a Sandeep Kamer Ie Taye processing {to €c71634 Acharya 3.1 @ ni i ~ q onatsl > DigiraL IMAGE FundamenTALs hat £4 Tight Twege Processing Frage efinision An Image. may be defined anckie ad e tint q ct OM t(«14) ) huheve * oa 3 ar Ap Coordinates , and a amplitude o} ¢ ak ony Pair of Coordiqetd (19) Js Colted the daseasity a, a tho dimensiogt oe ey develo} the donne et shed Whey oy and the amplitude Values of doar ak finite | LS Crete quontiseer whe dng is Baik te be dignds dmoge. Digisot Tenge pec, veers Fe Pro ceeriay iyixt Fragen by mess of dginat Computer Digit Teange gy Composed of finite Number Chemess | Called pinets ov picker Clements Frere etements 9% Pets. Pivck oy the mort ridely let net Tmr ee ee git an or used teryG, ic . dmnging machNes Cover almost the eytre Ey Apecenm ire) chat Ape wave & Radio waves peice ove operate ow Images gusernte hy fowrts thet hamays are Wet accurmmed de ee) both images. Thee ore 8 ty fe 2 proces eg @ Leow tevet preceshs © mid dev — precuss © Wign Sever Processes : point | imnelve prima dive “uper Areds Buck o® 77 Tenage. pee procemrg ge educe Wise 2 Coqtrart Eahanceme nt oa Ima ge Bhoopernd both tap and ootp® images © Mid sort prccestt® Savolve > gee {padi sioniny aq image biec dé 4 a dey fy stable fer processing wy in dividuck obs ect? iq te joys OF 8 7 Seduce “ohee ss 7 classifi chet Taps are gency mages but iS output cre actieibutes ep tracted fue eens ba a J’* Lob theatity st obsects f| © age feet Precesicg J ermuteste luonen Vision 7 meting Seise 4} Gupte vision 4 Considt® ay Concept J automated ancdyais of hert whee the jotler'y process A / : p fetened: J ay Acquiving ay jmage 7 pre pr cesst ‘J J Cyprrecting the individuct Charecters {ae ene action Y ct . 7 describing the Chay e cAETS Nn dery Jitoble Pe eee pro CeARIN + per P J JD telegniaing — dhrote indivi duet Characters Fields Bh UAE pigs Jeneage proce s4ing — ee ae Fz Game te Imaging ose fone Aton #8 dekeck — jafections OF tumors cet 1 Re Ima) pe bed SA medi diagnose acanned Oe ae te “ ee sonoge PY) 7 ulare gount SeacJ* Ty indusseict oo@ @ 7 Tmagin sible a i ca) J 24 Nisibt ad infrared Randa. p Bon gin ; Re mote cased indastry tate Cn fore mend: 7 Imaging in Mices have Band 3 Radey used de Cobtect deta over ang, teal ok Cas dime | veqardtess of Keathey or ambient Sign sing Con Hd ions a Fmrog ing iq Radio Band s— Mee A Magnet! © Kesonjan CO maging 7 Compact Wisteq de Bove Fandaraent Aheps a4 Tage vo shiny <= = —— a morgage [res i nosen| “4. Cole¥ Fmege processing4 da Bee diese process Tmage ac geisisis ede acquisiFted Could be imple 94 being given oy Jmage. thet Js abready La Dtyided doom . ‘Tenage acqsisi ti Akoge Lavelv es Preprocessing Buch a5 AcaLing . Comenk iv vsed to being thet £8 oObscuved oF Bi oap ly Image enha out — detait &e hightigh® Certaiy features ef pe iq ay tmage an example oa Rnhante ment ga Tacrease Contr ast pf mH image - ow Very Bobjutive ohe Tmage enhancement as arta e} image procesting« deal& With 3mproving of om Imege- Restoration Tmagqe Restoration ——— he app earance Image gogtevation 34 ohjective y deck qe4 ave baged Om mothey~ Prob bids te models of dimage degradation. sical and@ © Prelessi a prs eeleh ik motivated _ ot Pot factor’ J olor ie * a Power fol desceiptey tht an naples object Sdensifitation an acatoy den a ZCaqe , a : 4 discery, sthovsends of Colow JT homens dy dey RIDER Om pored Se Nae Brads and Brod - are the founding der wepscsenting yegolvtioy . Wayels*4. Images Sa Marloes degre of dora Comprestiov juavelets ave aed fey Ema and de Ave divide the image so Smalley diel gucces Si VAY IA ata $r wired de ae dhe Atownye wey bondridin vegseed a easioy deals bith checks! cl Compe _ Bedwetg Image por FR BE trons mid Compre 2° is geet) haf ne ere Srenemisted sf Image Rod ith] Image (acer ned Big fi ont Suring des peeget expert ger’ is AS Treg J dsink omiliey Compression Bhondard, the most :@ Morphesogicl Processing deals bite avel4 der extrac ting Sage Compoyen ts thot ave, useful 44 ye presen BF ond cles cviptiog of Ahepe . Seyret Siew Procedures Powsistoy on Image in to its Coys xi tren F Por® oy objects Autenomovs Segment odio te one of he most difficodé task in Digiser Image Poocers il F more accun ot More Sikely Be copii 3, te Aucled, the Segment 3 '2 1, athe Represeneotien cad Aeseeiphon Converting tne daze he ~ dort fuiteble fey Compt™ processing SB mecessory, 7 The jivse decisioy thet musts be wade if Whether the deta Ahold be yepres tated Os A boundary or O83 Gonup lee Fegio. Boun der weprsea tio BA oppeps tate Jory the Joces ds oy Crteraet Rhope CharackeaiskiCZ Zvth os Cory ers and in fle ctio4s -® Regionat TepracaFtleq 84 approprinke Whey the docus da Jnderqat Properties Buck, os kexture oy Lyeletot Ahape, Desewi pFi om clas Called feoture Relection deals with Cxtracting atte bite chet Best dn home qocntitetive inlorm tied of iuterest or ave Basic for if ferent AG One Chass 2} object from rother. het Bans rts Aes corp torg Re Cog nidion tg the Process te ay Obit bosed O4 abot 8 Pre btem clomaiy is Knowledge. (Coded sy HE 94 Amoge. eae eae jy the form oe Knonltedg base - of Coch also Tn addision 4° guiding the opertior me dule , the Kyouledge. on bedttty mods, , base ces sin (oy sels the Sq Keen® Con ompeneats of cx Tow ——— t oA cg Peccessing Jyssem Coupons t * ger Porpese Dmoge Processing Ayaan Ji Bhkowy — be tows Nekwork Fmage displays Image procei9g Specialiacd Coes Image procesting hayd wore Image hen sovd obtem, Tr egomein trish efer ene de searing ) foe ehemends 7 Bequined se acquire igite® Jags, nada prysict d energy padioted by the Image + a Digi wider ge Convert outpe ef < physic Boating plement sn tte digitet per, evi = Bhat +4 Aen aidive oe he object We NBA st© Ty Digirat Mideo Camera the Beysors Produce an ehectricat out PF Propotionat te Laut inten siog. The digisi der Converts these out prt te digitet dorm. 7 Speclosided dmoge Porcensing hood Were s Usvally Coys iat of digisizer plas hardwere thax Performs other Peimisive operat tons Buch os One (ave) Awithm se Josie Which “Performs arithmetic and Seqicas Operesions in Pavallet oq Cnstve Fmages The Speciab aed Fn ge pe Ceaning hard ware Performs foncsions thet yequives dost dats sthovagh puts cthat athe aypicet Main Computer Coynot handle This ype of herdpare ig Glled Px a front end Sub Ayssen Zyne Pwelesse¥ bomickh hos dual orm Grtex q and FGA Pepe . wi Computer” 2N ay dma Processing Agsrem JB ghert por pose Computex and Cay Pang, jen pe to Lupe Compute . Do Bome applications we Computer te achive higher devel of Pexformance . Nted desiqned Bpec badly; @ Soft were per cere Processing (oy gists of Specialided modules thet Pexform Specific tastes, Trovsonds of mattak Junctiogs iq more they Go applicHey 35 avaitable fem omathdods cvep tools is ~y Creceltent Aqderac tive, Prgms and Computer Wision der Emage processing: Maas Adora. Capability ds a muse Jy Image ‘Processing applications - Ay ane al Bide lozyy lozy Pivels Ty eich Jadensity f Rack Pixel ea ay pot quentit, ieee Dye ees 2} BRHF Pace huney deoling Lith — Thousands } Jonnges, Prov ding adequate Barrag. fan Challenge Digi tot Seem Jy gy Tuaye Processing appliGsions Jatt ty ee three Principal Categories OQ Short tery BAI for we doaring procetiry @® oy bine Storage ger TeloAively des* Call ® Archi vel Adee Chaveckerized by in}re yurrt ace as@ Te . 2H ey PL SYR] 1A ve owe main Coler Tv mMenite ¥4, moni 74 ; J on are delves by cesar a Amaq ond ‘ ' ; * Jers Aspe Cardy os Include Herd Copy device for vetor ding Pima ees Josey prinkers ji Gomeres dyikt Bach o& opect and Cp- Rom dak, Netrerklng Sh dafatt Jencien ce eel Ay aden due se Aer ge amoust cf dota dyheread fa Tmaye ‘Proces amy opps cottons, Py Elements of Wiguel per ceptho 4 te === ———— ovr interus La ia She mechanics arb Prom ck? elated to how images ore dermed Jy th Gye spevctuee OF HyMAN ELE with an average aie tye ab yey a Sphere , diamedt ee of opprsvin 07 Thee membrane taclose she Ge 2omm Ie The Geyer and sclera outer vey 2. The Choveih 3, The Retiya® Corner 48 tough stramapaven £ Bissue thet Covers the — aqderior® Aa face of the Ce. Sclean ts a4 cpg membrage thet enclors Semainder of the optic ia Cho wid Dredly Ba below 2clera bide % A Yebvork) of blood Vesseds in's — Coqdvacts ond — Oxpords ds Conterd the amount 9f Higet thet bers the eye Lens focuses emp Segh* from obiecd® oy de the. Verinn Rettqe de Covered With Let vecepters Called Cones (6-4 mai Nion) and eds (I5- Is mil tioy ) Cones oe Loqceraratid avound the fover ond awe Very Begg tive Apress ot and ave Seqaitive ee Rods ave Move fo dow devebs of idem g Sho « Com be used SE dhe ge ge feos Myscls wish iy Change she Shape of tens oy obec Se ee ex one, atlo bs)Jrpage processing (10£C763) & a Gace 48 focused O4 bo the wetina ging Bods ond Cones fe be Uxcited Laicn Sencky Aigpals te the brely | Elements of Visual Perception towne sa) soe Sone Clary anche = fyebals about 20mmin slameter Retina contains both rode ‘and cones. 337,000 cones Focal length about 17 mm ‘ay . + Rods sensitive to low light (scotopie vision) + Cones detect color, work in bright ight (photopic vision) Sandeep kumar k, Asst professor, Dept of ECE, Acharya IToie devyetiog Jy the ye ® The differen betweey athe tens ef he 4 ond ow Seer opsicab Leas as thet the dans sp tee Ge te Henitle. The Shope af the dens 18 Conder lled by the heysiog fy he fives of Cine be dy pie focus Asgtork Obsec#s rhe toy evelliny musctes Causes the deqs to be welatively {lettered . 7 Thise muscles atlors deys to become dhickey sq order Pocus oq obiecds err. tye The disdeyle beteey the Center of the dens and the wetiga is Called fect Jeagth, faced Jengeh Vowies approxi get hy deem Mmm de thmm. fe Genwsle 2 The observer Sa Sooeing ek a tree of hel gat Is™m as ok ow HAtonte of Coal oy Shooq ydeu.pis the hey y iq the wetiye aed Isms bh _— eee loo Ia ™™ she bse. a fiaseaet fe Assume the Wetiya Clements eee ee ayn Is t mm ¥ Smm and the Co . nts as tquat cto the Ry di mete the haunt Printed deF aot He uw Page 4 Lich the chet AW ‘y de ™ yes ne 34 mm 2 he Coy dtaing obec t 331000 L£eysor Bypore orrod of Bpace betieey the bids of the Cone | the Bmalleat Sy Macerg if the 44 printed 44 O12mAssur the Mi duet Agacerq Ceases ote @ detect the dot bahey the smacge °f the dot 04 gover belome Smaller thay the diame °f one ve ceprer (Cone) dan the corer gediqa, AA SS Eee el Ge ae pa betes the eee | APT ts lon ~ 2s cee mes + OS a | Gaye hos a dams = a oer +3 he te Bete om @He Dh = O2"» eer itt omy a He 1s-4xto ™ or ea He O-DIS Xlo Mm or He o ols ™™ aeImage processing (10EC763) Brightness Adaptation and Discrimination The eye’s ability to discriminate between different intensity levels is 10*°, from the scotopic threshold to the glare limit. Experimental evidence indicates that subjective brightness (intensity as perceived by the human visual system) is a logarithmic function of the light intensity incident on the eye. A plot of light intensity versus subjective brightness, illustrates this characteristics tein Subjective ighines pation range scopic Seotope ttresl 2 of intensity (nL) ‘The long solid curve represents the range of intensities to which the visual system can adapt. The visual system cannot operate over such a range simultaneously. Rather, it accomplishes this large overall sensitivity, a phenomenon known as brightness adaptation. variation by change iminate simultaneously is rather small when The total range of distinct intensity levels it can di compared with the total adaptation range. A classic experiment used to determine the capability of the human visual system for brightness discrimination consists of having a subject look at a flat, uniformly illuminated area large enough to occupy the entire field of view. This area typically is a diffuser, such as opaque glass, that is illuminated from behind by a light source whose intensity, J, can be varied. To this field is added an increment of illumination, Al, in the form of a short-duration flash that appears as a circle in the center of the uniformly illuminated field as shown below. Sandeep kumar k, Asst professor, Dept of ECE, Acharya ITImage processing (10EC763) If AI is not bright enough, the subject says “no,” indicating no perceivable change. As Al gets stronger, the subject may give a positive response of “yes,” indicating a perceived change. Finally, when AI is strong enough, the subject will give a response of “yes” all the time. The quantity where is the increment of illumination discriminable 50% of the time with background illumination J, is called the Weber ratio. A small value of “ represents good brightness discrimination. A large value of * represents poor brightness discrimination, 19) at as 0 fog! This curve above shows that brightness discrimination is poor (the Weber ratio is large) at low levels of illumination, and it improves significantly (the Weber ratio decreases) as background illumination increases. ‘Two phenomena clearly demonstrate that perceived brightness is not a simple function of intensity. 1, Mach bands 2. simultaneous contrast ‘The first is based on the fact that the visual system tends to undershoot or overshoot around the boundary of regions of different intensities. Figure below shows a striking example of this phenomenon. Although the intensity of the stripes is constant, we actually perceive a brightness Sandeep kumar k, Asst professor, Dept of ECE, Acharya! TImage processing (10£C763) pattern that is strongly scalloped, especially near the boundaries. These scalloped bands are called Mach bands. et nuination The second phenomenon, called simultaneous contrast, is related to the fact that a region’s perceived brightness does not depend simply on its intensity, as the below figure demonstrates. All the center squares have exactly the same intensity. However, they appear to the eye to become darker as the background gets lighter. Other examples of human perception phenomena are optical illusions, in which the eye fills in non existing information or wrongly perceives geometrical properties of objects are shown below. Sandeep kumar k, Asst professor, Dept of ECE, Acharya ITImage processing (10£C763) e¢.|9 ‘ee @ In figure (a) the outline of a square is seen clearly, in spite of the fact that no lines defining such a figure are part of the image. The same effect, with a circle, can be seen in figure (b); note how just a few lines are sufficient to give the illusion of a complete circle. The two horizontal line segments in figure (c) are of the same length, but one appears shorter than the other. Finally, all lines in figure (d) that are oriented at 45° are equidistant and parallel. Yet the crosshatching creates the illusion that those lines are far from being parallel. Sandeep kumar k, Asst professor, Dept of ECE, Acharya ITunit & peer Ons Gi = pps ecw O Ov Hee mary miact teold it te b grensmid losy » Ie4y imog. nia obs 6 ary Jeveds wig a 4 56K awd ate mabe Loovid be the time token qsek baud bhet Aly Band Yoru 48 dein as jum ‘J bits chr ansmi ted pe Beterd , Gone ronsmiskior as actomyliahe $ in ort bit b Bt ) a Fe packs Con ait 4 a 4 infer and a sep bik Tos ok amen q det* Jacdey spat et ae ater wid joy x tort *% [2 +2 bits bop? OMenT Zz loyrstée bits 2 ders eT ord prarsmi & uring SOK baud pot kd fo bids poy eS [pdeay Ace EK Rite Be —— oY 2.) mirot Ask band vat loys S48 2 [uy sec asc k Consider ae mney Beye show 34 24 (4 2 2 © n 2 Lb (y # 2 oe @) det v-f3 14 Compose the 4- F m- pe betwee iy / Jengahs i fhe Blrov tse pos 4 4) a (aaa par dos nok exit between het ge im Cyplain ee () Repeat je Ve ath 2] Roles a @) Ve fs, I 1 2 | (a) : 4- pes 3 dou nex OWE 2 2 x 2d bet bes Mey joa i | lsp-—7l 2S Vo a a + Le a@) a Con richer the Breer rales ie v4) y dle mine toe dh dhe pus tr © 4- dynes © pe adyneet ae Ch) wim a OO pol @ “The fobrF 3 awd FL ont not Conacch not bt she Bed wy UP) OS 4 Ad () 3 ad Se a an the OO Ne(t) (¢) S| ad OD or NT Connect 3o> “7 Develop an ppt de Converting a om rived thick = B pat toa 4- pots DVefinieg alt port od (aa : | Wi WH GM. fold 2 g