SHS

Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Methods of Philosophizing
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
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 SHS
Introduction to
the Philosophy of
the Human Person
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing

1
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 12 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by educators

both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the
learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal,
social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and
circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their
own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they
do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 12 Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Methods of Philosophizing!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish.
Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and
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and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will enable to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in
the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of

the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or
skill into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of
the lesson learned. This also tends retention
of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.
At the end of the module, you will also find:

References: This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Do not forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to
consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
 What I Need to Know

This module covers the nature of truth and the characteristics of an opinion. It
highlights the importance of distinguishing or contrasting these two. Since statements could
contain truthfulness, fallacies, biases, assumptions, and opinions, one must refer to the
methods of philosophy to differentiate truth from opinion. Following philosophy methods
would require one to exude the qualities of critical thinking skills, creative reasoning, and
logical thinking. Practicing these methods will pave the way to man’s better understanding of
life. Topics in this module include the difference between truth from opinion, theories of truth,
methods of philosophy, and fallacies.

This module is divided into two lessons:

Lesson 1: Discerning Truth and Opinion
Lesson 2: Methods of Philosophizing

At the end of the module, the learner will be able to:

1. distinguish opinion from truth;
2. analyze the description of truth and opinion;
3. realize that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and truth; and
4. evaluate truth from opinion in different situations using the methods of
philosophizing.
Lesson
Discerning Truth and
1 Opinion

This lesson will help us better understand the difference between truth and opinion.
It will guide us in interpreting reality through the knowledge that we acquire from opinions
and facts. Knowing the difference between truth and opinion helps students make sense of
information. Outside of reading and writing, students will come to recognize the truth and
opinions in their language. Hopefully, their choice of words will become more accurate when
describing emotions or experiences as they grasp the nuanced nature of facts and opinions.

What’s In

To begin this lesson, you have to explain first the philosophy of Aristotle about
knowledge with a realistic situation or scenario.

“It is through the senses that we begin to

gain knowledge.”
Aristotle 384-322 BC

https://www.ancient.eu/aristotle/

How will you explain Aristotle’s principle on knowledge?

_ _
_
_
_

RUBRIC

Presented an Explanation Presented a Situation Presented Explanation

and Situation
5 Points 5 Points 10 Points

Very nice! You are now starting to philosophize!

 What’s New

Activity 1 Let’s ponder! Truth or Opinion?

Identify the following statements whether it is a TRUTH or an OPINION. Write A if
the statement is based on TRUTH and B if the statement is an OPINION.
1. Davao City is a first-class, highly urbanized city in the island of Mindanao.
2. I guess Tagum City is the largest city in the Philippines in terms of land area.
3. I believe that Senior High School students have the right to education,
liberty, and happiness.
4. The K to 12 Program covers Kindergarten and twelve years of basic education
5. The social media declares, President Benigno Aquino III has approved
Republic Act 10533 signing into law the K to 12 Program on May 15, 2013.
6. The Department of Education, through DepEd Order No 31 series of 2012,
enjoined all public and private schools to find creative and innovative ways to
implement the K to 12 Basic Education Program.
7. The academic track of the K to 12 Curriculum is comprised of Humanities and
Social Sciences, General Academic Strand, Accountancy, Business, and
Management, and Science and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.

8. I hope that the K to 12 curriculum will improve Filipino students’ mathematical,

scientific, linguistic, interpersonal skills and competence.
9. Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the 16th President of the Republic of the Philippines.
10. I think several people who are living in Davao City are intelligent and diligent.
 What is It

In today’s digital world, information is everywhere. From the moment we wake up, we
face different kinds of news from various sources. Information may primarily come from
social media sources or even from our friends, family, and our very own community. The
challenge is for us to effectively filter and sort news and stories that are truthful from mere
opinion or hearsays.
One must be analytical and logical in his approach to all kinds of information and
even in real-life situations. To do this, one must possess critical thinking skills, coherent
reasoning, and logical thinking when philosophizing.
Critical thinking is the best possible way of determining which statements are based
on truth and which statements are based on opinion.
 Before we discuss truth, it is important to clarify knowledge, facts, and claim, since
it is through knowing that we can determine what is true or false.
Source of
Example
Truth Description
1. I know that the Kadayawan Festival
clear awareness and is celebrated every month of
understanding of something that August.
is based on reality. It simply
Knowledge 2. I know why education is necessary
means that what we know is
for future employment.
what is observable or evident in
the real world. 3. I know how to cook my favorite
viand.
propositions or statements which 1. The planet earth is round.
are observed to be real, truthful,
Facts actual, and certain. It is 2. Your heart pumps blood through
something that has occurred or your body.
has been proven correct.

statement that is not evidently or

immediately known to be true.
This implies that any claim can
be proven by verification and Examples of Claim are presented
Claim
experimentation. It can either be according to its forms below.
factual or judgment. We make
claims when stating our opinions
or sharing facts with others.

Forms of Claim
Claim Description Example
1. Social distancing is important
during the corona virus pandemic.
Claim of Fact Something that has existed, and
will exist. 2. Cancer is a common disease, but
it is not contagious.

Claim of 1. The chess game is boring.

Asserts judgment whether it is
Value good or bad, more or less. 2. Smoking is unhealthy.
1. We should respect our dear
Claim of parents.
Something that should be or
Policy should not be done. 2. You must obey rules and
regulations.

How do we know if something is true?

A statement is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of senses,

according to Aristotle.
Some students stayed inside the library.
I have seen them myself.
A statement is true if it is based on facts.
I am Filipino by birth. It shows in my birth certificate.

A statement is true if it is based on a consensus or having people agree on a

common belief.
Christians celebrate New Year every 1st day of January.
It is a common belief based on Christian culture.

A statement is true if it is based on proof through action.

How will you prove that you can play volleyball?
The obvious answer is to play it.

Philosopher’s Notion on Truth

1. Plato Truth is objective, which our reason apprehends.

2. St. Thomas Truth is the conformity of the intellect and things.

Aquinas

3. George Hegel Truth is its self-movement within itself.

4. Immanuel Kant Truth consists in the agreement of mind and rationality

with its object.

5. Soren Kierkegaard Truth agrees on mathematics, science, and history.

Distinguishing Truth from Opinion

Truth is… Opinion is…

 Actuality of events  Personal View or Thought

The 16th President of the Republic of the Rodrigo Roa Duterte is a diligent and
Philippines is Rodrigo Roa Duterte. patriotic President.

 Statement that can be verified with  Statement that cannot be proven

evidence can be proven, seen or
observed

Mt. Apo is the highest mountain in the Mt. Apo is the best mountain for trekking.
Philippines.
 Based on facts, events, and happenings  Based on someone’s thoughts, feelings
and understanding

The Republic of the Philippines is a Boracay, which is one of the islands in the
sovereign state in archipelagic Southeast Philippines, has the best white-sand
Asia, with 7,641 islands. beaches in the world.

 It tells on specific information about a  It tells what someone thinks

person, place or thing
 The city of Davao is located in Region XI. I think Davao City has a lot of economic
opportunities.

 Can be checked through experiment  It tells what someone feels.

and observation

Android phones are Samsung, Huawei, People using android phones are prone to
Oppo, Vivo, and Realme. severe radiation.
 Often contains numbers, dates or ages  It tells what someone believes

Philippine Independence Day is Some people believe that our country has
celebrated every 12th day of June. not yet achieved its independence.

What’s More

Activity 2 Supply Me!

I. In every truth presented in Column A, provide an opinion about it in Column B.
A B
TRUTH OPINION

Classes in the public schools will start on

October 5, 2020.

Philosophy is one of the subjects in the Grade

12 Senior High School Curriculum.

Modular delivery mode is one of the learning

modalities in Davao City.

Sara Duterte-Carpio is currently the Mayor of

Davao City.

Durian is widely known as the “King of Fruits”

and is very abundant in Davao Region.

II. In every opinion presented in Column A, provide a reliable truth about it in Column B.
A B
OPINION TRUTH

To live peacefully, we must obey the laws

imposed by our government.
I believe that our government is working hard
to secure our health from the pandemic.

Our educational system will not be derailed by

the pandemic that we are facing now.

I believe that eating vegetables and fruits will

make my body healthy and strong.

We should observe social distancing and wear

face masks and face shields in public areas.

Criteria

4 Points - The answer is clear, relevant and complete

3 Points - The answer is clear, relevant yet incomplete
2 Points - The answer is clear yet irrelevant and incomplete
1 Point - The answer is not clear, irrelevant and incomplete

What is It

Having the ability to discern truths and opinions can further improve our
understanding and appreciation of differing views and ideas. Differentiating them requires a
holistic perspective and enables us to choose acceptable ideas and make wiser decisions.
This view can make a man understand the world and life better.
A philosophical or reflective mind allows us to form the view that can guide us in
making wiser decisions when faced with life’s difficulties. Since everyone has every right to
his point of view, we have to form ours too. Philosophy is a valuable tool to help us
determine truthful and acceptable ideas essential in building a better and wiser way of
looking at life.

Evaluating Opinion

Opinions play a particular role in our lives. They motivate us to investigate further in
search of the truth. However, it is harmful to accept opinions as they are; without assessing
and considering its truthfulness. Critical thinking must be employed in this undertaking.
 5 helpful tips to guide us better to evaluate an opinion

1. Source – The first thing to consider when evaluating and assessing an opinion is knowing
the origin of the material. Some sources are more credible than others. Knowing where
the information came from will help us determine the accuracy, correctness, and
soundness of information.

I am very happy today because I receive the diploma from my alma mater citing that I
have finished my senior high school.

2. Reliability - Credibility is also required when checking the accuracy of the person giving
the opinion. Consider the reputation and the expertise of the person about the topic.

Department of Education Secretary Briones motivated the students to continue their

studies even through alternative delivery modes such as modular learning.

3. Purpose – Identify the main reason why the opinion is given. Evaluate if it is intended to
inform or persuade. Consider reason and evidence in doing this step.

I will do my best in answering the activities in this module for the reason that it is one
way of becoming an active learner even during this time of pandemic.

4. Bias – prejudice in favor of or against one person, thing or group compared with another,
usually in a way considered to be unfair.

I love Philosophy subject, however, I got a high grade in Oral Communication so I

began to love Oral Communication than Philosophy.

5. Assumption – ideas that one accepts as facts but makes no effort to prove it. A thing that
is accepted as true or as certain to happen without proof.

I am anticipating that the pandemic that we are experiencing now will be over anytime
in November 2020.

What’s More

Activity 3 What an opinion!

Identify the following statements according to the forms of opinion. Choose the letter
of the correct answer from the choices inside the box. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

A. source / reliability C. bias

B. purpose D. assumption

1. Lebron James of the Los Angeles Lakers is confident of winning in the NBA
Finals’ championship game.
 2. Secretary Briones, of the Department of Education, announced that classes in
public schools will start on October 5, 2020.
3. Students must answer the activities in all modules to enhance their knowledge
and skills.
4. I will wash my hands with soap regularly because I am using my hands in eating
and feeding my younger siblings at home.
5. It makes me sick watching love story movies since it will just remind me of my
past. Instead, I prefer to watch adventure movies.
6. The school head instructed her teachers and staff to wear the prescribed school
uniform as mandated by the school law.
7. My classmate prefers to indulge in the online delivery mode of learning instead
of the modular delivery mode.
8. Budget Secretary Avisado quoted President Duterte’s statement that Philippines
will pay for the vaccines made available to the Filipinos by Russia and China.
9. I love watching the various shows in GMA network than the shows in ABS-CBN.
10. Malacañang Palace announced that areas under GCQ are Batangas City, Iloilo
City, and Cebu City, and the rest of the cities will be under the Modified General
Community Quarantine.

What I have learned

Activity 4 Let’s Try This!

Instructions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
1. Knowledge is a clear awareness and understanding of something that is
based on _.
2. Aristotle asserted that it is through the that we begin to gain
knowledge.
3. A claim is not evidently or immediately known to be true, and this implies
that any claim can be proven by __ _ and experimentation.
4. According to Plato, “Truth is objective which our _ apprehends.”
5. According to Immanuel Kant, “Truth consists in the agreement of mind and
with its object.”
 6. _ is the best possible way of determining which statements are based
on truth and which are based on opinion.
7. Opinion tells what someone thinks, feels, and believes, while the truth is a
statement that can be verified with .
8. Assumptions are ideas that one accepts as facts but makes no effort to
it.
9. The first thing to consider when evaluating and assessing an opinion is to
know the _ of the material.
10. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, “Truth is the conformity of the _
and things”.

Lesson
Methods of Philosophizing
2

What I Need to Know

Welcome to the second lesson of this module. At the end of this lesson, you will be
able to:

1. evaluate truth from opinion in different situations using the methods of

philosophizing;
2. discuss the methods of philosophizing; and
3. recognize fallacies and biases in statements.
 What’s In

Activity 5 Let’s Review!

Directions: Compare TRUTH and OPINION according to meaning, basis, and example.

Basis for Comparison Truth Opinion

Meaning / Description

Basis

Realistic Example
Activity 6 Am I correct or wrong?
SCORING RUBRIC
5 Points  Clear description, relevant basis, relevant example
3 Points  Clear description, relevant basis, irrelevant example
1 Point  Clear description, irrelevant basis, irrelevant example

What’s New

Observe the truthfulness and falseness of this argument.

Annoying customers are a headache.

Aspirin can take away headache.
Therefore, aspirin can take away annoying customers.

1. Is the argument correct or wrong? Why?

2. Which among the statements is true?

3. Which among the statements is false?

 What is It

This lesson will tackle different ways of doing philosophy or philosophizing. To

philosophize is to think reflectively and philosophically. Learning to philosophize means
learning to evaluate arguments and sort truths from opinions. These methods of
philosophizing will guide man in his quest for wisdom.

Philosophizing:
 to think or express in a philosophical manner
 discusses an issue or topic from a philosophical standpoint
 to reason out, conceptualize, grasp mentally, intellectualize

Methods of Philosophizing
Types of Characteristics Proponents
Philosophy
1. Edmund Husserl – Father of
Method of philosophy which Phenomenology
espouses the idea that reality Truth is dependent on the human mind,
Phenomenology is made up of events which has consciousness faculty.
perceived and understood by
human consciousness 2. Immanuel Kant – German Philosopher
Phenomenology is relevant to our
experiences.
Truth is a by-product of
rational choice. Man is 1. Jean Paul Sartre – French Philosopher
viewed as a free agent and is Existence precedes Essences
capable of making choices. It is by existing and acting a certain way do we
Existentialism Just like phenomenology, give meaning to our lives with freedom
existentialism believes in the
subjectivity of truth since man 2. Soren Kierkegaard – Father of
has the free will (freedom) to Existentialism
decide his reality. Each person is solely responsible for giving
meaning to life with passion and sincerity.

1. Aristotle – Father of Logic

Study of correct thinking Logic aims to investigate, classify,
which focuses on the analysis and evaluate good and bad forms of
of arguments. reasoning.

It requires reasoning and 2. Parmenides – Ancient Philosopher

Logic and critical thinking in analyzing Advocated logos as the means to Truth.
Critical Thinking and evaluating an idea.
In making rational choices, 3. Thales – Ancient Philosopher
we first suspend beliefs and Used deductive reasoning in geometry.
judgment until all facts have
been gathered and 4. Immanuel Kant – German Philosopher
considered. Debated the attainment of truth by asking
“What can we know?”
 When evaluating truth from opinion,
one has to be vigilant of fallacies.

 Arguments that are based on faulty and incorrect

reasoning. These are intentional and are
designed to persuade or to convince people.
 Fallacy Characteristics Example

Ad Hominem Attacking the person I will not vote for her no matter how
presenting the argument good she is because she is the
Attack against murderer’s daughter.
person instead of the issue itself.

Ad Pleading for mercy and Please do not take this job from me.
Misericordiam sympathy while disregarding I need this job. I know how this
the issue or point of the pandemic has affected our
Appeal to Pity and question. company. Can’t you see I have a lot
Emotion of mouths to feed?

Ad Populum Presumes that a proposition The majority of the students are

must be true because using Samsung phones. I need to
Appeal to People buy one unit now.
most/many believe it to be
true.
Ad Baculum Threatening a listener on a Since you do not want to lose your
physical or psychological force job during this pandemic time, you
Appeal to Force as a justification for accepting need to work every Sunday with the
the conclusion. same rate and no overtime work
pay.
Ad Verecundiam Making an appeal using A combination of fried rice, bacon,
alleged expert advice that is flavored bread, and fresh milk is the
Appeal to best way to start a day because my
not in proper authority.
misplaced neighbor says that it is what he eats
authority Argument from inappropriate every day for breakfast.
authority

Ad Ignorantiam Asserting a claim that must be No one can prove that the Corona
accepted because no one else Virus will be eliminated.
Appeal to
can prove otherwise. Thus, it cannot be eliminated.
Ignorance

We have to be generous to others.

Fallacy of Sweeping generalizations Therefore, during examinations, we
Accident cause an error in reasoning. have to share our answers with our
seatmates to show that we are
Destroying the
generous.
Exception
 Assuming that what is true of This computer table is made of
Fallacy of a part is also true for the steel, so the whole computer table
Composition whole. must be made of steel.

Assuming that what is true for You come from a clan of politicians
Fallacy of the whole is also true for its and great leaders!
Division parts. I am sure that you can also become
a great politician soon.

Using a word that has the Michael Jordan in a star.

Fallacy of same spelling or sound, but it A star is a ball of gases.
Equivocation has a different meaning. Therefore, Michael Jordan is a ball
of gases.
A statement that infers two People of Columbia are called
interpretations either because Columbians.
Fallacy of Word of the grammatical structure or People of India are called Indians.
Construction a word/phrase can have two Therefore, the people of the
possible meanings, causing Philippines must be Philippians.
the entire statement to be
understood in two different
ways.

Post Hoc Assuming a claim on a cause He met an accident because it is

and effect relationship Friday the 13th.
False Cause between unrelated events.

Petitio Principii An argument fails to prove Why are you standing? Because I
Begging the anything because it somehow am not sitting.
Question takes for granted what it is
supposed to prove.
 What’s More

Activity 7 What a fallacy!

Directions: Determine the types of fallacy that are incurred in the following
statements.

Statements Fallacy

1. “Marry me or if you don’t, I shall see to it that your love

ones will bear my grunt!”
The plural of fungus is fungi. The plural of alumnus is
2. alumni. Therefore, the plural of circus is circi.
What is natural is good. But to commit a mistake is
3. natural. Thus, to commit a mistake is good.
Mr. Willie Revillame, who is a Filipino, is a billionaire.
4. Hence, Filipinos must be rich.
5. “Every girl your age already has a boyfriend, you should
go find one!”
6. “Sleeping with your hair wet can make you blind. That’s
true! That’s what my Grandma said.”
“Your honor, my client, Juanito Sanchez, does not deserve
7. imprisonment. He has three small children that need a
father and a wife who needs a husband.”
8. “Of course, you don’t agree with the death penalty
because you are a Catholic.”
9. “Surely black cats are bad luck. My friend had one, and
shortly after, her house was caught on fire.”
10. “Why are you here? Because I am not there.”
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Davao City Division
Elpidio Quirino Ave., Poblacion District, Davao City, 8000 Davao del Sur
Telefax: (082) 224-3274, (082) 222-1672
E-mail Address: [email protected]