CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization or conclusions, methodologies,
and others. Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are
relevant and similar to the present study.

RELATED LITERATURE

BANGKAL TREE (Nauclea orientalis)

Bangkal tree is a small to fairly large tree that grows up to 35 meters tall. Bangkal’s scientific name
is Nauclea orientalis. It often appears near streams and swampy areas at low and medium altitudes.
(Star 2012). Bangkal tree {Nauclea orientalis} is an endemic plant of wetlands that has many benefits.
Bangkal tree had phytochemical compounds which are dominated by alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and
saponins. (Putri, 2019). Bangkal is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing up to 10-15 m with a
diameter of up to 40cm. the trunks of bangkal is grayish brown and flaking, The leaves are showy, yellow
or orange with white spikes. Fruiting season is from July to January and potato-like fruit is irregularly
shaped and greenish brown. (Cainta Plant Nursery n.d.)

The leaves of bangkal is applied to boils and tumors, and snakebites. The bark extract is said to be
vulnerary. antidiarrhetic, and a cure for toothaches. The bark is also used for blood diseases and
dysentery. When mixed with dita, it can be used as himughat (as a preventive against bughat, a
condition in which a patient falls back to illness after apparent recovery). Deduction of leaves used for
ulcers, treating wounds and metorrhea. In the Western Ghats, the paste used for treating skin diseases.
In Ayurveda, plant used in the treatment of fever, anemia, uterine problems, skin diseases, leprosy, and
to improve semen quality. (Remedies 2020) For centuries, Africa plays a major role in tradition practical
medicine where the indigenous vegetation of plants of the genus Nauclea is currently used to treat large
variety of diseases. (J. Abbah 2009) (W. Liu 2011)

SOAP

Soap are substances that when dissolved in water, can remove dirt from surfaces like the human
skin, textiles and other solids. (Davidsohn 2024) Making soap at home is quite difficult because it’s like
baking. You need accurate measures, good quality ingredients, controlled temperatures, as well as
patience. The two base that you can use for soap base is lye and fat. You can also add dyes, to add color
to your soap, essential oils and other things to enhance your soap. (Smith 2023)
Bar soaps are currently making a comeback to our lives. As bar soap has less packaging than liquid soaps,
ecofriendly, more affordable, and is more effective, it seems that more and more people buys it rather
than the other types of soap. Antibacterial bar soaps are also a great choice to make your hands clean
and germ free, while also caring for your delicate and sensitive hands. (Kilikita 2020)

Soap is one of the things that is now part of our everyday life. We see it in the bathroom, kitchen, sink,
laundry, etc. First, we need to understand how and what is soap. As we all know, our skin has a natural
barrier of oils that moisturizes and protects our skin, and as we go on with our day, dirt and other things
mix with the oil barrier. Unfortunately, water can’t get rid of this because water and oil don’t mix. True
soap is made through a process called saponification. It creates a molecule with two key parts which are
their lipophilic, which means it attracted to oils and the other, hydrophilic, which means its attracted to
water.

As you soap your body, the lipophilic end of the soap binds to the dirty, bacterial oil that is on your skin
while the hydrophilic end follows the water. So as you rinse your body with water, the dirty oils and
bacteria follow the water down the drain. Soap is made with a fatty acid and a base. (Why Choose Bar
Soap? 6 Benefits to Make You Quit Liquid Soap for Good 2023)

Soaps are good for the skin. It gets rid of bacteria and viruses while also cleansing the skin. They are
made of fatty substances and mixed with a alkaline agent. The physical form of the soap, whether it is
solid, liquid or paste, depends on the fats or oils and alkaline agents that was used to create it. (The
Benefits of Natural Soap 2023)

RELATED STUDIES

The study of Putri. et al. (2019) evaluated the use of Bangkal in the fields of pharmaceutical and
cosmetics. The results of the study showed that Bangkal tree had phytochemical compounds which are
dominated by alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins.

SYNTHESIS OF THE STATE-OF-THE-ART

RESEARCH GAP

The related literature talks about the traditional uses of Bangkal tree (Nauclea orientalis). While
traditional uses of Bangkal are well-documented, scientific investigation into its suitability for soap
production remains limited. There is also no current study like this in the Philippines.By investigating this
specific study, we hope to providr valuable insights into the development of the effectiveness of bangkal
tree bark as soap.
 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The concept of this study is to create an effective, ecofriendly, and more affordable soap made
from Bangkal tree (Nauclea orientalis). This study utilized the IPO model (Input-Process-Output) in
development of the proposed study.

INPUT
PROCESS OUTPUT

Bangkal tree bark, The Potential of

Making soap made
of Bangkal tree bark Bangkal Tree
Lye,
(Nauclea orientalis)
Bark as Soap

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined in order to present more concrete ideas about some technical
terms in the study.

Bangkal Tree. It is medium-sized evergreen tree growing up to 10-15m with a diameter of up to

40cm. This is one of the variable of the study.

Soap. It is a substance used for cleaning and washing used by humans. This will be the product
made by the researchers.

Bark. It is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants. This is the material that will be
made into soap.

Lye. It is the alkaline liquor obtained by leeching wood ashes into water, commonly used for
washing and in soapmaking. This is one of the variable of the study.

Saponification. It is the process of making soap.

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