on the
"City" column when the "Persons" table is created:
CREATE TABLE Persons
(P_Id int NOT NULL,
LastName varchar(55) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(55),
Address varchar(55),
City varchar(55) DEFAULT ‘Jaipur'
);
CREATE TABLE in Database:
A table in database is the type of database object. A table in
database can be created by using following command.
CREATE TABLE < table_name> Notice. A comma used
for every new column
(
First_column_name datatype(size) constraint ,
Notice. No comma
Second_column_name datatype(size) constraint , used after last
column or
Third_column_name datatype(size) constraint No comma if there is
no more column.
);
Notice. Semi Colon (;)
used at end of query

Example:
Create a table “Student” as per given below specification.
Field Name
Datatype Size Constraint Description
SID INT 3 PRIMARY KEY Student ID
NAME VARCHAR 25 NOT NULL Name of Student
AGE INT 2 AGE > 5 YEAR Age greater than 5
GENDER CHAR 1 DEFAULT ‘M’ Use M / F / T
MARKS FLOAT ----- ------------- ---------------
CREATE TABLE student
(
SID INT(3) PRIMARY KEY ,
NAME VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL ,
AGE INT(2) CHECK (AGE>5) ,
GENDER CHAR(1) DEFAULT ‘M’ ,
MARKS FLOAT
);
DESCRIBE the Structure of TABLE:
Use following commands.
DESC student;

Field Type NULL Key Default Extra

SID INT(3) NO PRI NULL
NAME VARCHAR(25) NO NULL
AGE INT(2) YES NULL
GENDER CHAR(1) YES M
MARKS FLOAT YES NULL

:: Finished ::