CONCRETE

TECHNOLOGY
ENGR. BENNYLIZA MARIE A. GREGORIO
INTRODUCTION
CONCRETE is a stone-like material
obtained by permitting a carefully
proportioned mixture of cement, sand,
and gravel or other aggregate, and water
to harden in forms and dimensions of the
desired structure.

CONCRETE is a composite material in

which a binding material mixed in water
on solidification binds the inert particles
of well graded fine and coarse
aggregates.

CONCRETE is also a hard compact

building material formed when a mixture
of cement, sand, gravel, and water
undergoes hydration
 QUALITY CONTROL
Measures in Concrete Construction

1. To ensure the production of uniform concrete of

desired strength and durability
2. Quality control can avoid future disasters
3. The lifetime of the structure and maintenance cost are
affected by quality.
 CONCRETE

Cement Paste Aggregates

Water +
Fine and
Cement
Coarse
aggregates
+ admixtures
CEMENT
There are various types of cement for different usages. The cement type to be used
should be specified and shall conform to the applicable specifications.
❑ Popular as building material
❑ Material with adhesive and cohesive properties
❑ To bind the fine and coarse aggregate together
❑ To fill voids in between fine and coarse aggregate particle form a compact mass
THREE MIXTURES OF CEMENT

• CEMENT PASTE
A mixture of cement
and water

• CEMENT MORTAR • CEMENT CONCRETE

A mixture of A composite product
cement, sand and which is obtained by
water to form a mixing cement, water,
paste inert matrix of sand and
gravel or crushed stone
TWO MAJOR KINDS OF CEMENT
• PORTLAND CEMENT
– Portland cement is a type of hydraulic cement that is
the most widely used cement in the world. It serves as
a fundamental ingredient in concrete, mortar, and
other construction materials. The name "Portland"
comes from the resemblance of the cement to the
stone quarried on the Isle of Portland in England. It
was first developed in the early 19th century and has
since become the standard for construction
applications.
Types of Portland Cement:
•Different types of Portland cement are available to suit various
construction needs. Common types include:
• Type I: General-purpose Portland cement.
• Type II: Portland cement with moderate heat of hydration.
• Type III: High-early-strength Portland cement.
• Type IV: Low-heat Portland cement.
• Type V: Sulfate-resistant Portland cement.
 TWO MAJOR KINDS OF CEMENT
• POZZOLAN CEMENT
– The ancient Romans have discovered that the addition of
some volcanic earths (Pozzolenas) to lime gave a product,
which hardened under water (hydraulic)
– Derived from Pozzouli, a villa near Naples,
Rome – famous for a particularly effective volcanic
earth
– Pozzolan cement, also known as pozzolanic cement,
is a type of hydraulic cement that includes pozzolans
in addition to Portland cement or other hydraulic
cements. Pozzolans are materials that, when
combined with lime (calcium hydroxide), react with it
in the presence of water to form compounds
possessing cementitious properties. The inclusion of
pozzolans enhances certain properties of the cement
and concrete, such as strength, durability, and
resistance to chemical attack.
 OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT
• Rapid Hardening or High Early Strength Cement
• Quick Setting Cement
• High Alumina Cement
• Low Heat Cement
• Air Entraining Cement
• White Cement
• Coloured Cement
• Portland Pozzolan Cement
SETTING
When cement is mixed with sufficient water, within 1 or 2 hours after the
mixing, the sticky paste losses its fluidity; within a few hours after mixing
noticeable stiffening commences.

TWO STAGES OF SETTING

• INITIAL SET is when the paste
begins to stiffen. Initial setting time
is the time lapse from the addition
of water in the mix to the initial set
• FINAL SET is when the paste
beginning to harden and able to
sustain some loads.
FACTORS AFFECTING SETTING TIME
❑Fineness Cement
❑Chemical Composition
❑Amount of Water
PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• FINENESS OF CEMENT
❑ Affects heat released and the rate of hydration
❑ Greater cement fineness increases the rate at which cement hydrates and thus
accelerates strength development
❑ It is measured by the Blaine Air Permeability Test
or the 45 microns
• SOUNDNESS
❑ Refers to the ability of a hardened paste to retain its volume after setting
❑ Lack of soundness or delayed destructive expansion is caused by excessive
amounts of hard-burned free magnesia
• CONSISTENCY
❑ Refers to the relative mobility of a freshly mixed
cement paste or mortar to its ability to flow
❑ Both the normal consistency method and flow test are used to regulate water contents of
paste and mortars respectively, to be used in subsequent, both allow comparing
dissimilar ingredients with the same flow.
PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• SETTING TIME
❑ To determine if cement sets according to the limits specified in ASTM C 150 tests
are performed using either the Vicat Apparautus or Gilmore needle.
❑ Initial set of cement paste must not occur too early, final
set must not occur too late.
❑ The setting time indicates that the paste is or is not undergoing normal hydration
reactions.
• FALSE SET (ASTM C 451)
❑ Paste method, and the ASTM C 359 mortar method is evidenced by a significant loss
of plasticity without evolution of much heat shortly after mixing.
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
❑ As specified by ASTM C150, it can be obtained from test of standard 2-inch mortar
cubes tested in accordance with ASTM C109.
❑ These cubes are made and cured in prescribed manner using sand. Compressive
strength is influenced by the cement type, or more precisely , the compound
composition and fineness of cement.
PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• HEAT OF HYDRATION
❑ A heat generated when cement and water react
❑ It results first in setting (the concrete become solid) and the
hardening (increase of strength and stiffness)
• LOSS OF IGNITION
❑ Is determined by heating the sample of known weight to 900°C to
1000°C until a constant weight is obtained
❑ Normally, a highloss of ignition is an indication of prehydration and
carbonation, which may be caused by improper or prolonged storage or
adulteration during transport and transfer
PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY
– The specific gravity of Portland Cement is generally about 3.15
– Portland blast furnace-slag and Portland- pozzolan cements may have
specific gravity of 2.90
• WEIGHT OF CEMENT
– Most Portland cements are shipped in bulk by rail, truck or barge.
– Pneumatic loading and unloading of the transport vehicle is the most popular
means of handling bulk cement
– The actual density of bulk Portland cement can vary considerately depending
on how it is handled and stored.

For this reason, good practice has decreed that the bulk cement must be
weighted for each batch of concrete
TESTS ON CEMENT AND CONCRETE
❑ Consistency Test
TESTS ON CEMENT AND CONCRETE
❑ Compressive Strength Test.
Compressive strength is the ability of
material or structure to carry the loads
on its surface without any crack or
deflection. A material under
compression tends to reduce the size,
while in tension, size elongates.
Compressive strength of concrete
depends on many factors such as
water-cement ratio, cement strength,
quality of concrete material, quality
control during the production of
concrete, etc.
TESTS ON CONCRETE AND CONCRETE
❑ FLEXURAL Strength Test
Flexural testing measures the force
required to bend a beam of plastic
material and determines the
resistance to flexing or stiffness of a
material.
WATER
Requirements for Water
❑Almost any water fit to drink can be used for
mixing with cement to make the concrete paste.
Water that is not fit to drink can still be used.
❑Water used in mixing, curing or other designated
application shall be reasonably clean and free of
oil, salt, acid, alkali, or other subtances injurious
to the finished product.
Note: Water will be tested in accordance with
and shall meet the requirements of Item 714 of
DPWH Blue Book.
A good concrete practice!
• Keep the extra water as low as possible but be
practical.
MINERAL AGGREGATE
❑ FINE AGGREGATE (Applicable to Item 311 –
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement (PCCP)
and Item 405 – Structural Concrete )
❑ It shall consist of natural sand, stone
screenings or other inert materials with
similar characteristics, or combination
thereof, having hard, strong and durable
particles. Fine aggregate from different
sources of supply shall not be mixed or stored
in the same pile nor used alternately in the
same class of concrete without the approval
of the Engineer.
✓ Grading Requirements for FINE AGGREGATES
(See DPWH Blue Book Vol. II 2013 – Table
311.1)
MINERAL AGGREGATE
COARSE AGGREGATE
❑It shall consist of crushed stone, gravel,
blast furnace slag, or other approved inert
materials of similar characteristics, or
combinations thereof, having hard, strong,
durable pieces and free from any adherent
coatings
✓ Grading Requirements for Coarse
Aggregate for Item 311 – Portland Cement
Concrete Pavement (PCCP) (See DPWH
Blue Book Vol. II 2013 – Table 311.2)
✓ Grading Requirements for Coarse
Aggregate for Item 405 – Structural
Concrete (See DPWH Blue Book Vol. II
2013 – Table 405.1)
ADMIXTURES
• Are those ingredients in concrete other than Portland Cement, water and
aggregates that are added to the mixture immediately before and during
mixing.
REASONS FOR USING ADMIXTURES:
❑To reduce the cost of concrete construction.
❑To achieve certain properties in concrete more effectively then by the other
means
❑To ensure the quality of concrete during the stages of mixing, transporting,
placing and curing in adverse weather conditions.
❑To overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations
TYPES OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE
The concrete chemical admixture shall be classified as follows and shall conform to the
requirements of AASHTO M 194.
❑ TYPE A – ACCELERATING ADMIXTURES –An admixture that accelerates the time of setting and
early strength development of concrete.
❑ TYPE B – RETARDING ADMIXTURES – An admixture that delays the time setting of concrete
❑ TYPE C – WATER-REDUCING ADMIXTURES
– An admixture that reduces the quantity of mixing water required to produce concrete
of a given consistency.
❑ TYPE D – WATER-REDUCING HIGH RANGE,
ADMIXTURES – An admixture that decreases the quantity of mixing water required to
produce concrete of a given consistency by 12% or greater.
❑ TYPE E – WATER-REDUCING AND ACCELERATING
ADMIXTURES – An admixture that decreases the quantity of mixing water required to produce
concrete of a given consistency and the time of setting and early strength development of
concrete.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES FOR CONCRETE
❑ TYPE F - WATER-REDUCING AND RETARDING
ADMIXTURES – An admixture that decreases the quantity of mixing water required to produce
concrete of a given consistency and delays the time of setting of concrete.

❑ TYPE G – WATER-REDUCING, HIGH RANGE AND

RETARDING – An admixture that decreases the quantity of mixing water required to produce
concrete of a given consistency of 12 % or greater and delays the time of setting of concrete.
REASONS WHY CONCRETE IS THE MOST WIDELY USED MATERIAL

✓ Concrete possesses excellent resistance to water

✓ Concrete can be formed into a variety of shapes and sizes
✓ Concrete is one of the cheapest and most readily available
materials.
 CONCRETE
TECHNOLOGY
ENGR. BENNYLIZA MARIE A. GREGORIO
Concrete can be made with wide variations in quality and
classes such as:
• Class A

• Class B

• Class C

• Class P

• Seal
• Class A
All superstructures and heavily reinforced structures and
heavily reinforced substructures.
For slabs, beams, girders, columns , arch ribs, box
culverts, reinforced abutments, retaining walls, reinforced
footings and precast and cribbing
• Class B
Footings, pedestals, massive pier shafts, pipe bedding,
and gravity walls, unreinforced or with only a small
amount of reinforcement.
• Class C
Thin reinforced sections, railings, precast R.C. piles and
cribbing and for filler in steel grid floors.
• Class P • Seal
Prestressed structures and Structures and members
members deposited in water
Design of Concrete Mixtures

*Note: Sampling of cement should be done 12 days before usage

Significance of Proper Sampling
Test results on concrete samples reflect the actualstrength of the
structure if the sampling of samples is incorrect, results will be unsatisfactory.

• The sampling requirement is to obtain a set of three (3) cylinder samples

for structural concrete or a set of three (3) beam samples for paving
concrete for every 75 cu.m. or fraction thereof for each class of concrete.
At least one set of samples shall be obtained for each day of
concreting work. Sampling shall be done in accordance with the
prescribed procedure by responsible quality control personnel who
understand why sample is obtained.
Sampling of Freshly Mixed Concrete
Stationary Mixers
• Collect two or more portions at regularly spaced intervals during
discharge of the middle batch.
• Do not obtain portions of the composite sample from the very first or last part of
the batch discharge.

Sampling of Freshly Mixed Concrete

Revolving Drum Mixers or Agitators
• Take samples of the concrete at two or more regularly spaced intervals during the
discharge of the middle portion of the batch
• Do not obtain samples until all of the water has been added to the mixer
• Do not obtain samples from the very first or batch last portions of the batch
discharge
Test Specimens
A. For Paving Concrete
As the work progresses, at least one (1) set
consisting of three (3) concrete beam test
specimens (6 x 6 x 21 in) shall be taken
from 330 sq.m. of pavement with 230 mm
depth or fraction thereof placed
B. For Structural Concrete
As the work progresses, at least one (1) set
consisting of three (3) concrete cylinder test
specimens, 150 x 300 mm (6 x 12 in) shall
be taken from each seventy five (75) cu.m.
of each class of concrete or fraction thereof
placed each day
CONCRETE TESTS

• Slump Test
• Compressive Strength
• Flexural Strength
SLUMP TEST
The concrete slump
test measures the
consistency of fresh
concrete before it sets. It
is performed to check the
workability of freshly
made concrete, and
therefore the ease with
which concrete flows.
APPARATUS
Slump Cone Dimensions:
• Diameter of the base: 203mm
• Diameter of the top: 102mm
• Altitude: 305mm
Tamping Rod
• Diameter: 16mm
• Length: approximately 600mm
PROCEDURE
1. To obtain a representative sample, take samples from
two or more regular intervals throughout the discharge of
the mixer or truck. DO NOT take samples at the beginning
or the end of the discharge.

2. Dampen inside of cone and place it on a smooth, moist,

non-absorbent, level surface large enough to
accommodate both the slumped concrete and the slump
cone. Stand or, foot pieces throughout the test procedure
to hold the cone firmly in place.

3. Fill cone 1/3 full by volume and rod 25 times with steel
tamping rod. Distribute rodding evenly over the entire
cross section of the sample.
PROCEDURE
4. Fill cone 2/3 full by volume. Rod this layer 25 times with
rod penetrating into, but not through first layer. Distribute
rodding evenly over the entire cross section of the layer.
5. Fill cone to overflowing Rod this layer 25 times with rod
penetrating into but not through, second layer. Distribute
rodding evenly over the entire cross section of this layer.
6. Remove the excess concrete from the top of the cone,
using tamping rod as a screed Clean overflow from base
of cone.
7. Immediately lift cone vertically with slow, even motion. Do
not jar the concrete or tilt the cone during this process.
Invert the withdrawn cone, and place next to, but not
touching the slumped concrete. (Perform in 5-10 seconds
with no lateral or torsional motion.)
PROCEDURE
8. Lay a straight edge across the top of the slump cone. Measure the amount of
slump in inches from the bottom of the straight edge to the top of the slumped
concrete at a point over the original center of the base. The slump operation shall
be completed in a maximum elapsed time of 2 1/2 minutes. Discard concrete. DO
NOT use in any other tests.

Testing tip: Since concrete setting is time and temperature dependent, this test must be started within 5 minutes
after obtaining the composite sample and completed within 2 ½ minutes after the filling process begins.
Types of Slump:
 MAKING, CURING, and STRENGTH
DETERMINATION OF CONCRETE
COMPRESSION AND FLEXURE TEST
SPECIMENS IN FIELD
Making of Cylindrical Samples
Making of Beam Samples
Curing of Concrete Samples
• To prevent evaporation of water, cover the specimens with
either:
1. non-absorptive, non-reactive plate
2. a sheet of tough, durable impervious plastic

• Remove the specimens from the molds 24 +/- 8 h after casting.

• Specimens shall be moist cured at 23 +/- 2 deg. C from the
time of casting until date of testing
• Storage during the first 48 h of curing shall be in a vibration-
free environment
• Specimens shall not be exposed to dripping or running water
Curing of Concrete Samples
• After 4 to 7 days of curing in the field, the samples should
be carefully packed and crated, surrounded with damp
sawdust or hay straw and then shipped to the testing
laboratory.
Compressive Strength
1 set of 3 cylinders for every 75 cu.m or fraction thereof, each day of
pouring.
How many sets of The applied load in the cylinder is
concrete cylindrical 100,000 lbs, compute for the
samples must be compressive strength in Mpa.
produced in 256 cu.m of
concrete poured in a
day?
Load applied at a
a. 2 constant rate
b. 3 within the range
c. 4 of 20 to 50
psi/sec
d. 12
DPWH spec’s (BLUE BOOK)
Compressive Strength
Requirement – 24.1 Mpa
(3,500 psi) min of 14 days
Flexural Strength
• Third Point Loading Method
𝑷𝑳
𝑹=
𝒃𝒅𝟐
Where:

R = Modulus of Rupture, Psi or Mpa

P = Load applied
L = Span length
b = base
d = depth
Flexural Strength
• Third Point Loading Method 1. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface
within the middle third of the span length.
𝑷𝑳
𝑹= 𝟐
𝒃𝒅
2. If the fracture occurs in the tension surface
outside of the middle third of the span length
by not more than 5 % of the span length
𝟑𝑷𝒂
𝑹= 𝟐
𝒃𝒅
where:
a = average distance between line of fracture
and the line nearest support measured on
the tension surface of the beam.
Flexural Strength
Example: Find the Rupture strength (Mpa) if the load applied is 2.4 tons using third
point loading.

DPWH spec’s (BLUE BOOK)

FLEXURAL REQUIREMENT = 3.8Mpa (550 Psi) min.
Flexural Strength
• Center Point loading Method:
𝟑𝑷𝑳
𝑹=
𝟐𝒃𝒅𝟐
Where:

R = Modulus of Rupture, Psi or Mpa

P = Load applied
L = Span length
b = base
d = depth

DPWH spec’s (BLUE BOOK)

FLEXURAL REQUIREMENT = 4.5Mpa (650 Psi) min.
Flexural Strength
Example: Find the Rupture strength (Mpa) if the load applied is 24.5 kN using mid
point loading.

DPWH spec’s (BLUE BOOK)

FLEXURAL REQUIREMENT = 4.5Mpa (650 Psi) min.
ACCEPTANCE OF
CONCRETE
ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE
The strength level of the concrete will be considered
satisfactory if the averages of all three (3) consecutive
strength test results equal or exceed the specified
strength, and no individual strength test result is deficient
by more than 15% of the specified strength.

Concrete deemed to be not acceptable using the above

criteria may be rejected unless the contractor can provide
evidence, by means of core tests, that the quality of
concrete represented by failed test results is acceptable in
place.
ACCEPTANCE OF CONCRETE
Concrete in the area represented by the cores will be
considered adequate if the average strength of the cores
is equal to at least 85% of, and if no single core is less
than 75% of, the specified strength. Payment of the
concrete will be made at an adjusted price due to strength
deficiency of concrete specimens.
ADJUSTED CONTRACT PRICE
ONE (1) set of beam sample was taken on a newly poured
(75 cu.m) concrete pavement. The flexural strength of the
samples when tested by the third-point method are:

Sample ID Strength (Mpa)

B1 3.9
B2 3.2
B3 4.5

Remarks: ____________________________________
ONE (1) set of beam sample was taken on a newly poured
(75 cu.m) concrete pavement. The flexural strength of the
samples when tested by the mid-point method are:

Sample ID Strength (Mpa)

B1 4.7
B2 4.6
B3 3.9

Remarks: ____________________________________
ONE (1) set of beam sample was taken on a newly poured
(75 cu.m) concrete pavement. The flexural strength of the
samples when tested by the mid-point method are:

Sample ID Strength (Mpa)

B1 4.8
B2 5.0
B3 3.7

Remarks: ____________________________________