CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Akshay saxena of class XII
has completed his Physics project titled
“refraction of different liquids using a
hollow prism” under the guidance of Ms. Urwashi
Kainth for the academic year 2024-25. The
certified student has been dedicated throughout
his research and completed his work before the
given deadline without missing any important
details from the project. It is also certified that
this project is the individual work of the student
and can be submitted for evaluation.
Teacher’s signature
Student’s signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to my physics teacher, Ms Urwashi
Kainth for the invaluable guidance and feedback
provided throughout this project. Ma'am's vast
knowledge and encouragement have been
instrumental.
I would also like to thank our principal, Ms.
Surabhi Dua for enabling access to resources
that made this project possible.
I am deeply thankful to my parents for their
constant support and motivation. This project
would not have been achievable without them.
Index
S.No.: TOPIC PAGE Teacher’s
NO. Signature
1. AIM 1
2. APPARATUS 2
REQUIRED
3. THEORY 3
4. DIAGRAM 4
5. CONSTRUCTION 5
6. WORKING 6-7
7. APPLICATION 8
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
AIM
TO REFRACT DIFFERENT LIQUIDS USING A
HOLLOW PRISM
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1. OVERHEAD PROJECTOR
SHEET
2. GLUE
3. CARDBOARD
4. THERMOCOL
5. COLOUR PAPER
6. PEN CAP
7. SMALL PIECE OF WOOD
8. LASER TORCH
9. GRAPH PAPER
10. HOLLOW PRISM
11. SOME TYPE OF LIQUID
THEORY
THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE INCIDENT RAY AND
THE REFLECTED RAY IS CALLED AS ANGLE OF
DEVIATION
THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION PRODUCED BY A
PRISM DEPENDS ON (I) ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, (II)
ANGLE OF PRISM AND (iii) MATERIAL OF PRISM.
IF WE INCREASE THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE, THE
ANGLE OF DEVIATION FIRST DECREASES ,
ATTAINS A MINIMUM VALUE AND THEN AGAIN
STARTS INCREASES. WHEN THE ANGLE OF
DEVIATION IS MINIMUM, THE PRISM IS SAID TO BE
MINIMUM DEVIATION POSITION. IN THIS POSITION
THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE IS EQUAL TO THE
ANGLE TO EMERGENCE AND THE REFRACTED
RAY IS PARALLEL TO THE BASE OF THE PRISM
IF THE ANGLE OF MINIMUM DEVIATION FOR A
PRISM OF ANGLE A, THEN THE REFRACTED INDEX
OF THE MATERIAL OF THE PRISM
DIAGRAM
Construction
Take overhead projector sheet of size 3in x 8in,
fold equally into four parts. Separate the pieces
of ohp and paste it on the base in form of prism.
Take a separate cardboard then paste the graph
paper on it then place it on the base. Use the pen
cap and wooden piece in such a way that the
laser is able to rotate.
Now label all the parts of the model.
Working
Application
1. Identify minerals, ores, specimen fragments
etc.
2. Microscopically study solids by dispersion,
focal masking and double variation
refractometry techniques with dispersion
liquids.
3. Identify salts precipitated from body fluids
4. Couple optical elements with liquids
formulated for refractive index and viscosity.
5. Obtain unique optical properties of hollow
lenses by filling with index of refraction liquids.
6. Photograph flow patterns by filling test
system.
Indentify particles and particulates from air or
water.
Bibliography
● Physics NCERT class XII
● Physics Teacher - Ms. Urwashi Kainth
● Youtube
● Wikipedia
● Search Engine
