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Session 3 FP

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22 views17 pages

Session 3 FP

Uploaded by

Abdelhamid Benallel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Session – 3

Electronics fundamentals
• Semiconductors
• PN Junction diode
• Zener diode
• Transistor
• Single Stage Amplifier
• Cascade Amplifier
• Feedback Amplifier
• OP Amp
Intrinsic Semiconductor
Extrinsic Semiconductor
N type – Pentavalent + Tetra valent P type – Trivalent + Tetra valent
Comparison between n-type & p-type Semiconductor
p-type semiconductor - Trivalent impurity like Aluminium, Gallium and Indium
n-type semiconductor - Pentavalent impurity like Arsenic, Antimony, Phosphorus, Bismuth
What is meant by doping in semiconductor?
▪ Doping is the process of adding impurities to intrinsic semiconductors to alter their properties.

▪ Normally Trivalent and Pentavalent elements are used to dope with Silicon and Germanium.

▪ When an intrinsic semiconductor is doped with Trivalent impurity it becomes a P-Type


semiconductor. The P stands for Positive, which means the semiconductor is rich in holes or
Positive charged ions.

▪ When an intrinsic material is doped with Pentavalent impurities it becomes a N-Type


semiconductor. The N stands for Negative, which means the semiconductor is rich in electrons or
Negative charged ions.
Semiconductor diodes

▪ When a junction is formed between N-type and P- type


semiconductor materials, the resulting device is called a
diode.

▪ This component offers an extremely low resistance to


current flow in one direction (Forward bias) and an
extremely high resistance to current flow in the other
direction (Reverse Bias).

▪ This characteristic allows the diode to be used in


applications that require a circuit to behave differently
according to the direction of current flowing in it.
Semiconductor diodes
For forward biasing:
A. Anode 3V cathode 7V
B. Anode 5V cathode 3V
C. Anode 7V cathode 10V
Zener diodes

▪ A Zener diode is a silicon semiconductor device that permits


current to flow in either a forward or reverse direction. The
diode consists of a special, heavily doped p-n junction,
designed to conduct in the reverse direction when a certain
specified voltage is reached.

▪ The Zener diode has a well-defined reverse-breakdown


voltage, at which it starts conducting current, and continues
operating continuously in the reverse-bias mode without
getting damaged.

▪ Additionally, the voltage drop across the diode remains


constant over a wide range of voltages, a feature that makes
Zener diodes suitable for use in voltage regulation.
The output is to be maintained at 24 V, while the input varies from 120V to 125V with load current
varying from 0A to 5A. What is the required supply resistance to ensure proper operation of the
Zener regulator circuit?
a. 19 ohms
b. 22 ohms
c. 24 ohms
d. 25 ohms
What is wrong with this circuit?

a. The Zener is shorted.


b. The Zener is open
c. nothing
d. not enough data
Explanation
▪ If the Zener is opened, we have only R1 and R2 resister are in series.
▪ Therefore now we have a battery of 24V , R1 , R2 are all in series.
▪ Apply voltage divider rule and find the voltage across the R2.
▪ It will come nearly 4.8v by doing calculation
i.e. ., Voltage at R2=Vcc*R2/(R1+R2)
▪ =24*2.5*10^3/(10K+2.5K)
=4.8v
▪ This 4.8v is nearly indicated as 4.790 in the voltmeter shown in the diagram
across the 2.5kohm resistor.
▪ This is possible only if the Zener is made as open
In figure The minimum and maximum load currents are

A. 0 and 60 mA
B. 0 and 120 mA
C. 10 mA and 60 mA
D. 10 mA and 120 mA

Explanation
• When RL = ∞, ILmin =Vz/RL=12/infinite = 0,
• When RL = 100 Ω, ILmax =Vz/RL=12/100 =0.12 or 120 mA.

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