UNIT – III

Data Interpretation
Types:
▪ Table Charts
▪ Line Charts
▪ Bar Charts
▪ Pie Charts

▪ Table Charts
Study the following table and answer the questions based on it.
▪ Expenditures of a Company (in Lakh Rupees) per Annum Over the given Years.
Item of Expenditure
Year
Salary Fuel and Transport Bonus Interest on Loans Taxes
1998 288 98 3.00 23.4 83
1999 342 112 2.52 32.5 108
2000 324 101 3.84 41.6 74
2001 336 133 3.68 36.4 88
2002 420 142 3.96 49.4 98

1.What is the average amount of interest per year which the company had to pay during this
period?

Rs. 32.43 lakhs

Rs. 33.72 lakhs
Rs. 34.18 lakhs
Rs. 36.66 lakhs

2.The total amount of bonus paid by the company during the given period is
approximately what percent of the total amount of salary paid during this period?
0.1%
0.5%
1%
1.25%

3.Total expenditure on all these items in 1998 was approximately what percent of the
total expenditure in 2002?
62%
66%
69%
71%

4.The total expenditure of the company over these items during the year 2000 is?
 Rs. 544.44 lakhs
Rs 501.11 lakhs
Rs. 446.46 lakhs
Rs. 478.87 lakhs
2. The following table gives the percentage of marks obtained by seven students in six
different subjects in an examination.
The Numbers in the Brackets give the Maximum Marks in Each Subject.
Subject (Max. Marks)
Student Maths Chemistry Physics Geography History Computer Science
(150) (130) (120) (100) (60) (40)
Ayush 90 50 90 60 70 80
Aman 100 80 80 40 80 70
Sajal 90 60 70 70 90 70
Rohit 80 65 80 80 60 60
Muskan 80 65 85 95 50 90
Tanvi 70 75 65 85 40 60
Tarun 65 35 50 77 80 80

1.What are the average marks obtained by all the seven students in Physics? (rounded
off to two digit after decimal)
77.26
89.14
91.37
96.11

2.The number of students who obtained 60% and above marks in all subjects is?
1
2
3
None

3.What was the aggregate of marks obtained by Sajal in all the six subjects?
409
419
429
449

4.In which subject is the overall percentage the best?

Maths
Chemistry
Physics
History
5.What is the overall percentage of Tarun?
52.5%
55%
60%
63%
▪ Line Charts
1. The following line graph gives the ratio of the amounts of imports by a company to
the amount of exports from that company over the period from 1995 to 2001.
Ratio of Value of Imports to Exports by a Company Over the Years.

1.If the imports in 1998 was Rs. 250 crores and the total exports in the years 1998 and
1999 together was Rs. 500 crores, then the imports in 1999 was ?
Rs. 250 crores
Rs. 300 crores
Rs. 357 crores
Rs. 420 crores

2.The imports were minimum proportionate to the exports of the company in the year ?
1995
1996
1997
2000

3.What was the percentage increase in imports from 1997 to 1998 ?

72
56
28
Data inadequate

4.If the imports of the company in 1996 was Rs. 272 crores, the exports from the
company in 1996 was ?
▪ Rs. 370 crores
▪ Rs. 320 crores
▪ Rs. 280 crores
▪ Rs. 275 crores

5.In how many of the given years were the exports more than the imports ?
▪ 1
▪ 2
▪ 3
▪ 4
2.The following line graph gives the percentage of the number of candidates who
qualified an examination out of the total number of candidates who appeared for the
examination over a period of seven years from 1994 to 2000.
Percentage of Candidates Qualified to Appeared in an Examination Over the Years

1.The difference between the percentage of candidates qualified to appeared was

maximum in which of the following pairs of years?
▪ 1994 and 1995
▪ 1997 and 1998
▪ 1998 and 1999
▪ 1999 and 2000

2.In which pair of years was the number of candidates qualified, the same?
▪ 1995 and 1997
▪ 1995 and 2000
▪ 1998 and 1999
▪ Data inadequate

3.If the number of candidates qualified in 1998 was 21200, what was the number of
candidates appeared in 1998?
▪ 32000
▪ 28500
▪ 26500
▪ 25000
 4.If the total number of candidates appeared in 1996 and 1997 together was 47400, then
the total number of candidates qualified in these two years together was?
▪ 34700
▪ 32100
▪ 31500
▪ Data inadequate
▪

5.The total number of candidates qualified in 1999 and 2000 together was 33500 and the
number of candidates appeared in 1999 was 26500. What was the number of candidates in
2000?

▪ 24500
▪ 22000
▪ 20500
▪ 19000
▪

▪ Bar Charts
▪ The bar graph given below shows the percentage distribution of the total
expenditures of a company under various expense heads during 2003.
▪ Percentage Distribution of Total Expenditure of a Company

1.The total amount of expenditures of the company is how many times of expenditure
on research and development?
▪ 27
▪ 20
▪ 18
▪ 8
▪
 2.If the expenditure on advertisement is 2.10 crores then the difference between the
expenditure on transport and taxes is?

▪ Rs. 1.25 crores

▪ Rs. 95 lakhs
▪ Rs. 65 lakhs
▪ Rs. 35 lakhs

3.What is the ratio of the total expenditure on infrastructure and transport to the total
expenditure on taxes and interest on loans?
▪ 5:4
▪ 8:7
▪ 9:7
▪ 13:11

4.If the interest on loans amounted to Rs. 2.45 crores then the total amount of
expenditure on advertisement, taxes and research and development is?
▪ Rs. 7 crores
▪ Rs. 5.4 crores
▪ Rs. 4.2 crores
▪ Rs. 3 crores

5.The expenditure on the interest on loans is by what percent more than the expenditure
on transport?
▪ 5%
▪ 10%
▪ 20%
▪ 40%

2.Study the following bar chart and answer the questions carefully.
▪ Sales Turnover of 5 Companies (in Rs. crores)

1.What is the percentage change in the overall sales turnover of the five companies
together between 2001 - 2002 and 2002 - 2003 ?
17.21 %
14.68 %
12.67 %
21.24 %

2.What is the absolute change in overall sales turnover of the five companies together
between 2001 - 2002 and 2002 - 2003 ?

712.43

142.48
683.53
None of these

3.Which of the companies shows the maximum percentage difference in sales turnover
between the two years ?
Honda
GM
Hyundai
Maruti

4.What should have been the sales turnover of GM in 2002 - 2003 to have shown an
excess of the same quantum over 2001 - 2002 as shown by the sales turnover of
Maruti ?
953.76
963.76
952.76
962.76

5.What is the approximate difference between the average sales turnover of all the
companies put together between the years 2001 - 2002 and 2002 - 2003 ?
133.45
142.48
117.6
None of these
▪ Pie Charts
1. The circle-graph given here shows the spendings of a country on various sports
during a particular year. Study the graph carefully and answer the questions given
below it.

1.What percent of total spending is spent on Tennis?

 25%
12.5%
45%

2.How much percent more is spent on Hockey than that on Golf?

27%

35%
37.5%

75%

3.If the total amount spent on sports during the year be Rs. 1,80,00,000 , the amount
spent on Basketball exceeds on Tennis by:
Rs. 2,50,000
Rs. 3,60,000
Rs. 3,75,000
Rs. 4,10,000

4.How much percent less is spent on Football than that on Cricket?

▪ 22 2/9
▪ 27%
▪ 33 1/3 %
▪

▪ 37 1/7%
5.If the total amount spent on sports during the year was Rs. 2 crores, the amount
spent on Cricket and Hockey together was:
▪ Rs. 8,00,000
▪ Rs. 80,00,000
▪ Rs. 1,20,00,000
▪ Rs. 1,60,00,000
2.Study the following graph and the table and answer the questions given below.
▪ Data of different states regarding population of states in the year 1998

▪
▪ Total population of the given States = 3276000.
States Sex and Literacy wise Population Ratio
 Sex Literacy
M F Literate Illiterate
A.P 5 3 2 7
M.P 3 1 1 4
Delhi 2 3 2 1
Goa 3 5 3 2
Bihar 3 4 4 1
U.P. 3 2 7 2
T.N. 3 4 9 4

1.What will be the percentage of total number of males in U.P., M.P. and Goa together
to the total population of all the given states?
25%
27.5%
28.5%
31.5%

2.What was the total number of illiterate people in A.P. and M.P. in 1998?
876040
932170
981550
1161160

3.What is the ratio of the number of females in T.N. to the number of females in Delhi?
7:5

9:7

13 : 11

15 : 14

4..What was the number of males in U.P. in the year 1998?

254650
294840
321470
341200

5.If in the year 1998, there was an increase of 10% in the population of U.P. and 12% in
the population of M.P. compared to the previous year, then what was the ratio of
populations of U.P. and M.P. in 1997?
42 : 55
48 : 55
 7 : 11
4:5

ALLEGATION AND MIXTURE

1. Alligation: It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients
at the given price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
2. Mean Price: The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
Rule of Alligation: If two ingredients are mixed, then

price of the unit quantity of the mixture, called the Mean Price is given then,

Here 'd' is the cost of dearer ingredient, 'm' is mean price and 'c' is the cost of cheaper
ingredient.

1. Suppose, a container contains 'x' units of a liquid from which 'y' units are taken out
and replaced by water. After 'n' operations quantity of
 1. From a vessel of 20 liters of pure milk, 1 liter is taken out and replaced with water, so
as to keep the volume constant at 20 liters. This process is repeated 5 times. Find the
percentage of pure milk left in the vessel after 5 replacements.
2. A dishonest shopkeeper mixed cheaper quality rice, priced at Rs. 10 / KG with good
quality rice, priced at Rs. 25 / KG, and sold the mixture at Rs. 15 / KG. Find the ratio
in which he mixes the two qualities of rice.
3. A grocer mixes two varieties of rice costing $15 per kg and $20 per kg in the ratio
2:3. What is the price per kg of the resulting mixture?
4. A vessel contains 60 liters of milk. 12 liters of milk are taken out and replaced with
water. If this process is repeated once more, how much milk is now in the vessel?
5. .How much water must be added to 40 liters of a 20% alcohol solution to make it a
10% alcohol solution?
6. A 20-liter mixture contains milk and water in the ratio 3:1. How much water must be
added to make the ratio 1:1?

Practice Questions on Alligation or Mixture

1. A shopkeeper mixes two varieties of rice costing ₹50/kg and ₹40/kg. In what ratio should
they be mixed to get a mixture worth ₹44/kg?
2. 20 liters of a 40% alcohol solution is mixed with x liters of 80% alcohol solution to get a
50% alcohol solution. Find x.
3. Tea worth ₹300/kg mixed with tea worth ₹180/kg in the ratio 2:3. What is the price of the
mixture per kg?
4. If 6 liters of water is added to 24 liters of milk costing ₹40/liter, what is the cost per liter of
the mixture?
5. Two alloys A and B contain gold and copper in ratios 3:2 and 4:5 respectively. In what
ratio should they be mixed to get an alloy containing gold and copper in ratio 7:5?
6. A vessel contains a mixture of milk and water in ratio 4:1. If 10 liters of water is added, the
ratio becomes 4:3. Find the initial quantity of mixture.
7. A trader mixes three varieties of pulses costing ₹60/kg, ₹75/kg, and ₹90/kg to get a
mixture worth ₹72/kg. If quantities of first two varieties are equal, find the ratio of mixture.
8. In what ratio should sugar solutions of 20% and 50% be mixed to get a 40% solution?
9. A milk vendor has two varieties of milk with fat content 4% and 8%. How many liters of
each should be mixed to get 50 liters of milk with 5% fat content?
10. A jar contains a mixture of acid and water in ratio 2:3. When 5 liters of water is added,
the ratio becomes 2:4. Find the initial quantity of acid in the mixture.

TIME AND WORK

Work from Days:
If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s one day work = 1/n.

Days from work:

If A’s one day work = 1/n, then A can finish the work in n days

Work Done by A and B

A and B can do a piece of work in ‘a’ days and ‘b’ days respectively.
When working together they will take (a+b)/ab days to finish the work
In one day, they will finish ab / (a+b) part of work.

Ratio:
If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
Ratio of work done by A and B = 3: 1.
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1: 3

Efficiency:
Efficiency is inversely proportional to the
Time taken when the amount of work done is constant.
Efficiency α = 1/Time taken
Chain Rule
If M1 men can complete a work W1 in D1 days and M2 men can complete a work W2 in
D2 days then
M 1 D1 M 2 D 2
=
W1 W2
If Time required by Both M1 and M2 is T1 and T2 respectively, then relation is
M 1 D1 T 1 M 2 D 2T 2
=
W1 W2

Problems

1. In a factory, 20 people can make 20 toys in 15 days working 10 hours per day. Then,
in how many days can 25 persons make 30 toys working 20 hr per day?
2. If 15 men working 8 hours a day can finish a work in 10 days, how many days will it
take for 12 men working 10 hours a day to finish the same work?
3. A can do a bit of work in 8 days, which B alone can do in 10 days in how long . In
how long both cooperating can do it?
4. If 6 men can complete a work in 12 days, how many men are needed to complete the
same work in 3 days?
5. A and B together can dive a trench in 12 days, which an alone can dive in 30 days. In
how long B alone can burrow it?
6. A can do a work in 4 days, B can do it in 5 days and C can do it in 10 days. A, B and
C together can take the necessary steps in
7. A can do a bit of work in 25 days which B can complete in 20 days. Both together
labor for 5 days and afterward A leaves off. How long will B take to complete the
remaining work?
8. A and B can do a bit of work in 12 days. B and C can do it in 15 days while C and A
can do it in 20 days. In how long will they complete it cooperating? Additionally, in
how long can A alone do it?
9. A can fabricate a divider in 30 days , while B alone can assemble it in 40 days, If they
construct it together and get an installment of RS. 7000, what B's offer?
10. A and B together can finish a work in 3 days. They begin together. In any case,
following 2 days, B left the work. In the event that the work is finished following 2
more days, B alone could take every necessary step in
 11. A and B can finish a bit of work in 12 days and 18 days separately. A starts to take
every necessary step and they work on the other hand each one in turn for one day
each. The entire work will be finished in
12. A men, a ladies and a kid can together finish a bit of work in 3 days. In the event that
a men alone can do it in 6 days and a kid alone in 18 days, to what extent will a ladies
take to finish the work?
13. 4 men and 6 ladies complete an occupation in 8 days while 3 men and 7 ladies
complete it in 10 days. 10 ladies cooperating will complete it in
14. A and B can do a job together in 7 days. A is 1 (3/4) times as efficient as B. The same
job can be done by A alone in
15. A and B can do a piece of work in 4 days, while C and D can do the same work in 12
days. In how many days will A, B, C and D do it together?

PIPES AND CISTERNS

A pipe is connected to a tank or cistern to fill or empty the tank or cistern.
Inlet: A pipe which is connected to fill a tank is known as an inlet.
Outlet: A pipe which is connected to empty a tank is known as an outlet.
Formula:
1. If pipe can fill a tank in x hours , then part filled in one hour = 1/x.
2. If pipe can empty a tank in y hours , then part emptied in one hour = 1/y.
3. If pipe A can fill a tank in x hours, Pipe B can empty the full tank in y hours
(where y > x). Then, on opening both the pipes, the net part filled in one
1 1
hour= −
X Y
4. If pipe A can fill a tank in x hours. Pipe B can empty the full tank in y hours
(where x > y). Then, on opening both the pipes, the net part filled in one hour=
1 1
−
Y X
5. If pipe A can empty a tank in X hours. Pipe B can empty the same tank in Y
hours. Then part of the tank emptied in one hour when both the pipes start
1 1
working together = +
X Y

Problems:

1. Two pipes M and N can fill a tank in 20 hours and 30 hours respectively. If both pipes
are opened together, then how much time it will take to fill the tank?
2. A pipe can fill a tank in 40 hours. Due to a leak in the bottom, the tank is getting filled
in 60 hours. In how much time the tank would be empty if leak is working alone?
3. Two pipes A and B fill a tank in 30 minutes and 60 minutes respectively. A pipe C at
the bottom can empty the tank in 120 minutes. If all three pipes were open
simultaneously, how long does it take to fill the empty tank?
4. Two filling pipes M and N can fill a tank in 20 hours and 60 hours respectively. There
is an outlet P also. If all the pipes are opened together, then tank is full in 40 hours.
How much time would be taken by P to empty the full tank if working alone?
5. Pipes M and N can fill a tank in 60 minutes and 30 minutes respectively. Pipe P drains
24 litres of water in a minute. If all of them are kept open when the tank is full, the
tank gets emptied in 60 minutes. How much water can the tank hold?
6. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a cistern in 12 hours. After working at it for 6 hours,
C is closed and A and B can fill it in 10 hours more. How many hours will C alone
take to fill the cistern?
7. If two pipes work simultaneously, the tank gets filled in 24 hours. One pipe takes 20
hours longer than the other. How many hours does faster pipe takes to fill the tank
working alone?
8. Pipe M and N running together can fill a cistern in 6 minutes. If M takes 5 minutes
less than N to fill the cistern, then the time in which N alone can fill the cistern will be
9. A cistern normally takes 10 hours to be filled by a tap but because of one open outlet
pipe, it takes 5 hours more. In how many hours will the outlet pipe will empty a full
cistern?
10. A cistern filled in 20 hours by three pipes A, B and C. The pipe C is twice as fast as B
and B is thrice as fast as A. How much time will pipe A alone take to fill the tank?
11. A tank has a leak which would empty it in 10 hours, a tap is turned on which admits 4
litre a minute into the tank and now it emptied in 12 hours. The capacity of the tank is
12. Three taps P,Q and R can fill a tank in 10,20 and 30hours respectively. If P is open all
the time and Q and R are open for one hour each alternately, then the tank will be full
in
13. Two taps M and N can separately fill a cistern in 30 and 20 minutes respectively.
They started to fill a cistern together but tap A is turned off after few minutes and tap
B fills the rest part of cistern in 5 minutes. After how many minutes was tap M
turned-off ?