“Obstacles are those frightful things you can

see when you take your eyes off your goal."

…Henry Ford

1
CHAPTER

Linear Algebra

Level-1 (C) B is a linearly independent set of vectors

exactly when h ≠ 5
1. If the rank of a (5 × 6) matrix ‘A’ is 4, then (D) B is a linearly independent set of vectors
which one of the following statements is/are exactly when h ≠ −1
correct?
(A) ‘A’ will have four linearly independent 5. Multiplication of matrices E and F is G.
rows and four linearly independent Matrices E and G
columns cosθ −sinθ 0 1 0 0
E = [ sinθ cosθ 0] and G = [0 1 0]
(B) ‘A’ will have four linearly independent
0 0 1 0 0 1
rows and five linearly independent What is the matrix F?
columns cos θ − sin θ 0
(C) A AT will be invertible (A) [ sin θ cos θ 0]
(D) AT A will be invertible 0 0 1
cos θ cos θ 0
2. If A and B are matrices of same order, then (B) [− cos θ sin θ 0]
_________{ ρ indicates the rank} 0 0 1
(A) ρ(A + B) ≤ ρ(A) + ρ(B) cos θ sin θ 0
(C) [− sin θ cos θ 0]
(B) ρ(A + B) ≥ ρ(A) + ρ(B)
0 0 1
(C) ρ(A + B) = ρ(A) + ρ(B)
sin θ − cos θ 0
(D) None of the above
(D) [cos θ sin θ 0]
0 0 1
3. If the inverse of some 4 × 4 matrix A is
−5 1 −2 −9
−2 1 −1 −5 6. If a + b + c = 0 then one of the solution of
[ ] in the system a−x c b
8 −2 3 15
0 0 0 −1 | c b−x a | = 0 is
AX = B where B = [1 0 0 −1] then the b a c−x
(A) x = a + b − c (B) x = 0
solution X = ________
(C) x = a − b + c (D) x = b + c − a
(A) [0 0 0 0]T
(B) [4 3 −7 1]T 7. If A3 + lA2 + mA + nI = 0 where
(C) [1 2 3]T 4 6 6
(D) [−4 −3 −7 −1]T A=[ 1 3 2 ] then
−1 −4 −3
4. Consider the set of vectors l + m + n =__________
B = {V1 , V2 , V3 }, where (A) −2 (B) 8
2 1 h+1 (C) −1 (D) −4
V1 = ( 3 ) ; V2 = (2) ; V3 = ( h )
−1 1 h−2 cosθ −sinθ
8. The Eigen values of ( )
and h is a parameter which statement is true? sinθ cosθ
(A) cos θ , cos θ (B) cos θ ± sin θ
(A) B is a linearly independent set of vectors
(C) cos θ ± i sin θ (D) sinθ, sinθ
for all h
(B) B is a linearly independent set of vectors
exactly when h = 0

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 Linear Algebra
9. If x, y, z are in AP with common difference ‘d’ (A) 3 2
λ + 27λ + 167λ − 285 = 0
4 5 x (B) λ3 − 27λ2 − 122λ − 313 = 0
and the rank of the matrix [5 6 y] is 2, then (C) λ3 + 27λ2 + 167λ + 285 = 0
6 k z (D) λ3 + 22.23λ2 + 158.3λ + 313 = 0
the value of d and k are__________
(A) d = x/2; k is an arbitrary number
16. What is the value of α for which
(B) d an arbitrary number; k = 7 α 2 0
(C) d = k; k = 5 A = (1 α 1) fails to have to an LU
(D) d = x/2; k = 6 0 1 α
factorization ________
10. Given a 2 × 2 real matrix A with Eigen values i (A) α = 1 (B) α = 2
and −i. Then A cannot be (C) α = 4 (D) α = 0
(A) Orthogonal
(B) Symmetric 17. For a given 2 × 2 matrix A, it is observed that
1 1 2 2
(C) Skew - symmetric A [ ] = 2 [ ] & A [ ] = 5 [ ], then the
−1 −1 1 1
(D) Invertible matrix is
1 2 0 1 −2
11. Let ‘A’ be a 3 × 3 matrix with rank 2. Then (A) A = [2 1 ] [ ][ ]
3 1 −1 0 5 1 1
Ax = 0 has 1 −2 0 1 −2
(A) Only the trivial solution x = 0 (B) A = [2 1 ] [ ][ ]
3 1 −1 0 −5 1 1
(B) One independent solution
1 2 0 1 −2
(C) Two independent solutions (C) A = [ 1 2] [ ][ ]
3 −1 1 0 5 1 1
(D) Three independent solutions
4 2
(D) A = [ ]
1 −3
12. The value of λ for which of the following
system of equations has nontrivial solution.
6 2
(λ + 2)x1 + (λ + 4)x2 = 0 18. If A = [ ] and C = (BAB −1 )(B −1 AT B)
−2 2
2x1 + (λ + 1)x2 = 0 where |B| ≠ 0 then k = ______ such that
(A) 2. 3 (B) 2, −3 k 2 = det(C)
(C) −2, 3 (D) −2, 3 (A) 4 (B) −16
(C) 16 (D) −4
x1 y1 1
13. If A = [x2 y2 1] and the point 19. Consider the matrix A, shown below
x 3 y3 1
1 2 3
(x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ) (x3 , y3 ) are collinear, then 2 3 5
the rank of matrix A is __________ A=[ ]
3 4 7
(A) Less than 3 (B) 3 4 5 9
(C) 1 (D) 0 What is the rank of matrix A is _________?

14. Consider the system of simultaneous 20. Let e1 and e2 denote the eigen vector of
equations 3 −1
A=[ ], then what is the value of
x + 2y + z = 5 −1 2
T
2x + y + 2z = 6 e1 ⋅ e2
x+y+z=5
This system has Level-2
(A) Unique solutions
(B) Infinite number of solutions 1. Let A be an m × n matrix and B an n × m
(C) No solutions matrix. It is given that determinant
(D) Exactly two solutions (Im + AB) = determinant (In + BA) where
Ik is the k × k identity matrix. Using the
15. The eigenvalues of the following matrix above property, the determinant of the matrix
3 2 9 given below is ___________
[7 5 13]
6 17 19
are found by the solving the cubic equation
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 Linear Algebra
2 1 1 1 9. Let P be a matrix of order m × n and Q be a
1 2 1 1 matrix of order n × p, n ≠ p
[ ]
1 1 2 1 If ρ(P) = n and ρ(Q) = p, then rank ρ(PQ)
1 1 1 2
is__________
1 0 0 1 (A) n (B) p
0 −1 0 −1 (C) np (D) n + p
2. If A = [ ], then A4 equals
0 0 i i
0 0 0 −i 10. For what values of α and β the following
(A) i A (B) i2 A simultaneous equations have an infinite
(C) i I (D) I number of solutions?
x+y+z=5
3. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix of order x + 3y + 3z = 9
4 × 4 with rank 3 then |adj(A)| =___________ x + 2y + αz = β
(A) 0 (B) −2 (A) 2, 7 (B) 3, 8
(C) 3 (D) A2 (C) 8, 3 (D) 7, 2

4. For the given matrix 11. The existence of the unique solution of the
a 1 0 0 system
1 a 0 0
A = [ ] 2x + 3y − z = 6
0 0 1 −1
0 0 −1 1 x+y+z=λ
Find the set of Eigen values 5x − y + μz = 3 depends on
(A) λ = 0, λ = 2a, λ = a + 1, λ = 2 (A) μ only
(B) λ = a + 1, λ = a − 1, λ = 0, λ = 2 (B) λ only
(C) λ = a + 1, λ = a, λ = 0, λ = 2 (C) λ and μ both
(D) λ = a − 1, λ = a + 1, λ = 2, λ = 1 (D) None of these

1 2 3 0 0 0 −5 7
2 4 3 2 0 0 7 −5
5. The rank of matrix [ ] is ____________ 12. For the given matrix A = [ ] .The
3 2 1 3 0 0 19 −1
6 8 7 5 0 0 −1 19
Eigen values are
6. The value of α for which the square of the (A) 0, 0, 18, 20
cos α sin α (B) 0, 0, 19, 19
matrix A = [ ] is not idempotent
− sin α cos α (C) 0, 0, 30, 8
is __________ (D) 0, 0, 10, 28
(A) 0 (B) π
(C) 2π (D) None of these 13. Given a matrix A of order 3 × 3 and |A| = 3.
The value of |adj(adj A2 )| is equal to
7. Consider the following system of equations
(A) 34 (B) 38
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 (C) 316 (D) 332
x2 − x3 = 0
x1 + x2 = 0 14. Find the rank of the matrix
This system has 3 −4 −1 2
(A) A unique solutions [
1 7 3 1
]
(B) No solutions 5 −2 5 4
(C) Infinite solutions 9 −3 7 7
(A) 3 (B) 4
(D) Five solutions
(C) 2 (D) None of these

8. If the system of equations 15. Maximum number of linearly independent

x + 2y − 3z = 1 vectors is __________
(p + 2)z = 3 X1 = [3,0,1,2]
(2p + 1)y + z = 2 are inconsistent, X2 = [6,1,0,0]
then value p is __________ X3 = [12,1,2,4]
X4 = [6,0,2,4]

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 Linear Algebra
X5 = [9,0,1,2] (D) All are correct

16. The determinant of the matrix 3. Match the dimensions of the four fundamental
1 0 0 7 8 9 subspace associated with
4 2 0 −2 −3 4 1 2 2 3
5 6 3 1 2 3 A = (2 4 1 3)
P= is__________
0 0 0 4 0 0 3 6 1 4
0 0 0 1 5 0 (a) Column space 1) 2
[0 0 0 6 7 6]6×6 (b) Row space 2) 1
(c) Null space 3) 3
17. If the product of matrices (d) Left Null space 4) 0
2 (A) a - 2, b - 1, c - 3, d - 4
A = [ cos θ cos θ sin θ] and
cos θ sin θ sin2 θ (B) a - 1, b - 1, c - 1, d - 2
cos 2 ϕ cos ϕ sin ϕ (C) a - 3, b - 2, c - 3, d - 4
B=[ ]
cos ϕ sin ϕ sin2 ϕ (D) a - 2, b - 2, c - 2, d - 1
is a null matrix, then θ and ϕ differ by
(A) An even multiple π⁄2 1 2 a
(B) An even multiple π 4. If A = 1⁄3 [2 1 b] is orthogonal, then
(C) An odd multiple of π⁄2 2 −2 c
a + b + c =____________
(D) An odd multiple of π
0 1 + 2i
k−1 1⁄k 5. Given that A=[ ], then
18. If Mk = [ 1 ] and |Mk| is the −1 + 2i 0
1 (k−1)2
(1 − A)(1 + A) is a ___________
−1

determinant of matrix Mk then (A) Hermitian matrix

Lt |M |
n→∞ 2 + |M3 | + |M4 | + ⋯ + |Mn | =_________
(B) Skew symmetric matrix
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) Unitary matrix
(C) −1 (D) ∞ (D) Skew Hermitian matrix

−4.5 8 −4 2 6. The Eigen values of a 3 × 3 real matrix P

19. If [ −4 ] is an Eigen vector of [4 0 2] are 1, −2, 3. Then
1 0 −2 −4
(A) P −1 = 1⁄6 (5I + 2P − P 2 )
the Eigen value corresponding to the
(B) P −1 = 1⁄6 (5I − 2P + P 2 )
eigenvector is ____________
(C) P −1 = 1⁄6 (5I − 2P − P 2 )
(D) P −1 = 1⁄6 (5I + 2P + P 2 )
20. If 2 is Eigen value of scalar matrix A3×3 then
Eigen value of Adj(A) is____________
7. Two Eigen values of 3 × 3 real matrix ‘A’ are
6 + √−4 and 4, then
Level-3
|A| = __________ and Trace of A =__________
(A) 120, 12 (B) 140, 14
1. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix with Eigen values
(C) 160, 16 (D) 180, 18
1, −1, 0 .Then the determinant of I + A100 is
______________ 8. If the vector e1 = (0, 2, 0), e2 = (2, 0, 4) and
e3 = (−4, 0, 2) form an orthogonal basis of the
2. Given the equation three dimensional real space R3 , then the
x+y+z=1 vector V = (8, 6, −6) ϵ R3 can be expressed as
ax + by + cz = k (A) e1 + e2 + e3
a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = k 2 2 11
(B) 3e1 − e2 − e3
(k − b)(c − k) 5 5
(A) x = (C) −3e1 − e2 +
2 11
e3
(a − b)(c − a) 5 5

(a − k)(k − c) (D) e1 + 2e2 + 3e3

(B) y =
(a − b)(b − c)
9. For the matrix ‘A’ satisfying the equation given
(b − k)(k − a)
(C) z = below, the Eigen values are___________
(b − c)(c − a)

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 Linear Algebra
3 2 4 3 2 4 1 0 0
[A] [8 4 5] = [ 6 2 7] 15. Given that A = [0 2 0] Evaluate the Eigen
6 2 7 8 4 5 0 0 3
(A) (1, 0, −1) (B) (1, 1, −1) vector of (A3 − 6A2 + 11A = 6I) is ___________
1 0 0
(C) (1, 0, 1) (D) (1, 0, 0) (A) [0] , [1] , [0]
0 0 1
10. For the matrix ‘A’ satisfying the equation given 1 1 0
below, (B) [1] , [0] , [1]
7 6 2 7 6 2 0 1 1
[A] [2 3 6] = [1 4 6] 1 0 1
1 4 6 2 3 6 (C) [1] , [1] , [1]
3 1 1 0
The system of equations AX = [2] have
1 (D) None of these
(A) Infinite solutions
(B) Unique solutions 16. If λ3 + λ2 − 21λ + 45 = 0 is a characteristic
(C) No solutions equation of coefficient matrix A3×3 in the
(D) 2 solutions homogenous system AX = 0 then
a) Rank of ‘A’ is _________
11. For the matrix ‘A’ satisfying the equation given (A) 2 (B) 3
below; the dimension of null space of ‘A’ (C) 1 (D) 0
is___________
1 2 3 1 2 3 b) The homogenous system AX = 0 has
[A] [7 8 9] = [6 3 2] (A) Unique solution
6 3 2 7 8 9 (B) No solution
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) Infinite solutions
(C) 1 (D) 0 (D) Two solutions

x2 3x 2x 3 c) Nullity of matrix ‘A’ is_________

12. If f(x) = |4x 6sinx 3 | then (A) 1 (B) 2
2 1 6 (C) 3 (D) 0
f ′ (x) at x = 0 is____________
(A) 16 (B) 17 d) Adj(adj A) is __________
(C) 18 (D) 19 (A) 3A2 (B) −45A
(C) 45A (D) 45A2
x 2 sin(x) ex
13. If f(x) = | 1 0 −1|, then 17. Two Eigen values of a 3 × 3 real matrix ‘A’
0 −2 0
f ’(x) = __________ are 4 + √−1 and 2. The determinant of ‘A’ is
2x cos x ex ‘p’ and the trace of ‘A’ is ‘q’ then p⁄q is _________
(A) | 1 0 −1| (A) 3.2 (B) 3.7
0 −2 0 (C) 3.6 (D) 3.4
−2x sin x ex
(B) | 1 0 −1| 2 1 1
0 −2 0 18. Consider the matrix A=[ 2 3 4]
−1 −1 −2
(C) 4x when Eigen values are −1, −1 and 3. Then
(D) ex |adj(A3 − 2A2 )| is __________
(A) 726 (B) 727
(C) 728 (D) 729
14. Let ω ≠ 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the
set of all non-singular matrices of the form
19. Let A1, A2, A3 and A4 be four matrices of
1 a b
[ ω 1 c ] when each a, b, c is dimensions 4 × 2, 2 × 8, 8 × 4 and 4 × 2
ω2 ω 1 respectively. The ratio of minimum number of
either ω (or) ω2 . The number of distinct scalar multiplication to minimum number of
matrices in the set ‘S’ is ________ scalar addition required to find the product

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 Linear Algebra
A1 A2 A3 A4 using the basic multiplication
method.
(A) 2.23 (B) 1.26
(C) 1.56 (D) 1.96

20. Consider a system of equation as

ax + by = c
dx + ey = f
a b 0 c a+b
If λ1 [ ] + λ2 [ ] = [ ] and [ ] = [ ]
d e 0 f d+e
Where λ1 & λ2 are non-zero scalars. What kind
of solution does system consists?
(A) Unique Solution
(B) No Solution
(C) Infinitely many solution
(D) Finite number of solution

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 Linear Algebra
cos θ sin θ 0
Answer keys and Solutions = [− sin θ cos θ 0]
0 0 1
Level-1 |E| = [cos θ × (cos θ − 0)]
−[(sin θ × (sin θ − 0)] + 0
1. [Ans. A] = cos 2 θ + sin2 θ = 1
[adj. E] cos θ sin θ 0
If rank of (5 × 6) matrix is 4, then surely it
Hence, F = = [− sin θ cos θ 0]
must have exactly 4 linearly independent |E|
0 0 1
rows as well as 4 linearly independent
columns. 6. [Ans. B]
Hence, Rank = Rows rank = Column rank a−x c b
| c b−x a | = 0
2. [Ans. A] b a c−x
Rank of (A + B) will be always less than sum C1 → C1 + C2 + C3
−x c b
of Rank (A) and Rank (B)
| −x b − x a | = 0
−x a c−x
3. [Ans. B]
1 c b
Given AX = B −x | 1 b − x a |= 0
−5 1 −2 −9 1 a c−x
−2 1 −1 −5
where A−1 = [ ] R 3 → R 3 − R1
8 −2 3 15
0 0 0 −1 R 2 → R 2 − R1
∴ X = A−1 B 1 c b
−5 1 −2 9 1 4 −x | 0 b − c − x a−b | =0
−2 1 −1 −5 0 3 0 a−c c−b−x
=[ ][ ] = [ ] x{(x − b + c)(x + b − c ) − (a − c)(a − b)}
8 −2 3 15 0 −7
0 0 0 −1 −1 1 = 0
x=0
4. [Ans. D]
Let’s complete the determinant 7. [Ans. C]
2 1 (h + 1) 4 6 6
|3 2 h | = 3h + 3 Given A = [ 1 3 2]
−1 1 (h − 2) −1 −4 −3
Hence vectors are linearly independent ⇒ The characteristics equation of A is
exactly when 3h + 3 ≠ 0 ⇒ h ≠ −1 and the λ3 − 4λ2 + (−1)λ + 4 = 0
correct answer is D. By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have
A3 − 4A2 − A + 4I = 0 ⋯ ①
5. [Ans. C] Comparing ① with
Given EF = G where G = I = Identity matrix. A3 + lA2 + mA + nI = 0,
cos θ − sin θ 0 1 0 0 We have l = −4, m = −1 and n = 4
[ sin θ cos θ 0] × F = [0 1 0] ∴ l + m + n = (−4) + (−1) + (4) = −1
0 0 1 0 0 1
We know that the multiplication of a matrix 8. [Ans. C]
and its inverse be a identity matrix cos θ sin θ
( )
AA−1 = 1 − sin θ cos θ
So, we can say that F is the inverse matrix The above matrix is orthogonal and Eigen
of E values of orthogonal matrix is given as,
[adj. E] ∴ |λ| = ±1
F = E −1 =
|E|
cos θ −(sin θ) 0
T 9. [Ans. B]
adj E = [ sin θ cos θ 0] It is given that x, y, z are in A.P. with common
0 0 1 difference ‘d’
X =x, y = x + d, z = x + 2d

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 Linear Algebra
4 5 x 4 5 x 1 2 1 : 6
Let |A| = |5 6 y| = |5 6 x + d | ~ [0 −3 0 : −6]
6 k z 6 k x + 2d 0 0 0 : 18
4 5 x It is an echelon form of matrix.
= |1 1 d| Since ρ[A] = 2 and ρ[A: B] = 3
1 k−6 d ρ[A] ≠ ρ[A: B]
Applying R 2 − R1 = R 2 and R 3 − R 2 = R 3
So the system has no solution and system is
4 5 x
= |1 1 d| R 3 = R 3 − R 2 inconsistent.
0 k−7 0
|A| = 0 ⇒ (k − 7)(4d − x) = 0 15. [Ans. B]
x 3 2 9
d = ,k = 7 Given A = [7 5 13]
4
6 17 19
10. [Ans. B] Characteristics equation
A cannot be symmetric, since the Eigen values det[A − λI] = 0
of a symmetric matrix are always real. 3−λ 2 9
[ 7 5−λ 13 ] = 0
6 17 19 − λ
11. [Ans. D] ⇒ (3 − λ)[(5 − λ)(19 − λ) − 13 × 17]
No. of independent solutions = n − ρ(A) −2[7(19 − λ) − 13 × 6]
=3−2=1 +9(7 × 17 − 6(5 − λ)) = 0
λ3 − 27λ2 − 122λ − 313 = 0
12. [Ans. B]
The system is a homogenous system of linear
16. [Ans. D]
equation. It has the non-trivial solution, if
For a matrix to have LU factorization the
λ+2 λ+4
| |=0 necessary condition is that it should be
2 λ+1
(λ + 2)(λ + 1) − 2(λ + 4) = 0 nonsingular.
λ2 + λ − 6 = 0 For α = 0, the matrix A is singular.
(λ + 2)(λ + 3) = 0
⇒ λ = 2, −3 17. [Ans. C]
Diagonalized of A is,
13. [Ans. A] D = P −1 A P
Since all points are collinear A = P D P −1
x1 y1 1 2 0 1 2
D=[ ] &P=[ ]
Thus |x2 y2 1| = 0 0 5 −1 1
1 1 −2 1 1 −2
x 3 y3 1 P −1 = [ ]= [ ]
∴ ρ(A) < 3 1+2 1 1 3 1 1
1 2 2 0 1 1 −2
A=[ ][ ]( )[ ]
−1 1 0 5 3 1 1
14. [Ans. C]
Given: 18. [Ans. C]
x + 2y + z = 6 Given C = (BAB −1 )(B −1 AT B) where |B| ≠ 0
2x + y + 2z = 6 ⇒ |C| = |BAB −1 B −1 AT B|
x + y + z =5
⇒ |C| = |B||A||B −1 ||B −1 ||AT ||B|
Comparing to Ax = B, we get
⇒ |C| = |A||AT |(∴ |B||B −1 | = 1)
1 2 1 6
A = [2 1 2] , B = [6] ⇒ |C| = |A||A|(∴ |AT | = |A|)
1 1 1 5 ⇒ |C| = (16)2 = k 2
Write the system of simultaneous equations in ∴ k = 16
the form of augmented matrix,
1 2 1 : 6 19. [Ans. *]Range: 2 to 2
[A: B] = [2 1 2 : 6] 1 2 3
1 1 1 : 5 2 3 5
R 2 − 2R1 → R 2 and 2R 3 − R 2 → R 3 A=[ ]
3 4 7
1 2 1 : 6 4 5 9
~ [0 −3 0 : 6] 3R 3 + R 2 → R 3 R′2 : R 2 − 2R1 ; R′3 : R 3 − 3R1 ; R′4 : R 4 − 4R1
0 1 0 : 4
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 Linear Algebra
1 2 3 3. [Ans. A]
0 −1 −1 Given that ρ(A4×4 ) = 3
[ ]
0 −2 −2 |⇒ A4×4 | = 0
0 −3 −3
But |adj(A)| = |A|n−1 for An×n matrix
Only two linearly independent rows are
∴ |adj(A)| = |A|4−1 = |A|3 = 0
present
∴ ρ(A) = 2
4. [Ans. B]
Sum of Eigen values= 2a + 2, only (B) satisfies
20. [Ans. *]Range: 0 to 0
If A is symmetric, then Eigen vectors
5. [Ans. *]Range: 3 to 3
corresponding to distinct Eigen value are
It is 4 × 4 matrix, so its rank ρ(A) ≤ 4
orthogonal.
1 2 3 0
⇒ e1T e2 = 0 2 4 3 2
We have, |A| =| |
3 2 1 3
Level-2 6 8 7 5
1 2 3 0
2 4 3 2
1. [Ans. *]Range: 5 to 5 =| |
3 2 1 3
Consider the given matrix be 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 Applying R 4 − (R1 + R 2 + R 3 ) → R 4
1 2 1 1 1 2 3 0
Im + AB = [ ]
1 1 2 1 0 0 −3 2
1 1 1 2 =| |
0 −4 −8 3
Where m=4 so, we obtain 0 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 R 2 − 2R1 → R 2
1 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 Applying
AB = [ ]−[ ] R 3 − 3R1 → R 3
1 1 2 1 0 0 1 0 The only fourth order mirror is zero.
1 1 1 2 0 0 0 1
Since the third order minor
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 |0 −4 −8| = (1)(−4)(−3) = 12 ≠ 0
=[ ] = [ ] [1 1 1 1]
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 −3
1 1 1 1 1 Therefore its rank is ρ(A) = 3
Hence, we get
1 6. [Ans. B]
1 cos α sin α
A = [ ] , B = [1 1 1 1] = [4] A=[ ]
1 − sin α cos α
1 cos α sin α cos α sin α
From the given property, A2 = [ ][ ]
− sin α cos α − sin α cos α
Det(Im + AB) = Det(In + BA)
cos 2α sin 2α
2 1 1 1 =[ ]
− sin 2α cos 2α
1 2 1 1
Det [ ] = Det{[1] + [4]} 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂
1 1 2 1 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞 ∶ 𝐀(𝛂) = [ ],
1 1 1 2 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛂
𝐧 (𝛂)
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐀 = 𝐀(𝐧𝛂)
= Det[5] = 5
(A) α = 0
A(0) = A(2 × 0) = A(0)So, (A) is
2. [Ans. D]
idempotent
|A− λ Ι | = 0
1−λ 0 0 1
0 −1 − λ 0 −1 (B) α = π
| |= 0 cos π sin π −1 0
0 0 i−λ i A(π) = [ ]=[ ]
0 0 0 −i − λ − sin π cos π 0 −1
(λ − 1)(λ + 1)(λ − i)(λ + i) = 0 cos 2π sin 2π 1 0
A(2π) = [ ]=[ ]
(λ2 − 1)( λ2 + 1) = 0 ⇒ λ4 − 1 = 0 − sin 2π cos 2π 0 1
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A(2π) ≠ A(π) ; (B) is not idempotent
A4 − I = 0 ⇒ A4 = I
(C) α = 2π
A(2π) = A(4π)
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 Linear Algebra
(C) is idempotent So, (B) is correct. 1 1 1 : 5
≈ [0 1 1 : 2 ]
7. [Ans. C] 0 1 α−1 : β−5
R2
Given system of equations are R2 →
2
2x1 + x2 + x3 = 0 ⋯ ① 1 1 1 : 5
x2 − x3 = 0 ⋯ ② ≈ [0 1 1 : 2 ]
x1 + x2 = 0 ⋯ ③ 0 1 α−1 : β−5
Adding the equation ① and ② we have R3 → R3 − R2
2x1 + 2x2 = 0 1 1 1 : 5
x1 + x2 = 0 ⋯ ④ ≈ [0 1 1 : 2 ]
0 0 α−2 : β−7
We see that the equation ③ and ④is same
For infinite solutions,
and they will meet at infinite points. Hence
ρ(A) = ρ(AB) ≠ 3
this system of equations has infinite number
∴ ρ(AB) = 2 & ρ(A) = 2
of solutions.
⇒ β−7=0&α−2=0
β = 7&α = 2
8. [Ans. *]Range: −𝟐 𝐭𝐨 − 𝟐
We have
11. [Ans. C]
x + 2y − 3z = 1
For a unique solution, we must have
(p + 2)z = 3
ρ[A: B] = ρ(A)= number of unknowns = 3 so,
(2p + 1)y + z = 2
the existence of the unique solution depends
Augmented matrix is
upon both λ and μ. Hence C is correct option.
1 2 −3 : 1
|A: B| = [0 2p + 1 1 : 2]
0 0 p+2 : 3 12. [Ans. A]
It can be easily seen that if Characteristics equation is given by
p = −2, p(A) = 2 and p[A: B] = 3 |A − λI| = 0
Giving p(A) ≠ p[A: B]. The system is −λ 0 −5 7
inconsistent at p = −2. 0 −λ 7 −5
[ ]=0
0 0 19 − λ −1
0 0 −1 19 − λ
9. [Ans. B] Determinant zero because entire column
If P is a matrix of order m × n and consists of zeroes.
ρ(P) = n then n ≤ m −λ 7 −5
In the normal form of P only n rows are −λ | 0 19 − λ −1 | +
non-zero. 0 −1 19 − λ
Now Q is a matrix of order n × p and 0 7 −5
(−0) |0 19 − λ −1 | +
ρ(Q) = p then p ≤ n but p ≠ n ⏟0 −1 19 − λ
So p < n Determinant = 0
In the normal form of Q only p rows are 0 −λ −5
non-zero. (−5) |0 0 −1 |
Thus is the normal form of PQ only p rows are ⏟0 0 19 − λ
Determinant = 0
non-zero. 0 −λ 7
ρ(PQ) = p −7 |0 0 19 − λ|
⏟0 0 1
10. [Ans. A] Determinant = 0
x+y+z=5 −λ(−λ((19 − λ)(19 − λ) − 1)) = 0
x + 3y + 3z = 9 λ2 (λ2 − 38λ + 360) = 0
x + 2y + αz = β λ = 0, 0, 18, 20
Augmented matrix is
1 1 1 : 5 13. [Ans. B]
C = [0 3 3 : 9] Let B = adj A2 then B is also a 3 × 3 matrix
1 2 α : β |adj(adj A2 )| = |adj B| = |B|3−1 = |B|2
R 2 → R 2 − R1 ; R 3 → R 3 − R1 = |adj A2 |2
2
= [|A2 |(3−1) ] = |A2 |4 = |A|8
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 Linear Algebra
= 38 17. [Ans. C]
AB =
14. [Ans. A] cos θ cos ϕ cos(θ − ϕ) cos α sin ϕ cos(θ − ϕ)
[ ]
Step 1 cos ϕ sin α cos(α − ϕ) sin θ sin ϕ cos(θ − ϕ)
Interchange row 1 and row 2 is a null matrix when cos(θ − ϕ) = 0, this
1 7 3 1 happens when (θ − ϕ) is an odd multiple
[
3 −4 −1 2
] of π⁄2.
5 −2 5 4
9 −3 7 7 18. [Ans. B]
Step 2
|M2 | + |M3 | + |M4 | + ⋯ + |Mn |
R 2 → R 2 − 3R1
R 3 → R 3 − 5R1 1 1⁄2 2 1⁄3 3 1⁄4
=| |+| |+| |+⋯
1 1⁄1 1 1⁄4 1 1⁄9
R 4 → R 4 − 9R1
1 7 3 1 n−1 1⁄n
0 −25 −10 −1 +| 1 |
[ ] 1 (n−1)2
0 −37 −10 −1
0 −66 −20 −2 1 1 1 1 1
= (1 − ) + ( − ) + ( − ) + ⋯
Step 3 2 2 3 3 4
37 1 1
R3 → R3 − R +( − )
25 2 n−1 n
66 1
R4 → R4 − R =1−
25 2 n
1 7 3 1 Lt |M |
∴ n→∞ 2 + |M3 | + |M4 | + ⋯ + |Mn |
0 −25 −10 −1
[ ] 1
0 0 24/5 12/25 Lt
= n→∞ (1 − )
0 0 32/5 16/25 n
Step 4 = 1−0 = 1
4
R4 → R4 − R3
3 19. [Ans. *]Range: 4 to 4
1 7 3 1 If [A] is a n × n matrix and λ is one of the
0 −25 −10 −1 Eigen values and [x] is a n × 1 corresponding
[ ]
0 0 24/5 12/25
Eigen vector then
0 0 0 0
[A][x] = λ[x]
Rank 3
8 −4 2 −4.5 −4.5
[4 0 2 ] [ −4 ] = λ [ −4 ]
15. [Ans. *]Range: 3 to 3 0 −2 −4 1 1
For maximum number of linearly independent −18 −4.5
vectors convert the matrix into row echelon [−16] = λ [ −4 ]
form. 4 1
−4.5 −4.5
16. [Ans. *]Range: 720 to 720 4 [ −4 ] = λ [ −4 ]
A B 1 1
det ( )
0 D λ=4
= det(A) det(D)if A and D are square
A
1 0 0 7 8 9 B 20. [Ans. *]Range: 4 to 4
(4 2 0) (−2 −3 4)
Given, A3×3 is a scalar matrix
5 6 3 1 2 3
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix with same
0
0 0 0 4 0 0 D
(0 0 0) (1 5 0) diagonal elements.
0 0 0 6 7 6 Example:
det(A) = 6, det(D) = 120 k 0 0
(0 k 0) and Eigen value are k, k, k
det(P) = det(A) det(D)
0 0 k
= 6(120) = 720
Given, one of Eigen value is 2 then other two
Eigen value are 2, 2 only

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 Linear Algebra
2 0 0 1 2 2 3 R → R ⁄−3
2 2
So, Matrix A3×3 = (0 2 0) (0 0 −3 −3)
R 3 → R 3 ⁄−5
0 0 2 0 0 −5 −5
|A| = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8 1 2 2 3 R →R −R 1 2 2 3
3 3 2
If Eigen value of A is 2 → (0 0 1 1) → (0 0 1 1)
|A| 8 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Then eigen value of Adj(A) is = =4
2 2 ⇒ Rank (A) = 2
dim(column space) = dim(Row space)
Level-3 = Rank (A) = 2
dim(Null space) = n − r = 4 − 2 = 2
1. [Ans. *]Range: 4 to 4 dim(Left Null space) = m − r = 3 − 2 = 1
Eigen values of A are 1, −1, 0 Hence option (B) sis correct
Then Eigen values of
A100 are 1100 , (−1)100 , (0)100 4. [Ans. *]Range: 1 to 1
i.e. 1, + 1, 0 1 2 a 1 2 2
And Eigen values of = 1⁄3 [2 1 b] × 1⁄3 [2 1 −2]
I + A100 are 2 −2 c a b c
1 + 1, 1 + 1, 1 + 0 1 0 0
= [ 0 1 0]
i.e. 2, 2, 1
0 0 1
Or |I + A100 | = 2 × 2 × 1 = 4
2
1 1+4+a 2 + 2 + ab 2 − 4 + ac
= [2 + 2 + ab 4 + 1 + b2 4 − 2 + bc]
2. [Ans. D] 9
2 − 4 + ac 4 − 2 + bc 4 + 4 + c 2
1 1 1 x 1
2
[a b c ] [y] = [ k ] by Cramer’s rule, 1 5+a 4 + ab −2 + ac
a2 b2 c2 z k2 = [ 4 + ab 5 + b2 2 + bc ]
9
x y −2 + ac 2 + bc 8 + c 2
= 5 + a2
1 1 1 1 1 1
|k b c| |a k c| = 1 ⇒ 5 + a2 = 9
9
k2 b2 c2 a2 k 2 c 2
a = ±2
z 1
= = 4 + ab = 0 ⇒ ab = −4
1 1 1 1 1 1
|a b k| |a b c| −2 + ac = 0 ⇒ ac = 2
a2 b 2 k 2 a2 b 2 c 2
4 + ab = 0 ⇒ ab = −4
1 1 1
|k b c| 5 + b2
= 1 ⇒ b2 = 4 ⇒ b = ±2
2 2 2 9
x= k b c 2 + bc = 0 ⇒ bc = −2
1 1 1
|a b c| −2 + ac = 0 ⇒ ac = 2
a2 b 2 c 2 2 + bc = 0 ⇒ bc = −2
(k − b)(c − k)(b − c) (k − b)(c − k) 8 + c2
= = =1 ⇒ c= ±1
(a − b)(c − a)(b − c) (a − b)(c − a) 9
(a − k)(k − c) a = ±2, b = ± 2, c = ±1
Similarly, y = , ab = −4, bc = −2, ac = 2
(a − b)(b − c)
a = 2, c = 1,
(b − k)(k − a)
z= b = −2 → will satisfy the equations.
(b − c)(c − a) So, a + b + c = 2 + 1 − 2 = 1

3. [Ans. B] 5. [Ans. C]
1 2 2 3 1 1 + 2i
Am×n = (2 I+A =[ ],
4 1 3) −1 + 2i 1
3 6 1 4 3×4 |I + A| = 1 − (−1 − 4) = 6
⇒ m = 3; n = 4 (I + A)−1
1 −1 − 2i
R 2 → R 2 − 2R1 =[ ]÷6
1 2 2 3 1 − 2i 1
R 3 → R 3 − 3R1 Also I − A
(2 4 1 3) →
3 6 1 4 3×4
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 Linear Algebra
1 −1 − 2i = 54 − 52 − 32 = −30
=[ ]
1 − 2i 1 3 2 4 3 2 4
∴ (I − A)(I + A)−1 |6 2 7| = − (|8 4 5|)
1 −1 − 2i 1 −1 − 2i 8 4 5 6 2 7
=[ ][ ]
1 − 2i 1 1 − 2i 1 = −(−30) = 30
−4 −2 − 4i |A| = –1
÷ 6 = 1⁄6 [ ] ⋯ (i)
2 − 4i −4 Product of Eigen values = |A|= – 1
Its conjugate – transpose
1 −4 2 + 4i 10. [Ans. B]
= [ ] ⋯ (ii)
6 −2 + 4i −4 7 6 2 7 6 2
∴ Product of (i)and (ii) |A| |2 3 6| = |1 4 6|
1 −4 −2 − 4i −4 2 + 4i 1 4 6 2 3 6
= [ ][ ]
36 2 − 4i −4 −2 + 4i −4 7 6 2
1 36 0 |2 3 6|
= [ ]=I 1 4 6
36 0 36
= 7(18 − 24) − 6(12 − 6) + 2(8 − 3)
6. [Ans. A] = −42 − 36 + 10
Then characteristics equation is = −68
(λ − λ1 )(λ − λ2 )(λ − λ3 ) = 0 7 6 2 7 6 2
|1 4 6| = − (|2 3 6|)
Or (λ − 1)(λ + 2)(λ − 3) = 0
2 3 6 1 4 6
Or (λ3 − 2λ2 − 5λ + 6 = 0) = −(−68) = 68
According to Cayley-Hamilton theorem −68
P 3 − 2P 2 − 5P + 6I = 0 |A| = = −1
68
Or 5P + 2P 2 − P 3 = 6I ρ(A) = 3
1 ρ(A) = ρ(A: B) = 3 number of variable
Or P −1 = (5I + 2P − P 2 )
6 So, unique solution.

7. [Ans. C] 11. [Ans. D]

Eigen values of A are ⇒ 6 + 2i, 6 − 2i, 4 Dimensions of null space of
|A|= (6 + 2i) (6 − 2i) (4) ‘A’ = (number of variable) – Rank of ‘A’
= 160 = 3 − ρ(A)
Trace of A = 6 + 2i + 6 − 2i + 4 To find |A|
= 16 1 2 3
|7 8 9|
8. [Ans. B] 6 3 2
v = xe1 + ye2 + ze3 = 1(16 − 27) − 2(14 − 54) + 3(21 − 48)
(8, 6, −6) = x(0, 2, 0) + y(2, 0, 4) = −11 − 2(−40) + 3(−27)
+z(−4, 0, 2) = −11 + 80 − 81
8 = 2y − 4z ⋯ (i) = −12
6 = 2x ⇒ x = 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
|6 3 2| = (−1) |7 8 9|
−6 = 4y + 2z ⋯ (ii)
2 11
7 8 9 6 3 2
From equation (1) and (2) y = − , z = − = (−1)(−12) = 12
5 5
2
∴ v = 3e1 − e2 −
11
e3 |A| = −1 ⇒ ρ(A) = 3
5 5
Dimension of null space of A = 3 − ρ(A)
⇒ 3−3=0
9. [Ans. B]
From the above values, we can find |A|
3 2 4 3 2 4 12. [Ans. C]
|A| |8 4 5| = |6 2 7| d 2 d d
x (3x) (2x 3 )
6 2 7 8 4 5 f ′ (x)
=|dx dx dx |+
4x 6 sin x 3
3 2 4
2 1 6
|8 4 5| = 3(28 − 10) − 2(56 − 30)
6 2 7
+4(16 − 24)

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 Linear Algebra
x2 3x 2x 3 (1 − ωc) − a(ω − ω2 c) + b(ω2 − ω2 ) ≠ 0
d d d (1 − ωc) − aω(1 − ωc) ≠ 0
| (4x) (6 sin x) (3)|
dx dx dx (1 − ωc)(1 − aω) ≠ 0
2 1 6 1
x2 (3x) (2x 3 ) ⇒a≠
ω
4x 6 sin x 3 ω3
+| d d d |
≠
(2) (1) (6) ω
dx dx dx ⇒ a ≠ ω2
2x 3 6x 1
And ⇒ c ≠
f ′ (x) = |4x 6 sin x 3 | ω
2 1 6 ω3
c≠
x2 3x 2x 3 ω
+|4 (6 cos x) 0 | ⇒ c ≠ ω2
2 1 6 a and c should be ′ω′
0x 2 3x 2x 3 b can be either ω or ω2
+ | 4x 6 sin x 3 | If we take a = ω, b = ω, c = ω
0 0 0 1 a b 1 ω ω
[ ω 1 c ] ⇒ [ ω 1 ω]
= 2x(36 sin x − 3) − 3(24x − 6)
ω2 ω 1 ω2 ω 1
+6x(4x − 12 sin x) + x 2 (36 cos x) − 3x(24) If we take a = ω, b = ω2 , c = ω then
+2x 3 (4 − 12 cos x) 1 ω ω
f ′ (x) = 72x sin x − 6x − 72x + 18 + 24x 2 [ ω 1 ω]
−72x sin x + 36x 2 cos x − 72x + 8x 3 ω2 ω ω
−24x 3 cos x Total two matrices in set ‘S’
= 8x 3 + 24x 2 − 24x 3 cos x + 36x 2 cos x So answer is 2.
−150x + 18
= 8x 3 (1 − 3 cos x) + 12x 2 (2 − 3 cos x) 15. [Ans. A]
−150x +18 Eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3
f ′ (x)/ at x = 0 Eigen vector of A and A3 + lA2 + mA + nI are
f ′ (x) = 0 + 0 + 0 + 18 = 18 same l, m, n ∈ R
Eigen vector of ‘A’ at λ = 1 is
13. [Ans. A] (A − λI)x = 0
We know that if AX = λX
a11 (x) a12 (x) a13 (x) x1 x1 x1 = k
f(x) = | a 21 a 22 a 23 |, [2x2 ] = 1 [x2 ] ⇒ x2 = 0
a 31 c32 c33 3x3 x3 x3 = 0
Where a21 , a 22 , a 23 , a 31 , c32 , c33 are constants, k
Then ⇒ [0] → for λ = 1
0
d d d
a11 (x) a12 (x) a13 (x) Eigen vector of A at λ = 2 is
f ′ (x) dx
=| a dx dx
21 a 22 a 23 | x1 x1 x1 = 0 0
a 31 a 32 a 33 [2x2 ] = 2 [x2 ] ⇒ x2 = k ⇒ [k] for λ = 2
3x3 x3 x3 = 0 0
d 2 d dx𝑒
d x sin x Eigen values of A at λ =3 is
∴ f(x) = |dx dx dx | 0
dx 1 0 −1 x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = k = [0] for λ = 3
0 −2 0
k
x
2x cos x e
=|1 0 −1| 16.
0 −2 0
a) [Ans. B]
|A| = 45 ⇒ Product of Eigen values
14. [Ans. *]Range: 2 to 2 If |A|3×3 ≠ 0 then Rank ρ(A) = 3
ω is cubic root of unity
ω3 = 1, ω2 + ω + 1 = 0 b) [Ans. A]
1 a b If ρ(A) = number of variables
| ω 1 c| ≠ 0
Then it has unique solution
ω2 ω 1

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 Linear Algebra
c) [Ans. D] =7×2×4 + 1×4×4 + 3×4×2
Nullity of square matrix is = n − ρ(A) = 96
(∵n=size of matrix) (AB)(CD) Multiplication
= 3−3=0 =2×4×8 + 4×8×2 + 8×4×2
= 92
d) [Ans. B] Addition
adj(adj A) = |A|n−2 . A =1×4×8 + 3×8×2 + 7×4×2
= (−45)3−2 (A) = 136
= −45A p = minimum number of multiplication
= 96
17. [Ans. D] q = minimum number of addition = 76
The three Eigen values are p 96
= = 1.26
4 + √−1, 2, 4 − √−1 = 4 + i, 2, 4 − i q 76
Trace of ‘A’ is q = 4 + i + 4 – i + 2 = 10
|A| = P = Product of Eigen values 20. [Ans. C]
= (4 + i) (4 − i) (2) Let AX=B comparing with the given system
= (16+1) (2) = 34 a b c
A=[ ] &B = [ ]
P 34 d e f
∴ = = 3.4 a b c
q 10 Let ⃗⃗⃗
a1 = [ ] , ⃗⃗⃗
a = [ ] and ⃗⃗⃗a3 = [ ]
d 2 e f
a1 and ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ a 2 are dependent vectors because
18. [Ans. D] λ1 ⃗⃗⃗ a 2 = ⃗0 is given and ⃗⃗⃗
a1 + λ2 ⃗⃗⃗ a 3 also
|adj P| = |P|n−1 dependent on either ⃗⃗⃗ a2.
a1 or ⃗⃗⃗
n = 3 a b
|adj(A3 − 2A2 )| = |A3 − 2A2 |3−1 So, A = [ ]
d c
= |A3 − 2A2 |2 ρ(A) = 1[Only one independent vector] and
Eigen values of A3 − 2A2 is C = [A|B]
⇒ 13 − 2(1)2 , (−1)3 − 2(−1)2 , (3)3 a b c
C=[ | ] ; ρ(C) = 1
−2(3)2 d e f
Hence ρ(A) = ρ(C) < 2
⇒ −1, −3, +9
System consist infinitely many solution.
⇒ |A3 − 2A2 | = (−1) × (−3) × (9) = 27
⇒ |adj(A3 − 2A2 )| = (27)2 = 729

19. [Ans. B]
There are 5 possible cases
A (B (CD)) Multiplication
= 4 × 8 × 2 + 8 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 4 × 2 = 112
Addition
= 3 × 8 × 2 + 7 × 2 × 2 + 1 × 4 × 2 = 84
A ((BC) D) Multiplication
= 8 × 2 × 4 + 4 × 2 × 2 + 2 × 4 × 2 = 96
Addition
= 7×2×4 + 3×2×2 + 1× 4×2
= 76
((AB) C)D Multiplication
= 2×4×8 + 8×4×4 + 4×4×2
= 224
Addition
= 1×4×8 + 7×4×4 + 3×4×2
= 168
(𝐀(𝐁𝐂))𝐃 Multiplication
=8×2×4 + 2×4×4 + 4×4×2
= 128
Addition
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