SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“CLOUD & EDGE COMPUTING”

By

Vinal Gahlot

Session 2024-25

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
Jaipur Engineering College & Research Center
Sitapura, Tonk Road Jaipur

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 Chapter Index

S.No TITLE PAGE NO.

Certificate 4

Acknowledgement 5

PREFACE 6

1 INTRODUCTION 7

1.1 About cloud computing 7

1.2 History of Cloud Computing 8

1.3 Types of Cloud Computing 9

1.4 Types of Cloud Services 10

1.5 Cloud Computing Architecture 11

2 GOOGLE CLOUD PLATFORM 15

2.1 Google Cloud Platform 15

2.2 Benefits of Google Cloud 16

Platform
2.3 Features of Google Cloud 17
Platform
2.4 Google Cloud Platform Service 18

3 APP ENGINE 22

3.1 Usage of Google App Engine 22

3.2 Advantages of App Engine 23

3.3 Features of App Engine 24

4 COMPUTE ENGINE 25

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 4.1 Advantages of Compute Engine 25

4.2 Benefits of Compute Engine 26

4.3 Virtual Machine 26

4.4 Set up Virtual Machine Instance 27

4.5 Accessing The VM 30

5 EDGE COMPUTING 31

5.1 Edge and Cloud Computing 31

5.2 Applications of Edge 32

Computing
5.2.1 Smart City 33

6 PROJECT 36

Conclusion 40

Future Scope 41

References 42

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the report of the seminar submitted is the outcome of the seminar work
entitled “Scaling Decentralized finance” carried out by Vinal Gahlot bearing Roll No.:
21EJCEC138 carried under my guidance and supervision for the award of Degree in
Bachelor of Technology of Jaipur Engineering College & Research Centre, Jaipur (Raj.),
India during the academic year 2024-25.
To the best my knowledge the report

i) Embodies the work of the candidate.

ii) Has duly been completed.

iii) Fulfills the requirement of the ordinance relating to the bachelor of technology
degree of the Rajasthan Technical University and
iv) Is up to the desired standard for the purpose of which is submitted.

Guide
Dr. Shweta Sharda

Head of the Department

Dr. Sandeep Vyas

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the Seminar

Work undertaken during B. Tech. Final Year (VII Semester). I owe special
debt of gratitude to my Seminar Coordinator Ms. Shweta Sharda , Assistant
Professor Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
JECRC College, Jaipur for her constant support and guidance throughout
the course of my work. It is only her cognizant efforts that my endeavors
have seen light of the day.
I also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Dr. Sandeep
Vyas, Professor & Head, Department of of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, JECRC College for her full support and assistance. I also do
not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all
faculty members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation.
It is my pleasant duty to express my profound gratitude and extreme regards
and thanks to Mr. Arpit Agarwal, Director and Prof. V.K. Chandna Principal
of JECRC College, Jaipur.
Last but not the least, I acknowledge my friends for their contribution in the
completion of the seminar report.

Signature
Vinal Gahlot

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 PREFACE
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication is the Rajasthan Technical
University course (Approved by AICTE) having duration of 4 years. As a prerequisite
of the syllabus every student on this course has to make a report on seminar lab in
order to complete his studies successfully. And it is required to submit the report on the
completion of it.

The main objective of this report is to create awareness regarding the application of theories
in the practical world of Electronics and Communication and to give a practical exposure of
the real world to the student.

I, therefore, submit this seminar report on “Dark web: The Hidden Threats”, which was
undertaken at JECRC, Jaipur. I feel great pleasure to present this seminar report.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises data
centre. With an on-premises datacenter, we have to manage
everything, such as purchasing and installing hardware, virtualization,
installing the operating system, and any other required applications,
setting up the network, configuring the firewall, and setting up
storage for data. After doing all the set-up, we become responsible for
maintaining it through its entire lifecycle

1.1 ABOUT CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as

servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics,
intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).

Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises data

centre. With an on-premises datacenter, we have to manage
everything, such as purchasing and installing hardware,
virtualization, installing the operating system, and any other required
applications, setting up the network, configuring the firewall, and
setting up storage for data. After doing all the set-up, we become
responsible for maintaining it through its entire lifecycle.

But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible

for the hardware purchase and maintenance. They also provide a
wide variety of software and platform as a service. We can take any
required services on rent. The cloud computing services will be
charged based on usage.

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The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal
that makes handy for the user to manage the compute, storage,
network, and application resources.

1.2 HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server

computing which is basically a centralized storage in which all the
software applications, all the data and all the controls are resided on
the server side.

If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she

need to connect to the server and then gain appropriate access, and
then he/she can do his/her business Then after, distributed computing
came into picture, where all the computers are networked together
and share their resources when needed.

But of course time has passed and the technology caught that
idea and after few years we mentioned that:

In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users

using a simple website. The applications were delivered to
enterprises over the Internet, and this way the dream of
computing sold as utility were true.

In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing

services like storage, computation and even human intelligence.
However, only starting with the launch of the Elastic Compute
Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service open to everybody
existed.
In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise
applications.

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 Of course, all the big players are present in the cloud computing evolution,
some were earlier, some were later. In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows
Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP have all joined the game. This proves
that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.

1.3 TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Figure 1.1 Types of Cloud

Computing

Public Cloud: The cloud resources that are owned and

operated by a third-party cloud service provider are termed as
public clouds. It delivers computing resources such as servers,
software.

Private Cloud: The cloud computing resources that are

exclusively used inside a single business or organization are termed as
a private cloud. A private cloud may physically be located on the
company’s on-site data centre or hosted by a third-party service
provider.

Hybrid Cloud: It is the combination of public and private clouds,

which is bounded together by technology that allows data
applications to be shared between them. Hybrid cloud provides

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flexibility and more deployment options to the business.

1.4 TYPES OF CLOUD SERVICE

Figure 1.2 Types Of Cloud Service

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): In IaaS, we can rent IT

infrastructures like servers virtual machines (VMs), storage,
networks, operating systems from a cloud service vendor. We can
create VM running Windows or Linux and install anything we
want on it. Using IaaS, we don’t need to care about the hardware
or virtualization software, but other than that, we do have to
manage everything else. Using IaaS, we get maximum flexibility,
but still, we need to put more effort into maintenance.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): This service provides an on-

demand environment developing, testing, delivering, and
managing software applications. The developer is responsible
for the application, and the PaaS vendor provides the ability to
deploy and run it.

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 Software as a Service (SaaS): It provides a centrally hosted and
managed software service the end-users. It delivers software over
the internet, on-demand, and typically on a subscription basis.
E.g., Microsoft One Drive, Drop box, Word Press, Office 365,
and Amazon Kindle. SaaS is used to minimize the operational cost
to the maximum extent.

1.5 CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small
and large organizations to store the information in cloud and
access it from anywhere at anytime using the internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-

oriented architecture and event- driven architecture

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

 Front End
 Back End

Figure 1.3 Architecture of Cloud Computing

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 Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces
and applications that are required to access the cloud computing
platforms. The front end includes web servers (including Chrome,
Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile
devices.

 Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the
resources that are required to provide cloud computing services. It
includes a huge amount of data storage, security mechanism,
virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control
mechanisms, etc.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides

GUI (Graphical User Interface) to interact with the cloud.

Application
The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to
access.

Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service

you access according to the client’s requirement. Cloud
computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud

application services. Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through
the web browser means we do not require to download and install
these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below –

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Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco
WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud

platform services. It is quite similar to
SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software
creation, but using SaaS, we can access software over the internet
without the need of any platform.
Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, Open
Shift
iii.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud
infrastructure services. responsible for managing applications data,
middleware, and runtime environments.
Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute
Engine (GCE), Cisco Metapod.
1.5.1. Runtime Cloud Runtime
Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.
1.5.2. Storage
Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It
provides a huge amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and
manage data.
1.5.3. Infrastructure
It provides services on the host level, application level, and network
level. Cloud infrastructure includes hardware and software components
such as servers, storage, network devices, virtualization software, and
other storage resources that are needed to support the cloud computing
model.
1.5.4 Management
Management is used to manage components such as application,
service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security issues
in the backend and establish coordination between them.

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1.5.5. Security
Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It
implements a security mechanism in the back end. 19. Internet The
Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact
and communicate with each other.

1.5.6. Internet
The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can
interact and communicate with each other.

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 CHAPTER-2
GOOGLE CLOUD PLATFORM

Google Cloud is a suite of Cloud Computing services offered by Google. The

platform provides various services like compute, storage, networking, Big
Data, and many more that run on the same infrastructure that Google uses
internally for its end users like Google Search and YouTube.

The services of GCP can be accessed by software developers, cloud

administrators and professionals over the Internet or through a dedicated
network connection.

2.1 GOOGLE CLOUD PLATFORM

Google Cloud Platform is known as one of the leading cloud providers in the
IT field. The services and features can be easily accessed and used by the
software developers and users with little technical knowledge. Google has
been on top amongst its competitors, offering the highly scalable and most
reliable platform for building, testing and deploying the applications in the
real-time environment.

Most companies use data centers because of the availability of cost

forecasting, hardware certainty, and advanced control. However, they lack the
necessary features to run and maintain resources in the data center. GCP, on
the other side, is a fully-featured cloud platform that includes:

• Capacity: Sufficient resources for easy scaling whenever required. Also,

effective management of those resources for optimum performance.

• Security: Multi-level security options to protect resources, such as assets,

network and OS - components.

• Network Infrastructure: Number of physical, logistical, and human-

resource-related components, such as wiring, routers, switches, firewalls, load
balancers, etc.

• Support: Skilled professionals for installation, maintenance, and support. •

Bandwidth: Suitable amount of bandwidth for peak load.

• Facilities: Other infrastructure components, including physical equipment

and power resources

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Therefore, Google Cloud Platform is a viable option for businesses, especially
when the businesses require an extensive catalog of services with global
recognition.

2.2 BENEFITS OF GOOGLE CLOUD PLATFORM

Figure 2.1 Benefits Of Google Cloud Platform

• Best Pricing: Google enables users to get Google Cloud hosting at the
cheapest rates. The hosting plans are not only cheaper than other hosting
platforms but also offer better features than others. GCP provides a pay-as-
you-go option to the users where users can pay separately only for the services
and resources they want to use.

• Work from Anywhere: Once the account is configured on GCP, it can be

accessed from anywhere. That means that the user can use GCP across
different devices from different places. It is possible because Google provides
web-based applications that allow users to have complete access to GCP.
• Private Network: Google has its own network that enables users to have
more control over GCP functions. Due to this, users achieve smooth
performance and increased efficiency over the network.

• Scalable: Users are getting a more scalable platform over the private
network. Because Google uses fiber-optic cables to extend its network range, it
is likely to have more scalability.Google is always working to scale its
network because there can be any amount of traffic.

• Security: There is a high number of security professionals working at

Google. They always keep trying to secure the network and protect the data
stored on servers. Additionally, Google uses an algorithm that encrypts all the

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data on the Cloud platform. This gives assurance to the users that their data is
completely safe and secure from unauthorized sources.

• Redundant Backup: Google always keeps backup of user's data with built-
in redundant backup integration. In case a user has lost the stored data, it's not
a big problem. Google always has a copy of the users' data unless the data is
deleted forcefully. This adds data integrity, reliability and durability with GCP.

2.3 FEATURESOF GOOGLE CLOUD PLATFORM

Figure 2.2Feature Of Google Cloud Platform

• On-demand services: Automated environment with web-based tools.

Therefore, no human intervention is required to access the resources.

• Broad network access: The resources and the information can be accessed
from anywhere.

• Resource pooling: On-demand availability of a shared pool of computing

resources to the users.

• Rapid elasticity: The availability of more resources whenever required. •

Measured service: Easy-to-pay feature enables users to pay only for consumed
services.

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2.4 GOOGLE CLOUD PLATFORM SERVICE

Google provides a considerable number of services with several unique

features. That is the reason why Google Cloud Platform is continually
expanding across the globe.

Figure 2.3 Google Cloud Platform Services

Let's understand each of these services in details:

2.4.1 Compute Services

GCP offers a scalable range of computing services, such as:

• Google App Engine: It is a cloud computing platform that follows the

concept of Platformas-a-Service to deploy PHP, Java and other software. It is
also used to develop and deploy web-based software in Google-managed data
centers. The most significant advantage of Google App Engine is its automatic
scaling capability. This means that the App Engine automatically allocates
more resources for the application when there is an increase in requests.

• Compute Engine: It is a cloud computing platform that follows the concept

of Infrastructure as-a-Service to run Windows and Linux based virtual
machines. It is an essential component of GCP. It is designed on the same
infrastructure used by Google search engine, YouTube and other Google
services.

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 • Kubernetes Engines: This computing service is responsible for offering a
platform for automatic deployment, scaling, and other operations of
application containers across clusters of hosts. The engine supports several
container tools like a docker, etc.

2.4.2 Networking

GCP includes the following network services:

• VPC: VPC stands for Virtual Private Network. The primary function of
VPC is to offer a private network with routing, IP allocation, and network
firewall policies. This will help to create a secure environment for the
application deployments.

• Cloud Load Balancing: As its name states, Cloud balancing is used to

distribute workload across different computing resources to balance the entire
system performance. This also results in cost-reduction. The process also helps
in minimizing the availability and maximizing the capability of the resources.

• Content Delivery Network: CDN is a geographically distributed network of

proxy servers and their data centers. The primary aim of using CDN is to
provide maximum performance. to the users. Additionally, it also helps deliver
high availability of resources by equally distributing the related services to the
end-users. 2.4.3 Storage Services GCP has the following storage services:

• Google Cloud Storage: It is an online data storage web service that Google
provides to its users to store and access data from anywhere. The service also
includes a wide range of features like maximum performance, scalability,
security and sharing.

• Cloud SQL: It is a web-service that enables users to create, manage, and use
relational databases stored on Google Cloud servers. The service itself
maintains and protects the databases, which helps users focus on their
applications and other operations.

• Cloud Bigtable: It is known for its fast performance and highly manageable
feature. It is a highly scalable NoSQL database service that allows collecting
and retaining data from as low as 1 TB to hundreds of PB.

2.4.3 Big Data

GCP provides a variety of services related to big data; they are:

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 • BigQuery: It is a fully managed data analysis service by Google. The
primary aim of Google BigQuery service is to helps businesses to analyze Big
Data. It offers a highly scalable data management option. This means
BigQuery allows users to perform ad-hoc queries and share data insights
across the web.

• Google Cloud Datastore: Google Cloud Datastore is a kind of datastore

service that is fully managed, schema-less, and non-relational. This service
enables businesses to perform automatic transactions and a rich set of queries.
The main advantage of Google Cloud

• Datastore is the capability of automatic scaling. This means that the service
can itself scale up and down, depending on the requirement of resources.

• Google Cloud Dataproc: It is a very fast and easy to use big data service
offered by Google. It mainly helps in managing Hadoop and Spark services for
distributed data processing. The service allows users to create Hadoop or
Spark clusters sized according to the overall workload and can be accessed
whenever users want them. 2.4.5 Security and Identity Management GCP
includes the following services related to Security and Identity management:

• Cloud Data Loss Prevention API: It is mainly designed to manage

sensitive data. It helps users manage sensitive data elements like credit card
details, debit card details, passport numbers, etc. It offers fast and scalable
classification for sensitive data.

• Cloud IAM: It stands for Cloud Identity and Access Management. It is a

framework that contains rules and policies and validates the authentication of
the users for accessing the technology resources. That is why it is also known
as Identity Management (IdM).

2.4.4 Management Tools

GCP includes the following services related to management tools:

• Google Stack driver: Google Stack driver service is primarily responsible

for displaying the overall performance and diagnostics information. This may
include insights of data monitoring, tracing, logging, error reporting, etc. The
service also prompts an alert notification to the public cloud users.

• Google Cloud Console App: It is a native mobile application powered by

Google. The primary aim of this service is to enable users to manage the core

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features of Google Cloud services directly from their mobile devices anytime,
anywhere. The primary functions of this service is alerting, monitoring, and
performing critical actions on resources.

2.4.5 Cloud AI

When it comes to Cloud AI, GCP offers these services:

• Cloud Machine Learning Engine: It is another fully managed service that

allows users to create Machine Learning models. The service is mainly used
for those ML models, which are based on mainstream frameworks.

• Cloud AutoML: It is the type of service that is based on Machine Learning.

It helps users to enter their data sets and gain access to quality trained pre-
designed ML models. The service works by following Google's transfer
learning and Neural Architecture Search method.

2.4.6 IoT (Internet of Things)

GCP contains the following IoT services:

• Cloud IoT Core: It is one of the fully managed core services. It allows
usersto connect, control, and ingest data from various devices that are securely
connected to the Internet. This allows other Google cloud services to analyze
process, collect and visualize IoT data in real-time.

• Cloud IoT Edge: The Edge computing service brings memory and other
computing-power resources near to the location where it is required.

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 CHAPTER 3
APP ENGINE
Google App Engine is Google's platform as a service offering that allows
developers and businesses to build and run applications using Google's
advanced infrastructure. These applications are required to be written in one of
a few supported languages, namely: Java, Python, PHP and Go. It also requires
the use of Google query language and that the database used is Google Big
Table. Applications must abide by these standards, so applications either must
be developed with GAE in mind or else modified to meet the requirements.

GAE is a platform, so it provides all of the required elements to run and host
Web applications, be it on mobile or Web. Without this all-in feature,
developers would have to source their own servers, database software and the
APIs that would make all of them work properly together, not to mention the
entire configuration that must be done. GAE takes this burden off the
developers so they can concentrate on the app front end and functionality,
driving better user experience.

3.1 GOOGLE APP ENGINE

There are following reasons to use Google app engine:

• Google app engine allows you to build web applications on the same stable
and extendable platform which having support facility of Google’s large
number of applications.

• Google app engine gives facility to use and run applications in Google's data
centre.

• Google app engine's language Java and Python are easy to understand and
implement.

• This platform is absolutely free; you can purchase additional resources if

needed.

• Using Google accounts, you can use Google app engine's services.

• It is easy to scale up as your data storage and traffic needs grows with time. •
Google also provides marketing facility to our apps.

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• User can easily write the application code, and can test it on own local
system and upload it to

• Google at the click of a button or with a few lines of command script

• There is no need to take approval from system administration to upload or

launch a new version of the application.

• Google takes care of all the apps maintenance and allows users/developers to
focus on the features of the application.

3.2 ADVANTAGESOF APP ENGINE

• Build Apps, Scale Automatically: Google App Engine is a platform for

building scalable web application and mobile backends. App Engine provides
you with built-in services and APIs such as NoSQL datastores, Memcached
and a user authentication API, common to most application.

• App Engine will scale your application automatically in response to the

amount of traffic it receive so you only pay for the resources you use. Just
upload your code and Google will manage your app’s availability. There is no
server for you to provision or maintain.

• Start Quickly, Build Faster: With built-in services such as load balancing,
health checks and application logging, you can deploy web and mobile
application much faster.

• Automatic Scaling: App Engine offers built-in auto-scaling so thar your

apps can instantly scale automatically based on need, from zero to millions of
users.

• Automated Security Scanning: Security Scanner automatically scans and

detects common web application vulnerabilities. It enables early threat
identification and delivers very low false positive rates. You can easily setup,
run, schedule and manage security scans from the Google Developer Console.

• Use the Tools you Love: App Engine works with popular development tools
such as Eclipse, IntelliJ, Git, Jenkins and PyCharm. You can build your apps
with the tools you love without changing your workflow.

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3.3 FEATURE OF APP ENGINE

• Collection of Development Languages and Tools: The App Engine

supports numerous programming languages for developers and offers the
flexibility to import libraries and frameworks through docker containers. You
can develop and test an app locally using the SDK containing tools for
deploying apps. Every language has its SDK and runtime. Some of the
languages offered include — Python, PHP, .NET, Java, Ruby, Go, Node.js.

• Fully Managed: Google allows you to add your web application code to the
platform while managing the infrastructure for you. The engine ensures that
your web apps are secure and running and saves them from malware and
threats by enabling the firewall.

• Pay-as-you-Go: The app engine works on a pay-as-you-go model, i.e., you

only pay for what you use. The app engine automatically scales up resources
when the application traffic picks up and vice-versa.

• Effective Diagnostic Services: Cloud Monitoring and Cloud Logging that

helps run app scans to identify bugs. The app reporting document helps
developers fix bugs on an immediate basis.

• Traffic Splitting: The app engine automatically routes the incoming traffic
to different versions of the apps as a part of A/B testing. You can plan the
consecutive increments based on what version of the app works best.

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 CHAPTER-4
COMPUTE ENGINE
Google Compute Engine (GCE) is an Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
offering that allows clients to run workloads on Google's physical hardware.

Google Compute Engine provides a scalable number of virtual machines

(VMs) to serve as large computer cluster for that purpose. GCE can be
managed through a RESTful API, command line interface (CLI) or Web
console. Compute Engine is a pay-per-usage service with a 10-minute
minimum. There are no up-front fees or time-period commitments. GCE
competes with Amazon's Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Microsoft Azure.

GCE's application program interface (API) provides administrators with virtual

machine, DNS server and load balancing capabilities. VMs are available in a
number of CPU and RAM configurations and Linux distributions, including
Debian and CentOS. Customers may use their own system images for custom
virtual machines. Data at rest is encrypted using the AEC-128-CBC algorithm.
GCE allows administrators to select the region and zone where certain data
resources will be stored and used. Currently, GCE has three regions: United
States, Europe and Asia. Each region has two availability zones and each zone
supports either Ivy Bridge or Sandy Bridge processors. GCE also offers a suite
of tools for administrators to create advanced networks on the regional level.

4.1 ADVANTAGEOF COMPUTE ENGINE

• Storage Efficiency: The persistent disks support up to 257 TB of storage

which is more than 10 times higher than what Amazon Elastic Block Storage
(EBS) can accommodate. The organizations that require more scalable storage
options can go for Compute Engine

• Cost: Within the GCP ecosystem, users pay only for the computing time that
they have consumed. The per-second billing plan is used by the Google
compute engine.

• Stability: It offers more stable services because of its ability to provide live
migration of VMs between the hosts.

• Backups: Google Cloud Platform has a robust, inbuilt, and redundant

backup system. The Compute Engine uses this system for flagship products
like Search Engine and Gmail.

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 • Scalability: It makes reservations to help ensure that applications have the
capacity they need as they scale.

• Security: Google Compute Engine is a more secure and safe place for cloud
applications.

4.2 BENEFITS OF COMPUTE ENGINE

• Easy Integration: It allows to easily integrate with other Google Cloud

services like AI/ML and data analytics.

• Compute globally as per requirement: Rendering reservations for

supporting and securing applications having the strength as per measurement
and requirement.

• Gain Infinite Value: Preventing cost only for executing Compute with
sustained-use discounts, and obtaining huge profits while implementing
devoted-use discounts.

• Confidential Computing: Confidential VMs is a kind of advanced

technology that enables users to encode delicate data into the cloud while data
is being processed.

4.3 VIRTUAL MACHINE(VM) INSTANCE

A virtual machine (VM) is software that runs programs or applications without

being tied to a physical machine. In a VM instance, one or more guest
machines can run on a physical host computer.

Each VM has its own operating system, and functions separately from other
VMs, even if they are located on the same physical host. VMs generally run on
computer servers, but they can also be run on desktop systems, or even
embedded platforms. Multiple VMs can share resources from the physical
host, including CPU cycles, network bandwidth and memory.

In general, there are two types of VMs: Process VMs, which separate a single
process, and system VMs, which offer a full separation of the operating system
and applications from the physical computer.

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4.4. SET UP VIRTUAL MACHINE

4.4.1. Region and Zone

A region refers to a geographic location of Google's infrastructure facility.

Users can choose to deploy their resources in one of the available regions
based on their requirement. Google Compute Engine is available in central US
region, Western Europe and Asia East region.

A zone is an isolated location within a region. Zones have high-bandwidth,

low-latency network connections to other zones in the same region. In order to
deploy fault-tolerant applications that have high availability, Google
recommends deploying applications across multiple zones in a region. This
helps protect against unexpected failures of components, up to and including a
single zone. There are eight zones - three each in central US region and Asia
East region and two zones in Western Europe region.

4.4.2. Machine Types

Machines types are templates of virtualized hardware that will be available to

the VM instance. These resources include the CPU, Memory, Disk
capabilities, and so on. Predefined machine types are managed by Google, and
are categorized by 4 types

• Standard machine type

Ideal for typical balanced instances with respect to RAM and CPU

Have 3.75GB of RAM per virtual CPU

• High-memory machine types

Ideal for applications that require more memory

Have 6.5GB of RAM per virtual CPU

• Large machine types

Ideal for resource-intensive workloads

Up to 1TB of memory

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Say that none of these predefined machine types match your requirements. No
worries, you can completely customize the machine type to fit your CPU and
Memory needs.

This is ideal if you have a workload that maybe requires more processing
power or memory than what is offered by the Google-provided types, or if you
need GPUs.

4.4.3. Disks

After choosing a machine type which covers CPU and Memory, it’stime to
choose a disk option. The disk you choose will be your single root disk in
which your image is loaded during the boot process.

4.4.4. Persistent Disks

Persistent disks are network-based “disks” abstracted to appear as a block

device. Data is durable, meaning the data will remain as you left it after
reboots and shutdowns.

Available as either a standard hard disk drive or as a solid-state drive (SSD),

persistent disks are located independently of the VM instances, which means
they can be detached and reattached to other instances.

You have the option to keep your disk when deleting your instance, or having
it terminated along with the instance.

There are two types of persistent disks:

• Standard persistent disks

• Ideal for efficient and reliable block storage

• Max 64TB per instance

• Only available within a single zone

• SSD persistent disks

• Ideal for fast and reliable block storage

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4.4.5 Local SSD

Local SSD disks are physically attached to VM instances. These will offer the
highest possible IOPS and are used for seriously intensive workloads.

• Ideal for very high-performance local block storage

• Available as SCSI or NVMe

• Max 3TB (which is a total of eight 375GB disks)

• Available only to a single Instance, meaning it cannot be reattached

elsewhere

• Only Persistent if you do not stop or terminate your instance.

• Does not support snapshots

4.4.6 Images

• Images contain a boot loader, Operating System, file system structure, and
any software customizations needed for your deployment.

• The image describes what actually gets loaded onto the root disk.

• Tons of public images are available from Google and other authorized third-
party vendors.

Figure 4.2 Boot Disk

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4.4.7 Networking &Firewall

Each VM will have a single interface by default. This interface can be placed
in a particular subnet of a particular network with respect to the zone that you
choose.

You can add multiple interfaces if desired, but that is more of an advanced
topic. By default, the primary internal IP will be set to Automatic (DHCP) and
the External IP set to Ephemeral (DHCP).

A couple of easy checkboxes can get your VM setup with the proper firewall
rules for HTTP and HTTPS traffic as well.

4.5 ACCESSING THE VM

Well, if your VM is running Linux, you can access it via the console through
SSH, from another VM running Cloud Shell via the Cloud SDK, or from your
computer via SSH.

If your VM is running Windows, you can use an RDP client or Power shell
terminal

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 CHAPTER – 5
EDGE COMPUTING
Edge computing directs computational data, applications, and services away
from Cloud servers to the edge of a network. The content providers and
application developers can use the Edge computing systems by offering the
users services closer to them. Edge computing is characterized in terms of high
bandwidth, ultra-low latency, and real-time access to the network information
that can be used by several applications. The service provider can make
available the radio access network (RAN) to the Edge users by opening access
to new applications and services. Edge computing enables several new services
for enterprises and consumers. The use cases of Edge computing are location
services, augmented reality, video analytics, and data caching. Thus, these new
Edge computing standards and deployment of Edge platforms become key
enablers for new revenue streams to vendors, third-parties, and operators.

5.1 Edge Computing and Cloud Computing

Edge computing is an advanced version of Cloud computing that reduces

latency by bringing the services close to the end-users. Edge computing
minimizes the load of a cloud by providing resources and services in the Edge
network. However, Edge computing complements Cloud computing by
enhancing the end user service for delay-sensitive applications. Similar to
Cloud, Edge service providers furnish application, data computation, and
storage services to the end users. Despite these service similarities, several
considerable differences exist between these two emerging computing
paradigms. The main difference between Edge computing and Cloud
computing lies in the location of the servers. The servicesin Edge computing
are located in the Edge network whereas the services in the Cloud are located
within the Internet. The availability of the Cloud services within the Internet
depends on the distance of multi-hop between the end user and the Cloud
servers. The significantly high distance between the mobile device and the
Cloud server induces high latency in Cloud computing as compared to the low
latency found in Edge computing. Similarly, Cloud computing has high jitter
whereas Edge computing has very low jitter. Unlike the Cloud computing,
Edge computing is location-aware and high support mobility. Edge computing
uses a distributed model for server distribution as compared to Cloud
computing that uses a centralized model. The probability of data en-route
attacks is higher in Cloud computing than Edge computing caused by the
longer path to the server. The targeted users for Cloud computing are general
Internet users whereas the targeted service subscribers for Edge computing are
the Edge users. Unlike the global scope of Cloud computing, the scope of

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Edge computing is limited. Lastly, Edge hardware possesses limited
capabilities that make it less scalable than the Cloud.

Fig5.1 edge computing

5.2 APPLICATIONS OF EDGE COMPUTING

5.2.1 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

HPC at the Edge for medical imaging merges HPC/AI and medical sensing
technology in order to provide precision medicine through the use of real-time
advanced monitoring and analysis of a patient’s medical data to detect early
pathologies while lowering the risk of privacy breaches by keeping the data on
site. This granular, yet massive amount of patient data can be analyzed at the
Edge, transformed, and then only pertinent data is sent to the cloud such as
alerts or data stripped of information that could lead to the patient’s privacy
being compromised. Medical Imaging at the Edge using HPC/AI removes the
latency and dependence on Cloud Computing resources, as well as reduces the
patient’s digital footprint by limiting how many systems have access to data.
AI used in medical imaging provides tools that augment the clinician’s
intelligence in a way where they are able to provide better care at reduced
costs. the digital development in healthcare and how Edge Computing is being
used in healthcare.

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5.2.2 SMART CITY

In the future cities will have sensors that will collect various data, for
example, in transportation, medical health, and urban security. Moreover,
urbanization is rapidly increasing. According to the UN, it is estimated that, by
2050, over 6 billion people will be living in the cities [57]. In the future, to
have sustainable development in the town, a smart city is an excellent solution.
This might help to solve the problems that may arise in food supply, medical
care, transportation, culture and entertainment in the cities. These sensors will
usually generate a large volume of data, and this data should be processed
quickly. Sending these data to the cloud will need faster data movement
(latency and data traffic in the network), and privacy. Therefore, these
generated data should be processed closer to where it is produced. In general,
Edge devices have limited computing and storage, so it is also necessary to
integrate multiple computing models. A few cases of Edge Computing used in
a smart city are listed below.

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Examples:
Case 1: Closed-Circuit Televisions CCTV are nowadays typically installed in
almost all private and government premises. These CCTVs will capture the
movements of the objects. This will ensure the safety protocol in the given
premises. For this reason, the data collected by the CCTVs should be
processed quickly. To enable this, CCTVs should be connected to the Edge
device through the LAN connection. Edge devices can also use the latest
technology called special image processing chip to process videos more
efficiently [58]. Figure 15 shows an example of a smart city.

Case 2: Smart Home A smart home is controlled by lots of sensors in lighting,

kitchen, television, and surveillance, and its technology is also rapidly
developing with the help of IoT [59]. Again, to make it more efficient
(minimization of the latency) and effective (privacy of home data), the
generated data should be processed quickly where it is generated. Edge
Computing will be playing an essential role in facilitating that objective

5.2.3 INDUSTRIAL/ MANUFACTORING APPLICATIONS

Industry 4.0 combines Edge HPC with AI in industrial automation

environments. It aims towards waste reduction, work reduction, and worry
reduction in the work space. It is used for connecting machines-to-machines
and machines-to-people in a way where on-demand production environments,
equipment, and workers can quickly and intelligently react to dynamically
changing factory floor/environmental conditions. Certain industrial
applications may need to react quickly to real-time changing environmental
conditions which may be uncovered in data too voluminous to be sent to the
cloud, such as image recognition data that guides a robotic arm to interact with
an object on a moving assembly line or creates alerts if dangerous conditions
arise. Moving data offsite for analysis may also incur transmission latencies,
that exceed the reactions times required for industrial applications, such as
being able to shutdown an assembly line if a foreign object interferes with the
industrial process. This is all assuming that the industrial site is even able to
acquire a high-speed network connection due to geographic constraints.

5.2.4 SMART GRID AND PUBLIC SAFETY

Electricity is one of the primary sources for humans to conduct most of the
activities in daily life. In recent years, special emphasis has been placed on
how electricity is produced and distributed to facilitate better economic,
technical, and environmental reports. In particular, 28 how it is generated,
distributed, and controlled, and monitored through digital instruments. The

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smart grid is a term that refers to how the whole electricity production and
distribution are controlled by the smart digital instruments (for example,
sensors) and embedded systems. Figure 16 shows an example of Edge
Computing in the smart grid. Over the past years, surveillance security has
been playing an important role in our daily life, for example, ATM centre.
Most of the surveillance security is based on the visual feed, where this feed
needs to be analysed quickly using AI/ML/DL for better security reasons
without taking much time with accuracy. And also, sometimes, there is some
high risk of data being manipulated or leaked over the network. The following
cases show how Edge Computing will improve or tackle this problem

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 CHAPTER 6
PROJECT HOSTING A WEBSITE
A website can be either static containing client-side technologies such as
HTML, JavaScript and CSS, or dynamic using server-side scripts such as PHP,
ASP or node.js. If you plan on relying on Google Cloud website hosting for
dynamic websites that require server-side rendering technologies, you can
check between the multiple options available which one is better suited for
your case and taken into consideration different complexity factors such as
scalability, storage, load balancing, etc. However, if your website is purely
static and rendered in the client side, you should definitely consider how
object-based Google Cloud Storage can serve your needs. In this post, we’ll
show you how to do that step by step.

6.1 Steps to Host a Website on Google Cloud Storage

For the first stage of Google Cloud website hosting, start by creating an HTML
file (our website) using our preferred IDE or text editor, and save it in our
workstation with “index.html” as the file name, the default filename for web
server directory index.

Hosting the Website Files in a Google Storage Bucket

To use the Google Cloud Web Hosting feature for your static content, we start
by creating a new Google Cloud Storage bucket. If you have never created a
GCS bucket, you can read about how to create a Google Cloud Storage bucket
and how to manage its lifecycle. While the usual creation procedure applies
and is essential the same, there is one important twist that you need to be
aware if you are planning to use a custom domain name with your Google
Cloud static website. The bucket name will need to match your domain name,
i.e., if your domain name is www.example.com, the Google Cloud Storage
bucket will also need to be called www.example.com. Creating a bucket
named after a custom domain requires verification prior to start the bucket
creation process. If you want to use a custom domain and follow that route,
you will also need to create a CNAME DNS record pointing to
c.storage.googleapis.com

Enabling and configuring the Google Cloud Storage Static Website

1. With your newly bucket created, upload to Google Cloud Storage the
website static content, i.e., the index.html file.

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2. As expected, the permissions of the uploaded file will be defined as Not
Public by default. To enable the hosting of web content, the bucket & files
permissions will need to be changed to public

3. To change the permissions of the bucket, navigate to the Storage

dashboard in the Google Cloud Platform Console. In the left-hand panel,
select the option “Browser,” and select the bucket checkbox from the
bucket list. On the right-hand panel, the permissions for the bucket will
appear.

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4. Enable the public access of content by clicking “Add Member” and add a
new member named “all Users” with the role “Storage Object Viewer.”
Take the changes into effect by clicking “Save.”

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 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, cloud computing is recently new technological development

that has the potential to have a great impact on the world. It has many
benefits that it provides to it users and businesses. For example, some of
the benefits that it provides to businesses, is that it reduces operating cost
by spending less on maintenance and software upgrades and focus more on
the businesses itself. But there are other challenges the cloud computing
must overcome. People are very skeptical about whether their data is
secure and private. There are no standards or regulations worldwide
provided data through cloud computing. Europe has data protection laws
but the US, being one of the most technological advance nation, does not
have any data protection laws. Users also worry about who can disclose
their data and have ownership of their data. But once, there are standards
and regulation worldwide, cloud computing will revolutionize the future.

Cloud Computing is the biggest emerging technology. It has great impact

on the current industry. Cloud-based applications and data are accessible
from virtually any internet connected device.

Instead of buying a physical hardware for development purpose one can

adopt the cloud platform for desired configuration at much cheaper rate.
Cloud computing provides Flexibility, Efficiency and strategic value.

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 FUTURE SCOPE OF CLOUD COMPUTING
Over the past few years, the future of cloud computing has changed
drastically. Today, the world is strongly connected with one another, with
the help of digital technologies. This is one of the primary reasons why the
scope of cloud computing changed. The number of jobs, technologies, and
research investments required to ascertain the cloud computing future
scope, has also increased. This is why we come across many impressive
trends in cloud computing.

1. Better Cloud Services

To begin with, the future of cloud computing in education and industries

around this domain will be able to witness the power of sound cloud
computing services. Better cloud services can be categorized into three
types. You have infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, and
software as a service. These are three important types of services used by
user-friendly and old organizations.

2. Security

One of the most important areas of discussion around cloud computing

technology would besecurity. It is important for service providers to ensure
that the data is stored both safely and securely. This calls for more skill and
knowledge around cloud computing. Indeed, this is one of the major
reasons why the.

3. Modular Software Development

Modular software development is considered a cornerstone that can bend

or break the future of cloud computing technology. Why? For companies
to be able to leverage the cloud technology code and applications have to
break into smaller chunks, which are not coupled with one another. This
makes it easier for developers to upload their works into the cloud. Also, it
makes it simpler for people to access the content from Remote locations.
On the other hand, security and the availability of features improves when
code is modular. In the long run, companies that invest in modular code
can save more money too.

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 References
1) E. Ahmed, A. Akhunzada, M. Whaiduzzaman, A. Gani, S. H. Ab
Hamid, R. Buyya, Network-centric performance analysis of runtime
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2) P. Pace, G. Aloi, R. Gravina, G. Caliciuri, G. Fortino, A. Liotta, An

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4) Bradford, C. (2019). 7 Most Infamous Cloud Security Breaches –

StorageCraft.

5) Mell, P., & Grance, T. (2011). The NIST Definition of Cloud

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