PERSONAL ASSIGNMENT

(CT123-3-1)
System Software and Computing Concepts
Module Lecturer: Ramesh Singh Seti
Submitted by:
Id:NP070232
Name: Mimi Shrestha
Section: A15
Hand Out Date: Week 2
Submission Date: Week 2
1.0 Abstract
This case study delves into the intricate process of designing a computer system tailored for
everyday use, focusing on the integration of various hardware and software components. It
covers the entire lifecycle of system development, from defining user requirements to testing
the final product. By evaluating key aspects such as system architecture, performance, cost-
effectiveness, scalability, usability, and security, this case study seeks to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the challenges and opportunities involved in creating a
balanced and functional computer system. The analysis extends to the examination of specific
components like processors, memory, storage devices, and peripheral integration.
Additionally, this study explores the implications of emerging technologies like AI, cloud
computing, and automation on future computer system designs, aiming to equip designers
and users with the knowledge necessary for informed decisions in an ever-evolving
technological landscape.
2.0 Introduction
The design of a computer system is a multifaceted process that requires an in-depth
understanding of the intended use cases, technological trends, and user expectations. In a
world where technology is advancing at a rapid pace, building a computer system that is both
functional and adaptable to changing needs is more challenging than ever. As new
applications and software packages become more resource-intensive, the demand for
powerful, efficient, and cost-effective systems continues to grow.
This case study examines the design process of a simple, general-purpose computer system
aimed at personal and small office use. The system’s design must balance the need for high
performance with budget constraints, all while providing a seamless user experience.
Through the analysis of various hardware components—such as processors, memory, storage
devices—and software choices, this case study provides a comprehensive exploration of how
computer systems are designed to meet specific user needs. It also touches on the future of
computer system design, including the growing role of cloud computing, artificial
intelligence, and machine learning in shaping the way systems will evolve.
The goal of this case study is to provide insight into how decisions made during the design
process affect the performance, longevity, and usability of a computer system. This
exploration not only helps designers but also assists end-users in understanding the technical
considerations behind their devices, allowing them to make more informed choices.
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Definition of Computer Design
At its core, computer design is the process of selecting, configuring, and integrating hardware
and software components to meet the needs of the user. It involves defining the system’s
functionality, understanding user requirements, choosing the right hardware and software,
and then testing and refining the system. This iterative process ensures that the final product
is both efficient and usable.
The first step in the design process is gathering detailed information about the user’s needs.
For example, a user intending to run basic office software will have very different
requirements from someone who needs a system for gaming or video editing. The designer’s
role is to identify these needs early and make informed decisions about which hardware and
software to include. This includes choosing the processor (CPU), memory (RAM), storage
(HDD/SSD), and the software environment (e.g., operating system, productivity software,
security measures).
Once the design has been outlined, the next phase is selecting the appropriate components.
This decision-making process involves researching the most suitable technologies based on
the user’s needs, such as determining which CPU provides the right balance of performance
and cost for a given task. Afterward, these components are integrated into a working system,
followed by a series of testing phases to verify that the system performs as expected.

3.2 Importance of Computer Design

The design of a computer system is essential for ensuring that it functions optimally over its
expected lifespan. Key reasons why computer design is crucial include:

 Performance Optimization: Ensuring that each component works together

efficiently is the foundation of high system performance. A system with poorly chosen
components can result in slowdowns, crashes, and overall inefficiency, while a well-
designed system delivers smooth and responsive performance.

 Cost-Effectiveness: The cost of designing a computer system is directly

influenced by the selection of hardware and software components. In many cases,
users are looking for the best performance possible within a fixed budget. Making
strategic choices in terms of component selection helps achieve this balance.

 Scalability and Longevity: A well-designed system can handle future upgrades

and changes in software and hardware. As technology advances, users may want to
upgrade their system to keep pace with new developments. For instance, replacing a
slow hard drive with a faster SSD, adding more RAM, or upgrading the CPU can
significantly extend the system’s usefulness.

 Usability: A well-designed system is intuitive and easy to use, which is essential for
reducing the learning curve for users who may not be tech-savvy. The operating
 system, software applications, and hardware interfaces must work together seamlessly
to create a smooth user experience.

 Security: Protecting users’ data and privacy is a top concern in today’s digital
world. System designers need to implement appropriate security measures, including
firewalls, encryption, and antivirus software, to mitigate risks such as hacking, data
breaches, and malware attacks.
4.0 Overview of the Design Process
4.1 Steps in the Design Process
The computer system design process is iterative, with each phase building upon the previous
one to refine the system and ensure it meets user expectations. The key stages are outlined
below:

1. Define User Requirements:

o The first step in the design process is to determine the exact needs of the user.
This includes understanding the tasks the user will perform (e.g., office work,
gaming, content creation), as well as technical requirements such as
performance specifications, operating system preferences, and desired features
like portability or connectivity.

2. Research and Evaluate Available Components:

o With requirements in hand, the next step is to research and evaluate the
available hardware and software options. The goal is to select components that
provide the best performance, reliability, and compatibility for the given
budget. For example, evaluating different processors based on core count,
clock speed, and price helps narrow down the options for the CPU.

3. Develop Potential Solutions:

o Once a list of potential components is gathered, different system
configurations are created. These configurations are evaluated based on
criteria such as price, performance, and energy efficiency. The designer must
weigh the pros and cons of each configuration, balancing trade-offs between
features and cost.

4. Evaluate System Performance:

o System performance is tested under real-world conditions to verify that the
selected components work well together. Benchmark tests are used to evaluate
the system’s processing speed, memory usage, and storage performance. If the
system fails to meet expectations, further adjustments may be necessary.

5. Finalize the Design:

o Based on the performance evaluation, the most optimal configuration is
selected, and the final design is documented. This includes preparing a
detailed list of components, software specifications, and user guidelines.

6. Assembly and Integration:

 o The components are physically assembled into a functional system. This
includes installing the operating system, setting up necessary software
applications, and configuring the system for optimal performance.

7. Test and Refine:

o After the system is assembled, further testing is done to ensure that it works as
expected. User feedback is gathered to identify any areas where the system
can be improved in terms of usability, performance, or security. The design
may be refined based on this feedback.

4.2 Key Considerations in the Design Process

During the design process, there are several critical considerations that guide decisions:

 Component Compatibility: All hardware components must work together

without conflicts. The CPU, memory, storage, and peripherals must all be compatible
with the motherboard, and the operating system must be able to handle the hardware
efficiently.

 Future Upgradeability: While it’s impossible to predict every technological

advance, the design should allow for future upgrades. For instance, a system with a
high-wattage PSU, a motherboard with extra RAM slots, and a processor with
multiple cores ensures that future upgrades can be made without replacing the entire
system.

 Energy Efficiency: The increasing focus on sustainability makes energy

efficiency a key factor in system design. Using low-power components not only
reduces electricity costs but also contributes to a system’s longevity by reducing heat
output, which can lead to component wear.

 Security: Security is a paramount concern in system design. Measures such as

secure boot, encryption, and regularly updated antivirus software should be integrated
into the system design to safeguard against cyber threats.

5.0 Hardware Design

5.1 Components of a Computer System
Hardware design plays a significant role in determining the overall performance and
reliability of a computer system. Every component must be carefully selected to ensure that it
supports the system’s objectives. Below is a detailed look at the key components:

 CPU (Central Processing Unit):

o The CPU is the heart of the system, processing instructions and executing
tasks. The choice of CPU directly affects system performance, especially
when running demanding applications like video rendering, gaming, or 3D
modeling. For general use, a mid-range processor (e.g., Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen
5) offers a good balance between price and performance, while higher-end
options (e.g., Intel i7, AMD Ryzen 7) cater to power users.

 Memory (RAM):
o RAM provides temporary storage for data that is actively used by the CPU.
The amount of RAM required depends on the user’s needs. For example, a
typical office system may require 8GB of RAM, while a system designed for
heavy multitasking or gaming may require 16GB or more. Faster RAM (e.g.,
DDR4) can improve data transfer speeds and overall system responsiveness.

 Storage (SSD/HDD):
o Storage is where the operating system, software, and files are stored. SSDs
(Solid State Drives) are faster and more reliable than traditional HDDs,
improving system boot times and application load speeds. While SSDs offer
better performance, HDDs still provide a more cost-effective option for larger
storage capacities. Many systems use a hybrid approach, with an SSD for the
operating system and frequently used applications, and an HDD for larger files
like media and backups.

 Motherboard:
o The motherboard serves as the central hub that connects all components. It
must be compatible with the selected CPU, RAM, and other peripherals. Key
factors to consider include the chipset, expansion slots, and form factor (ATX,
Micro-ATX, Mini-ITX). The motherboard’s ability to support future upgrades
and provide stable connectivity is crucial for ensuring long-term system
performance.

 Power Supply Unit (PSU):

o The PSU converts electrical power from the outlet into a usable form for the
system. The wattage required depends on the power consumption of the
components. A PSU that is too weak can cause instability, while an
overpowered PSU may be wasteful. It’s important to select a PSU that can
 handle the system’s peak power demands with some margin for future
upgrades.

 Peripherals:
o Peripherals such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, and printer contribute to the
overall system’s usability. The choice of peripherals depends on user
preferences and tasks. For instance, gamers may opt for high-refresh-rate
monitors, while creative professionals might prioritize color accuracy.

6.0 Software Design

6.1 Types of Software
The choice of software is as important as the hardware selection in creating a functional
computer system. The operating system (OS), applications, and utility software must work
together to deliver a seamless user experience.

 Operating System (OS):

o The OS serves as the interface between the user and the hardware. Popular
operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Linux, each with its
advantages and limitations. The selection depends on user preferences,
software compatibility, and hardware support. For instance, Windows is the
go-to OS for compatibility with a wide range of software, while macOS is
preferred by many creative professionals due to its optimized ecosystem.

 Application Software:
o Application software refers to the programs used by the end-user to perform
tasks. These include productivity suites like Microsoft Office, multimedia
editing tools like Adobe Photoshop, and specialized software for gaming,
accounting, or engineering. Application software must be compatible with the
operating system and hardware to perform optimally.

 Utility Software:
o Utility software helps manage and optimize system performance. This
includes antivirus programs, disk management tools, and backup solutions.
Such software is essential for maintaining system stability and protecting data
from potential threats.

7.0 Human-Computer Interaction

7.1 Designing for Usability
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) focuses on creating a system that is easy for users to
interact with. A user-friendly system ensures that even individuals with little technical
expertise can operate the computer effectively.

 Ergonomics: The physical design of peripherals like the keyboard, mouse, and
monitor directly impacts the user’s comfort and productivity. For example, ergonomic
keyboards and adjustable monitors help reduce strain during long usage sessions.

 User Interface (UI) Design: The interface should be clean, intuitive, and
responsive. Clear menus, well-organized settings, and accessible help options improve
the user experience. The system should be easy to navigate, with minimal clutter.

 Accessibility: Designing for accessibility ensures that people with disabilities can
use the system effectively. This includes features like voice recognition, screen
readers, and customizable display options.

8.0 Security and Privacy Considerations

8.1 Addressing Security Risks
Security is a fundamental aspect of system design, protecting users’ data and ensuring the
integrity of the system. Some critical security measures include:

 Antivirus Protection: Antivirus software guards against malware and other

malicious attacks, while firewalls block unauthorized access to the system.

 Encryption: Encrypting sensitive files ensures that even if data is intercepted, it

cannot be read without the appropriate decryption key.

 Backup Systems: Regular system backups protect against

data loss due to system failure, theft, or malware attacks.

 Secure Boot: This process ensures that only trusted software can run during system
startup, preventing malicious code from loading.

9.0 Discussion
In the design of the computer system discussed in this case study, several decisions and trade-
offs had to be made to balance performance, cost, usability, and security. Each aspect of the
system—from hardware selection to software integration—was influenced by specific goals
and constraints, and understanding the impact of these decisions provides valuable insights
into the broader process of computer system design.

 Performance vs. Cost

One of the primary considerations during the design process was finding a balance between
performance and cost. While high-performance components (e.g., top-tier CPUs, extensive
RAM, and premium storage) offer faster and more efficient systems, they come at a
significantly higher cost. This trade-off was carefully managed by selecting mid-range
components that provide a good balance for general users.

 CPU Selection: A mid-range processor, such as an Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 5, was

chosen for its ability to handle everyday tasks like word processing, web browsing,
and video streaming without compromising too much on performance. While high-
end processors might provide greater speed, they were deemed unnecessary for the
target user base, who does not require the advanced processing power offered by top-
tier chips.

 Memory and Storage: The decision to use 8GB of RAM and a hybrid storage
solution with an SSD for the operating system and frequently used applications,
alongside an HDD for bulk storage, offered a practical solution. This configuration
ensured fast boot times and improved application load times while keeping costs
manageable.
However, it was important to recognize that future performance demands could shift,
requiring an upgrade path. While the current system is adequate for average use, it may
struggle to keep up with more demanding applications in the future. Thus, ensuring
scalability through upgradable components, such as additional RAM slots and CPU socket
compatibility, was a key consideration.

 System Usability and User Experience

Another significant factor in the design process was usability. Designing a system that is both
powerful and easy to use requires an understanding of the target user’s needs and preferences.
In this case, the system was aimed at general users, many of whom may not have advanced
technical knowledge. Therefore, special attention was given to creating a user-friendly
interface and ensuring seamless integration between hardware and software.

 Operating System Choice: The choice of operating system was pivotal.

Windows was selected due to its widespread compatibility with various software
applications, ease of use, and familiarity to the majority of users. While macOS or
Linux could offer advantages in specific contexts (e.g., macOS for creative
professionals or Linux for developers), Windows provided the most flexible and user-
friendly environment for the intended audience.
  Peripheral Integration: Peripheral devices like the keyboard, mouse, and
monitor were chosen with an emphasis on comfort and ease of use. Ergonomic
peripherals were selected to reduce strain during long usage periods, ensuring that the
system is not only efficient but also comfortable to use.
Furthermore, the overall system design was aimed at reducing complexity for the end user.
The installation of software, such as productivity suites and security tools, was streamlined to
ensure that users could get started quickly without being bogged down by complicated setup
processes. The interface was designed to be intuitive, with minimal clutter and easy access to
essential functions.

 Security and Privacy Considerations

Security is increasingly important in computer system design, especially given the rise in
cyber threats. Protecting user data and preventing unauthorized access are paramount. During
the design phase, several key security measures were implemented to safeguard the system
from potential vulnerabilities.

 Antivirus and Malware Protection: Antivirus software was integrated into the
system to provide continuous protection against known threats. The importance of
keeping the antivirus software up to date was emphasized, as new threats emerge
frequently.

 Encryption: For users dealing with sensitive data, encryption was recommended as
an additional layer of protection. While the system’s base configuration included basic
security features, the recommendation to enable full disk encryption or use encrypted
storage for critical files was given to ensure that data remains secure in case of theft or
system compromise.

 Backup Solutions: Data loss can be catastrophic, so backup solutions were

included to protect against unforeseen system failures. Regular, automated backups
were set up to ensure that users could recover their files quickly in the event of a
hardware failure or accidental deletion. This design decision reflected the importance
of safeguarding user data.
By implementing these security features, the system ensures a basic level of protection, but
there is always room for improvement. The growing sophistication of cyber-attacks means
that security must remain an ongoing priority, with updates and enhancements as new
vulnerabilities emerge.

 Scalability and Longevity

An often overlooked but essential part of computer system design is scalability—the ability
to upgrade or expand the system as needs evolve. In this case, the system was designed with
futureproofing in mind, allowing for easy upgrades to RAM, storage, and potentially even the
CPU.
  RAM Upgrades: The system was designed with sufficient headroom for users to
upgrade the RAM from 8GB to 16GB if needed, ensuring that the system can handle
more demanding tasks in the future.

 Storage Expansion: The inclusion of both an SSD and an HDD allows users to
expand their storage options as their needs grow. Adding another SSD or upgrading
the existing one to a larger capacity is a simple process that can significantly improve
system performance over time.

 Upgradeable Components: The choice of a compatible motherboard, with extra

expansion slots and ports, ensures that users can swap out components as technology
advances. This is particularly important for users who may want to extend the life of
their system rather than purchasing an entirely new one.
While the design offers scalability, it should be noted that the rate at which technology
advances might outpace this system’s ability to stay relevant in the future. For example, as
software demands increase or newer, more powerful components are released, the system
might eventually need to be replaced or significantly upgraded to keep pace.

 Environmental and Energy Efficiency

In today’s world, environmental impact is an important consideration in system design.
Energy efficiency not only reduces operating costs but also minimizes the carbon footprint of
a computer system. This system was designed with energy efficiency in mind, using low-
power components and optimizing performance to ensure that the system consumes only as
much power as necessary.

 Low-Power Components: Energy-efficient processors and memory modules

were selected to ensure that the system runs efficiently without drawing excessive
power. The use of solid-state drives (SSDs) over traditional hard drives also helps
reduce energy consumption, as SSDs require less power and produce less heat.

 Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU was chosen to match the system’s power
requirements while providing a bit of overhead for future upgrades. An efficient PSU
ensures that energy is used effectively, and excess power is not wasted.
Despite these efforts to design an energy-efficient system, there are always further
opportunities to reduce energy consumption, such as through more advanced power
management features in the future.

10.0 Conclusion
The process of designing a computer system involves a complex set of decisions, each of
which must balance performance, cost, usability, security, and future scalability. In this case
study, a mid-range system was designed to meet the needs of everyday users, with careful
attention to performance and user experience. By selecting the right components, integrating
them effectively, and implementing strong security measures, the system provides a reliable
and efficient solution for personal and small office use. However, as technology continues to
evolve, future updates and upgrades will be necessary to maintain the system’s relevance and
performance. The key takeaway is that a successful computer system design requires a deep
understanding of user needs, technological trends, and the interplay between hardware and
software to create a balanced and sustainable solution.